高雄都會區空氣品質不佳，長期以來一直是此地民眾關切的焦點。導致此區域空氣品質不良的主要原因，其除了源自於秋、冬季節，不利於空氣污染物擴散的氣象因素之外，區域內有許多重工產業與數量龐大的移動污染源，持續地排放出眾多的空氣污染物，也具有關鍵性的影響。事實上，高雄港區船運運作與其鄰近區域之工商業活動，也是本區域有別於其他縣市的特色污染源，由於受限於相關資訊的透明度不高，對於因港滬工商業運作所衍生對區域空氣品質的影響研究相對較少，若能有較完整的分析，對於建立港區空氣污染物排放與區域空氣品質之關聯性，應該對於整體高雄都會區空氣品質改善方案之擬定，有較大的助益。
基於此，本研究旨在以高雄港區空氣污染排放為研究對象，將高雄港區視為一穩定污染物排放的面源，利用穩態煙流AERMOD空品模式，模擬分析一年四季，因高雄港區二氧化硫(SO2)之排放，對其鄰近都會區大氣SO2濃度的影響貢獻，並藉此進一步探討海陸風作用對空氣污染物傳輸之可能影響。本研究以2019年高雄都會區空品為研究目標年，除了參考環保署高雄港區空氣污染物排放清冊(TEDS11.1版)之SO2排放資料外，同時彙整2019年環保署高雄地區之空品測站，以及高雄港務公司之第一信號台、18號碼頭、南星行政中心空品測站監測之空品與氣象資料，作為模擬結果及污染貢獻影響分析之參考。此外，也利用高雄氣象站氣象資料及屏東探空站斜溫圖資料，於四季篩選出較明顯海陸風日做為模擬案例，同時以CALMET軟體模擬港區及鄰近市區的日、夜間風場，分析海陸風效應的季節性特性。
本研究共篩選出春天(2019.3.21)、夏季(2019.6.15)、秋天(2019.9.24)、冬季(2019.1.5)等四個模擬事件日個案，進行相關空氣污染物濃度場與氣象場分析。研究結果顯示：當日間太陽升起後，因地表熱力作用使然，風向由夜間的陸風，轉成日間的海風，混合層高度也因地表熱力作用而提高，基本上較有利於污染物濃度的稀釋擴散。不過，也相對地伴隨海風的吹拂，將港區空氣污染物往內陸方向推送；相對地，日落後風向轉成陸風，雖然污染物傾向於往外海方向傳送，但同時因近地面較容易會出現穩定邊界層，較不利於污染物的垂直擴散，易產生另一個較高SO2濃度的現象；整體而言，鄰近港區區域大氣SO2濃度在距離海岸線2~5公里範圍內，為較顯著的空品影響區域，較容易受到高雄港區SO2排放所影響。就可能影響時段而言，春夏秋三季於上午8-10點間，因海風剛開始吹送，有較高SO2尖峰濃度出現，而晚間則接近16~18點間，則因陸風回流關係，使得再次出現SO2尖峰濃度，冬季時由於平均氣溫下降，上午的較高尖峰濃度值延後至11~13點間出現。
另外，就四季之海陸風效應影響而言，夏季因大氣擴散條件較佳，出現高SO2濃度機會較少。但冬季因大氣擴散條件不佳，日間污染物容易蓄積在內陸近地面大氣中，而夜間則因陸風回流，使得SO2易於早晨及傍晚時段蓄積在沿海岸近地表區域，空氣污染物侷限在沿海區域內來回擺盪，不利於空氣污染物往更遠方擴散。
其次，除了冬季之外，其他三季日間平均風速在0.93 ~ 1.16 m/s之間，夜間風速在0.67 ~ 0.96 m/s之間，日間風速較夜間風速大，有利於空氣污染物的傳輸。前鎮測站於春季(2019.3.21) 9點左右出現當日次高濃度尖峰值4.52 ppb，傍晚18:00出現最高濃度尖峰值5.81 ppb；夏季(2019.6.15) 9點左右出現當日最高濃度尖峰值1.39 ppb，傍晚18:00出現次高濃度尖峰值0.93 ppb；秋季(2019.9.24) 9點左右出現當日最高濃度尖峰值3.56 ppb，傍晚17:00出現次高濃度尖峰值1.3 ppb；冬季(2019.1.5) 12點左右出現污染物濃度1.0 ppb，傍晚18:00出現最高濃度尖峰值2.34 ppb；除了上午及傍晚尖峰值之外，春季時港區污染占總污染的77.2%以下，夏季時佔34.5%以下，秋季時佔42.5%以下，冬季時佔37.6%以下。
本研究結果有助於瞭解高雄港區對空氣污染物排放之影響，可做為研擬相關空污防制策略之參考。

For a long time, poor ambient air quality has been a concerned problem, especially during the period from late autumn to early spring, by the people living within the Kaohsiung metropolitan area which is an industrial city. The poor ambient air quality is mainly caused by the releases of air pollutants from so many stationary and mobile pollution sources within it, and meanwhile the atmospheric conditions are not good enough for air pollutant dispersion in the atmosphere. Although some stringy emission standards have been proposed for regulating air pollutant emissions from the potential pollution sources, the air pollutants owing to the Kaohsiung harbor operation are seldom evaluated. Accordingly, this study aimed to simulate and analyze transport phenomena of sulfur dioxide (SO2) in the ambient air adjacent Kaohsiung metropolitan area. The influences of sea-land breeze blowing effects on the air pollutant movement were interested, particularly. SO2 is a representative air pollutant for the harbor operation including the movement of ships and various operational activities on the harbor banks.
This study selected the year of 2019 as the research target year and considered the Kaohsiung Harbor area as an area source with steady and continuous air pollutant emissions based on the emission data of TEDS11.1. Both air quality model AERMOD and metrological model CALMET were applied for atmospheric SO2 concentration and wind fields simulation., For modelling results verification, both observed air quality and metrological data were collected from the ambient air quality monitoring stations established by Taiwan EPA and Kaohsiung Harbor. Four apparent sea-land breeze blowing case studies were selected and analyzed, including the day in spring (2019.3.21), summer (2019.6.15), autumn (2019.9.24) and winter (2019.1.5).
Some major results achieved for this study were summarized as following: The sea breeze is generally formed after sun rise and the land breeze begins to blow after sunset, which are since at about 6:00 to 8:00 in the morning and 17:00 to 19:00 in the evening, respectively. Alther he target air pollutant SO2 would be transported with the air streams flowing, it generally peaks its concentration during these two periods. Based on the simulated results of the Qianzhen air quality monitoring station as an example. For the spring case (2019.3.21), SO2 had a peak concentration of 4.52 ppb at around 9:00 and a peak concentration of 5.81 ppb at 18:00. For the summer case (2019.6.15), SO2 had a peak concentration of 1.39 ppb at around 9:00 and another peak concentration of 0.93 ppb at 18:00. For the autumn case (2019.9.24), SO2 had a peak concentration of 3.56 ppb at around 9:00 and another peak concentration of 1.3 ppb at 17:00. Finally, for the winter case (2019.1.5), SO2 had a peak concentration of 1.0 ppb around 12:00 and the highest SO2 concentration of 2.34 ppb at 18:00. The formation of high air pollutant concentration during the period while winds changing their blowing directions owing to the formation of a stable boundary layer in the atmosphere. Except for winter, the average wind speed is between 0.93~1.16 m/s in day and between 0.67-0.96 m/s in night. The wind speed in day is higher than in night. The region within 2 to 5 km adjacent coastline was the major affection area caused by the emission of SO2 from the harbor.
The major effects of sea-land breezes blowing on the ambient air quality are not only on the horizontal transportation directions of air pollutants to the downswings, but also on the vertical transportation limitation of air pollutants. Both low speed winds and forming a low stable boundary layer in the near ground atmosphere would limit the dispersion of air pollutants and result in high-concentrated air pollutants in the ambient air. In addition, the air streams periodically blowing backward and forward due to the sea-land breeze effects near the coastal area would constrict the transportation of air pollutants outwardly and built up the background air pollutant concentration in the ambient air within the affected region. This research helps to clarify the potential impacts of ambient air quality resulting from the air pollutant emitted by the Kaohsiung Harbor operation. The findings can be as a reference for proposing air pollution prevention strategies for air pollutants.

摘　要 i
ABSTRACT iv
誌　謝 vi
目　錄 vii
表目錄 ix
圖目錄 x
第一章 前言 1
1.1 研究背景 1
1.2 研究目的 4
1.3 研究流程 4
第二章 文獻回顧 6
2.1 地理位置與氣候條件 6
2.1.1 台灣的地理環境及氣候 6
2.1.2 高雄港的地理環境及氣候 7
2.2 海陸風的形成與定義 12
2.3 臺灣排放量清冊TEDS11.1 17
2.3.1 TEDS11.1 17
2.3.2 高雄港區的硫氧化物污染 21
2.4 空氣品質模式 24
2.4.1 高斯擴散煙流模式 24
2.4.2 拉格朗日-高斯擴散煙團模式 29
2.4.3 氣象模式 30
2.5 混合層高度 31
2.6 空氣污染物質對人體健康與環境的影響 34
第三章 研究方法 36
3.1 研究步驟 36
3.2 高雄地區的空氣品質測站 37
3.3 氣象資料及探空資料 39
3.4 模擬期間的選定及模擬風場 49
3.5 選定欲模擬之空氣污染物種 55
3.6 空污模式模擬 55
3.6.1 污染源假設 55
3.6.2 氣象數據選用 55
3.6.3 受體點選擇 59
3.6.4 模擬期間 59
3.6.5 CALMET模擬 59
3.6.6 AERMOD模擬 63
第四章 結果與討論 70
4.1 空品測站與海岸線的相對位置 70
4.2 春季(2019.3.21)模擬結果 71
4.3 夏季(2019.6.15)模擬結果 81
4.4 秋季(2019.9.24)模擬結果 92
4.5 冬季(2019.1.5)模擬結果 103
4.6 四季結果比較 114
第五章 結論與建議 132
5.1 結論 132
5.2 建議 133
參考文獻 134
附錄A 四季模擬期間模擬氣溫分布、混合層高度及濃度分布 A-1
附錄B 各空品測站四季觀測值與模擬結果比較 B-1

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