在台灣污泥廢棄物常以掩埋及焚化處理。這兩種處理法不僅費用高外，易常有二次污染問題，是以研發出污泥減量及再資源化技術，有其必要性。本研究以四種不同產業衍生的污泥，進行細胞破碎減量及破碎後細胞碳化技術開發，並利用所燒製活性碳，吸附三種染劑及實際廢水化學需氧量(COD)。希望藉由不同污泥特性、減量前後污泥差異及活性碳製造與其吸附特性分析等進行探討，目的包括: (1)研究以氧化和超音波震動對不同污泥的減量效率、(2)製造不同種類的污泥活性碳、(3)評估以所製造的活性碳進行廠內染劑與COD等吸附的再利用性。
本研究首先選取染整、都市、食品好氧及食品厭氧等共四種不同有機污泥進行污泥的特性分析，再以590 mL污泥加入10 mL 30% 雙氧水(H2O2)以1.4 W/mL超音波強度共進行 4 分 10 秒，震3停2秒，總共振動時間150秒，進行污泥減量操作，隨後將原污泥作為對照組及減量污泥作為處理組，用固體重量與KOH比例為1：0.5加入KOH，以550℃ 1小時燒製成活性碳，並與市售工業級與實驗級活性碳一同進行染劑和實廠廢水COD吸附測式，最後並探討個別活性碳的動力與等溫吸附模式。
經由測驗得知，污泥減量有助於污泥沉降，並會提高其pH值和COD、降低EC和污泥金屬含量並釋出更多總氮、總磷到上層澄清液中。在原污泥中，食品好氧污泥有較高的體積減少 (51.3%) 和重量減少 (24.6%)，其可能的原因是由於在食品好氧污泥中有高揮發性固體而造成的。在碳化過程之失重比控制組為0.39–0.54，而經處理組失重比為0.25–0.49，可以發現對照組污泥的重量損失較多，應是細胞在減量時遭到破碎之故。大部分經處理的污泥活性碳更符合偽二階動力吸附模式，此現象表明其對吸附物擁有快速的吸附特性。在等溫吸附實驗中，大多數經處理的污泥活性碳更符合Freundlich等溫吸附模式，表明其對吸附物為多層吸附現象。根據Langmuir等溫吸附模式可看到，染整減量污泥活性碳對B-NRL有較高的吸附量，為138.0 mg/g，而食品厭氧減量污泥活性碳則對RB5和Orange-SF-RT擁有較高吸附量，分別為191.6 mg/g和198.1 mg/g。以24小時的進流廢水COD吸附試驗中觀測到食品厭氧減量污泥不管是對染整廢水或食品廢水都具有較高的COD吸附，分別為1418.2 mg/g和1029.2 mg/g，其吸附能力優於工業級活性碳，略低於實驗級活性碳。

In Taiwan, wasted sludge is usually treated by land field disposal and/or combustion. Both methods are quite expensive and often result in secondary pollution, which leads to the necessity of developing sludge reduction and recycling technologies. This study collected four types of sludge from various industries. Each sludge was tested for its reduction and carbonization. The obtained activated carbon (AC) was used to adsorb three dyes and COD of some real wastewater. Characterization of various sludge, monitoring of characteristics changes before and after their reduction, manufacturing of sludge AC and its adsorption capacity were to be studied. Thus the objectives of this study included: (1) to investigate the reduction efficiency of various sludge using an oxidation-sonication mean, (2) to manufacture activated carbons using sludge from various industries, and (3) to evaluate the in-plant reuse of manufactured sludge ACs in terms of dyes and/or wastewater COD adsorption.
Four types of sludge from dyeing, municipal, and food wastewater treatment plants were collected. Three of the four were the wasted sludge from the activated sludge basin, and one was the anaerobic sludge from a UASB sludge tank. Firstly, the characteristics of the four sludge were analyzed. Secondly, sludge was treated through reduction by peroxide and sonication. Both treated and untreated sludges were carbonized using KOH as an activator and heated at 550 oC. Finally, all eight ACs along with the commercially available industrial and reagent-grade ACs were tested for their dye and wastewater COD adsorption capacity. Finally, the adsorption isotherm and dynamics of each AC were studied.
The obtained results revealed that reduction of sludge appeared to assist sludge settling, increase sludge pH and COD, reduce EC (fewer ions), and release more TN/TP into the supernatant. With respect to the raw sludge, the FS(ae) had both the highest volume reduction of 51.3% and the highest weight reduction of 24.6%, which might have been caused by its high volatile solids content in the raw sludge. Weight loss ratios during carbonization were 0.39-0.54 and 0.25-0.49 for the control and treated sludge. Less weight loss of the treated sludge could result from the cell lyses during the reduction operations. As for the adsorption modeling, most of the treated sludge ACs fitted the Freundlich isotherm model better, indicating multi-layer adsorption, and most of the treated sludge ACs fitted well by the pseudo-second-order kinetic model better, indicating its fast adsorptive feature to the adsorbates. According to the Langmuir isotherm, the TT AC adsorbed the highest B-NRL of 138.0 mg/g, and the FT(an) AC adsorbed the highest RB5 and Orange-SF-RT of 191.6 and 198.1 mg/g, respectively. For the adsorption capacity of the manufactured ACs, according to the 24-hr adsorption test, the FT(an) AC adsorbed the highest COD from the textile and food wastewater at 1418.2 and 1029.2 mg/g, respectively, which showed better adsorption capacity than the industrial-grade AC and slightly low capacity than the reagent-graded AC.

摘要 i
Abstract iii
誌謝 v
目錄 vi
表目錄 x
圖目錄 xii
符號對照表 xv
第一章 研究緣起與目的 1
第二章 文獻回顧 3
2-1 污泥問題與處理技術 3
2-1-1 國內外污泥問題與分類 3
2-1-2 國內外污泥處理方法 6
2-1-3 污泥減量及再利用現況 8
2-2 污泥減量與活性碳製作影響因子 11
2-2-1 污泥減量因子與減量指標 11
2-2-2 活性碳燒製因子 14
2-2-3 活性碳燒製優劣指標 17
2-2-4 活性碳吸附機制 20
2-2-5 污泥減量與活性碳優劣關聯性探討 28
2-3 不同廢水處理流程及污泥特性介紹 31
2-3-1 現行廢水及污泥相關法規及管制標準 31
2-3-2 染整污水處理流程及污泥特性介紹 37
2-3-3 都市污水處理流程及污泥特性介紹 39
2-3-4 食品污水處理流程及污泥特性介紹 40
2-3-5 實驗選用污泥來源特性比較 43
2-4 不同污泥活性碳吸附效率比較 44
2-4-1 不同污泥活性碳吸附性 44
2-4-2 廢水COD活性碳吸附 47
第三章 研究材料與方法 49
3-1 研究架構與流程 49
3-2 實驗藥品、材料及設備 50
3-2-1 實驗藥品及材料 50
3-2-2 實驗儀器設備 53
3-2-3 染劑來源及特性 58
3-2-4 減量反應槽設計 60
3-2-5 活性碳燒製設備 60
3-3 分析方法 62
3-3-1 污泥基本特性測試 62
3-3-2 污泥營養鹽(N、P等)分析 65
3-3-3 重金屬量測分析 67
3-3-4 活性碳動力吸附測試 68
3-3-5 活性碳等溫吸附測試 69
3-3-6 進流水COD吸附 70
3-4 實驗數據之QA/QC管制 71
3-4-1 檢量線建立 71
3-4-2 三重複數據 74
第四章 結果與討論 75
4-1 前導實驗結果 75
4-1-1 污泥減量測試 75
4-1-2 污泥體積、SVI量測測試 75
4-1-3 活性碳燒製測試 76
4-1-4 染劑的吸收波長 77
4-2 污泥特性量測 78
4-2-1 污泥減量效益 78
4-2-2 污泥特性分析及減量前後差異 81
4-3 活性碳特性量測 89
4-3-1 活性碳外觀 89
4-3-2 活性碳BET量測分析 90
4-3-3 活性碳處理染劑與COD之效率 91
第五章 結論與建議 106
5-1 污泥特性 106
5-2 污泥減量 106
5-3 活性碳特性 107
5-4 活性碳吸附 107
5-5 建議 108
第六章 工程應用性 109
參考文獻 110
附錄A 原始數據 115
附錄B 口試委員之問題建議及回答 148

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