臺灣博碩士論文加值系統

持續性有機污染物(POPs)是含有持續性、生物累積性、高毒性及半揮發性等特性之污染物，這類的污染物若在土壤中不易被處理，且若透過食物鏈的方式傳遞並且慢慢累積於體內，將造成人體危害。雖然目前處理土壤污染的方法有許多種，但高效率的生物復育技術仍然處於研究階段。故本研究擬選用犀角金龜(Oryctes rhinoceros)幼蟲作為大型生物反應器，來去除土壤中POPs，即五氯酚(PCP)及菲(PHE)。其間除記錄幼蟲在不同濃度生長情形外，並在不同時間點，量測幼蟲體內中間產物流佈，以評估這類污染物對幼蟲的危害，及是否會產生並累積其他有害物質於蟲體或環境中。為此，本研究的研究目的為: (1) 觀察不同濃度環境對犀角金龜幼蟲之生長情況影響； (2)；探討不同濃度環境下幼蟲對污染物的降解效率 (3) 觀察污染物及其所產生的中間產物在幼蟲體內的流布。實驗由每個飼育槽中放入10隻犀角金龜幼蟲，並控制PCP及PHE濃度在200及800 ppm各4週，以瞭解甲蟲生長及其體內POPs中間產物流佈狀況。實驗結果顯示: 不論在200或800 ppm的POPs中，幼蟲皆無死亡。初加入POPs時甲蟲生長有受到部分影響，尤其是PCP的影響較大。在POPs降解方面，PCP在第一階段(200 ppm)降解效率達100%，但在第二階段(800 ppm)下降到約80%; PHE的降解效率則從第一階段的約60%，上升到第二階段的85%。在中間產物方面，中腸在加入800 ppm PCP時，偵測到高氯有機物，但隨後僅留下可能的中間產物如酚; 加入800 PHE時亦同，早期偵測到較高多環的中間產物，但隨後僅有低量的蒽酮(anthrone)出現。後腸情況與中腸類似，可見甲蟲幼蟲具可馴化性，且只要時間足夠，能完全分解POPs。

Persistent organic pollutants (POPs) are persistent, bioaccumulative, and highly toxic substances that are difficult to handle once they appear in soil and/or other media. They could also be accumulated via the food chain, causing harmful effects to humans over time. There are many treatment alternatives available to treat POPs. Yet, a natural, stable, and highly efficient mean is desired. In this study, the larvae of Oryctes rhinoceros were used as bioreactors to treat two POPs, pentachlorophenol (PCP) and phenanthrene (PHE), in soil. During the treatment period, the larval growth conditions and potential intermediates of the treated POPs were monitored over time to evaluate the adverse effects of POPs on larvae and the possible accumulation of POPs in larvae or the environment. Therefore, the objectives of this study include: (1) to investigate the larval growth conditions in the presence of PCP and PHE at various concentrations, (2) to study the degradation rates of PCP and PHE via beetle larvae ingestion, and (3) to trace the intermediates of PCP and PHE in the beetle larvae. During the experimentation, ten larvae were placed in reactors with PCP and PHE concentrations of soil/feed mixture at 200 and 800 mg/kg as stages 1 and 2, respectively, and bred for four weeks in each stage. The results showed that no larvae deceased over different breeding stages. POPs affected larval growth at 800 mg/kg cases in week one but became normal afterward. PCP had more adverse effects than PHE. As for POP degradation, 100% of PCP was degraded in stage 1 (PCP= 200 ppm), yet the rate dropped to around 80% in stage 2 (PCP= 800 ppm). On the other hand, PHE degradation increased from 60% in stage 1 to about 85% in stage 2. In the larval midgut during stage 2, highly chlorinated organics were detected in week 1 but faded out afterward, except for the potential intermediate, phenol, stay at a minimal amount. Same conditions were observed when 800 ppm PHE was added. Many 3-ring, PHE-like organics appeared at the beginning of stage 1, but only anthrone remained at the end. Similar results were concluded in the larval hindgut and tissue. It implies that the larvae are acclimatable and, if time is enough, they can completely degrade the POPs.

摘要iv
Abstractv
誌謝vi
目錄vii
表目錄x
圖目錄xi
符號對照表xiv
第一章 研究緣起與目的1
第二章 文獻回顧4
2-1 持續性有機污染物(POPs)及目標污染物介紹4
2-1-1 持續性有機污染物(POPs)介紹4
2-1-2五氯酚介紹6
2-1-3 多環芳香烴碳氫類介紹10
2-2土壤污染整治修復技術18
2-2-1 土壤污染整治技術分類及比較18
2-2-2 土壤生物修復技術-微生物篇23
2-2-3土壤微生物修復技術-大型生物篇25
2-2-4含目標污染物廠址整治介紹27
2-3 犀角金龜介紹及其在土壤復育應用30
2-3-1 生長環境、生命週期30
2-3-2 犀角金龜應用於環境復育及其耐受性32
2-3-2 犀角金龜對環境可能危害及防治34
2-3-3 飼育反應槽設計理念37
第三章 研究材料與方法38
3-1 研究架構與流程38
3-2 實驗藥品及材料40
3-2-1 實驗用飼育材41
3-2-2 實驗用土42
3-3 實驗設備43
3-3-1 超音波樣品碎機43
3-3-2 離心機及萃取相關設備44
3-3-3 氣相層析儀-質譜儀(GC-MS)45
3-3-4 氣相層析儀-火焰離子偵檢器(GC-FID)47
3-3-5 反應槽設立及相關採樣設備49
3-3-6 犀角金龜幼蟲分析前處理設備51
3-4實驗方法52
3-4-1目標污染土混拌方法52
3-4-2 觀測犀角金龜生長指標方法53
3-4-3 飼育材、蟲糞及蟲體萃取及分析步驟55
3-4-4犀角金龜幼蟲解剖前處理步驟56
3-5實驗分析方法之品質管理57
3-5-1檢量線建立57
3-5-2重複實驗品質管控60
第四章 結果與討論61
4-1 不同濃度五氯酚、菲對幼蟲之生長指標影響性61
4-2 幼蟲對不同污染物濃度之去除率76
4-2-1五氯酚去除率及其變化76
4-2-2 PHE之去除率及其變化81
4-3 污染物在幼蟲體內所產生的中間產物及其流佈86
4-3-1 PCP在幼蟲體內產生之中間產物及其流佈86
4-3-2 幼蟲體內PHE的變化92
第五章 結論與建議98
5-1 幼蟲暴露在低濃度PCP及PHE(第一階段)環境下98
5-2 幼蟲暴露在高濃度PCP及PHE(第二階段)環境下99
5-3幼蟲體內中間產物之變化(第二階段)100
5-4 建議101
第六章 工程應用性102
參考文獻104
附錄A 原始數據108
附錄B口試委員之問題與建議及回答132

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