柴油污染是全球環境面臨的嚴重問題，特別是在台灣，由於地狹人稠、土地資源有限，加上工商業發展迅速，油品需求急劇增加，導致油品在精煉、運輸、儲存和使用過程中對土壤和地下水造成污染。未經妥善處理的油品污染可能釋放多種有機污染物，對環境和生態系統造成嚴重損害，同時影響周圍土壤的物理和化學特性，可能對人體造成不良影響，包括對血液、免疫系統、肺、皮膚、眼睛和甚至神經系統的影響。由於柴油在土壤中的降解速度極緩慢，相關機構和政府需耗費大量時間和資金進行整治，以便再次利用土地。本研究主要目的利用超微氣泡之高反應性、操作機動性佳與環境友善性等特性，開發油品污染土壤之超微氣泡清洗技術。
本研究的主要目標是利用超微氣泡以高效去除油品污染且對於環境友善性作為特點。因其高反應性，能夠快速處理油品污染物，並且成本相較於需要藥劑之化學技術更加優勢，可以根據不同場址和情況進行調整，適用性也較為廣泛，快速恢復土壤使其能夠再利用。在超微氣泡清洗過程中，隨著清洗時間的增加，超微氣泡的爆裂產生的震波和能量將土壤中的有機碳逐漸釋放至水中，同時爆裂時產生的瞬間熱能有助於有機物的氧化降解，清洗技術在不同土壤添加量下表現出明顯的差異。相對較低的土壤處理量和相對較高的柴油濃度似乎有助於達到更高之去除率。超微氣泡清洗技術能夠有效地去除土壤中之柴油，並且清洗效果受土壤處理量和柴油濃度的影響。此外，不同種類之油品和不同質地之土壤對清洗效果產生了不同程度的影響，其中柴油的去除效果優於機油，柴油去除率與油品的運動黏度有關，而本實驗使用之粉質壤土和砂質壤土，去除率和土壤結構有關。藉由不同操作參數之影響探討，進行土壤中柴油去除效率之最佳化。以中央合成法設計選擇以土壤處理量及柴油濃度共11組實驗，進行超微氣泡清洗技術清洗後，最佳操作參數為土壤處理量100 g/L和柴油濃度32,260 mg/kg，土壤中柴油之最高去除效率達到82%。而後添加聚合氯化鋁（PAC）和茶皂素（Tea Saponin）改變了超微氣泡的電性，試圖提高最佳操作參數之清洗效果。單獨使用聚合氯化鋁或界面活性劑均能提高柴油去除率超過87%。然而，同時添加聚合氯化鋁和界面活性劑可能略微降低柴油去除效率，需要進一步研究和優化。

Diesel contamination poses a severe global environmental challenge, particularly in Taiwan where limited land resources and rapid industrial development have led to a significant increase in the demand for oil throughout refining, transportation, storage, and usage processes, resulting in soil and groundwater pollution. Untreated diesel contamination can release various organic pollutants, causing substantial harm to the environment and ecosystems, and impacting the physical and chemical properties of surrounding soil. Additionally, adverse effects on human health, including blood, immune system, lung, skin, eye, and potential neurological impacts, may occur (National Institute of Environmental Research, 2021). Due to the extremely slow degradation of diesel in soil, relevant agencies and governments invest substantial time and funds in remediation efforts to facilitate the reuse of contaminated land.
This study aims to develop a soil remediation technique for oil contamination using the characteristics of microbubbles, including high reactivity, operational flexibility, and environmental friendliness. Microbubbles demonstrate effectiveness in rapidly treating oil pollutants, offering cost advantages over chemical techniques that require additional agents. This method can be adjusted according to different sites and conditions, promoting rapid soil restoration for reuse. In the microbubble cleaning process, as cleaning time increases, the shockwaves and energy generated by the microbubble bursts gradually release organic carbon in the soil into the water. The instantaneous thermal energy produced during the burst contributes to the oxidative degradation of organic substances. The cleaning technique exhibits significant differences under varying soil treatment volumes, with relatively lower soil treatment volumes and higher diesel concentrations contributing to higher removal rates. The microbubble cleaning technique effectively removes diesel from soil, with cleaning efficacy influenced by soil treatment volume and diesel concentration. Additionally, different types of oil and different soil textures have varying impacts on cleaning efficacy. Diesel removal rates exceed those of engine oil, with diesel removal efficiency correlating with oil viscosity, while soil structure influences efficiency when using sandy and loamy soils in the experiment.
Through an investigation of the effects of different operational parameters, the optimization of diesel removal efficiency in soil was explored. Using the central composite design method, 11 experimental groups were designed with varying soil treatment volumes and diesel concentrations. After employing the microbubble cleaning technique, the optimal operational parameters were determined to be a soil treatment volume of 100 g/L and a diesel concentration of 32,260 mg/kg, achieving the highest diesel removal efficiency of 82%. Subsequent addition of polyaluminum chloride (PAC) and tea saponin altered the electrical properties of microbubbles, attempting to enhance cleaning efficacy under optimal operational parameters. Using PAC or a surfactant individually increased diesel removal rates to over 87%. However, simultaneous addition of PAC and surfactant may slightly decrease diesel removal efficiency, requiring further research and optimization.

摘要
ABSTRACT
致謝
目錄
圖目錄
表目錄
第一章 前言
1-1研究源起
1-2研究目的
第二章 文獻回顧
2-1油品污染土壤之處理技術
2-2超微氣泡之生長模式假設
2-3超微氣泡之基本特性
2-4 傳統產生超微氣泡設備和原理
2-5超微氣泡清洗土壤中油品機制之探討
2-6超微氣泡之相關應用
第三章 材料與方法
3-1實驗架構
3-2土壤質地特性分析
3-3超微氣泡特性分析
3-4超微氣泡產生氫氧自由基之定性分析
3-5超微氣泡清洗技術之模型廠系統
3-5-1超微氣泡清洗技術對於不同種類油品污染之成效
3-5-2超微氣泡清洗技術對於不同性質土壤污染之成效
3-6 中央合成實驗設計(CENTRAL COMPOSITE DESIGN, CCD)
3-6-1模型合適度檢驗
3-7油品污染土壤微氣泡清洗技術之最佳化評估
3-7-1超微氣泡清洗技術改變電性之成效
3-7-2超微氣泡清洗技術添加界面活性劑
3-8實驗分析方法及儀器
第四章 結果與討論
4-1柴油污染土壤之質地特性
4-2超微氣泡產生器之氣泡粒徑分佈
4-3超微氣泡產生氫氧自由基之定性分析
4-4超微氣泡清洗技術之模型廠系統
4-4-1土壤處理量對超微氣泡清洗技術之影響
4-4-2柴油濃度對超微氣泡清洗技術之影響
4-4-3不同土壤處理量及柴油濃度對超微氣泡清洗技術之影響
4-4-4不同種類油品污染對超微氣泡清洗技術之影響
4-4-5不同質地土壤污染對超微氣泡清洗技術之影響
4-4-6氫氧自由基 (OH radical) 對於土壤中柴油去除率之影響
4-5土壤超微氣泡清洗技術之實驗設計
4-5-1二階模型方程式之適合度檢定
4-6油品污染土壤微氣泡清洗技術之最佳化評估
4-6-1超微氣泡清洗技術改變電性之成效
4-6-2超微氣泡清洗技術添加界面活性劑
4-6-3超微氣泡清洗技術同時改變電性和添加界面活性劑之成效
第五章 結論與建議
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