臺灣博碩士論文加值系統

本研究的目的為調查影響外籍移工選擇國外匯兌渠道的因素，其中匯兌渠道包括銀行，匯兌公司，非官方中介商等其他渠道。本研究設計線上問卷並獲取來自東南亞四個國家的移工，共359份樣本，再使用多項式羅吉斯回歸模型進行分析。移工的愛好與體驗結果指出費用，速度，匯出金額，可用性，收入以及本國與移民國的金融條件之影響是影響東南亞外籍移工國外小額匯兌方法的重要因素。本研究提出降低匯費，加速交易處理以及改善金融環境可能有助於改變東南亞外籍移工選擇從非官方國外匯兌渠道改用官方國外匯兌渠道。從客戶體驗角度來看，建議銀行應考慮精簡手續與調整作業時間；而匯兌公司應著重改善技術與提高所在勞動輸出國以及勞動輸入國提供的服務。

This study examines the factors influencing migrants’ choice of international remittance channels among banks, money transfer firms, informal intermediaries, and other channels. An online survey questionnaire is constructed, and 359 samples from four ASEAN countries are collected and analyzed using a multinomial logit model. The results for migrant’s preferences and migrant’s experience of remitting confirm the effect of speed, cost, the amount remitted, availability, income, and the level of financial conditions in both home and host countries are important factors affecting migrants’ choice of international remittance channel. It is suggested that cost reduction, high-speed transaction processing, and financial environment improvement may switch from the use of unofficial channels to formal channels. From the customer’s experience perspective, banks should be concerned with streamlining documents and adjusting working hours, while MTFs should focus on technical improvement and quality services enhancement in both labor-exporting and labor-importing countries.

Table of Contents
Abstract i
CHAPTER 1 INTRODUCTION 1
1.1. Background and motivation 1
1.2. Research objectives 4
CHAPTER 2 LITERATURE REVIEW 7
2.1. The market of remittances in Taiwan 7
2.2. Choice of payment instruments 14
CHAPTER 3 DATA AND METHODOLOGY 21
3.1. Survey design and questionnaire 21
3.2. Data collection and description 22
3.2.1. Data collection 22
3.2.2. Data description 24
3.3. Theoretical framework 36
3.4. Hypothesis and research model 37
CHAPTER 4 EMPIRICAL RESULTS 43
4.1. Analysis based on migrant’s preferences and demographic information 43
4.2. The effect of country characteristics and self-evaluations 48
4.3. Analysis based on migrants’ experience of remittance transfer 51
CHAPTER 5 CONCLUSION 58
5.1. Conclusion 58
5.2. Implication 60
5.3. Limitation 62
Reference list 64
Appendices 72
Appendix I Survey of migrant worker’s experience of using remittance channels 72
Appendix II Problems reported by senders and recipients when remitting 80

Reference list
Acosta, P. A., Lartey, E. K., & Mandelman, F. S. (2009). Remittances and the Dutch disease. Journal of International Economics, 79(1), 102-116.
Adams Jr, R. H., & Cuecuecha, A. (2010). The economic impact of international remittances on poverty and household consumption and investment in Indonesia. World Bank Policy Research Working Paper, (5433).
Ahmed, J., & Martínez-Zarzoso, I. (2016). Do transfer costs matter for foreign remittances? A gravity model approach. Economics, 10(1).
Ahmed, J., Mughal, M., & Martínez‐Zarzoso, I. (2021). Sending money home: Transaction cost and remittances to developing countries. The World Economy, 44(8), 2433-2459.
Albert, B., Tullis, T., & Tedesco, D. (2009). Beyond the usability lab: Conducting large-scale online user experience studies. Morgan Kaufmann.
Amuedo-Dorantes, C., & Pozo, S. (2005). On the use of differing money transmission methods by Mexican immigrants. International Migration Review, 39(3), 554-576.
Barendse, J. (2006). The Remittance Corridor of the Netherlands-Morocco: Review of Obstacles and Recommendations on How to Increase Use of the Bank Channel: ECORYS Nederland BV.
Beck, T., & Martínez Pería, M. S. (2011). What explains the price of remittances? An examination across 119 country corridors. The World Bank Economic Review, 25(1), 105-131.
Benzo, R., Mohsen, M. G., & Fourali, C. (2017). Marketing research: planning, process, practice. Sage.
Business Today. (2022). 「移工金流」近8成黑市交易！這家企業搶食移工匯兌大餅 　劍指電支市場. Retrieved April 18, 2022 from https://www.businesstoday.com.tw/article/category/183017/post/202201150009/
Chami, M. R., Jahjah, M. S., & Fullenkamp, C. (2003). Are immigrant remittance flows a source of capital for development?. International Monetary Fund.
Creswell, J. W., & Creswell, J. D. (2017). Research Design: Qualitative, Quantitative, and Mixed Methods Approaches. Sage publications.
de Luna-Martinez, J., Endo, I., & Barberis, C. (2006). The Germany-Serbia Remittance Corridor: Challenges of Establishing a Formal Money Transfer System (Vol. 80). World Bank Publications.
Edwards, P. J., Roberts, I., Clarke, M. J., DiGuiseppi, C., Wentz, R., Kwan, I., Cooper, R., Felix, L.M & Pratap, S. (2009). Methods to increase response to postal and electronic questionnaires. Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews, (3).
Elbadawi, I. A., & Rocha, R. R. (1992). Determinants of Expatriate Workers' Remittances in North Africa and Europe: Country Economics Department, World Bank.
Ferriani, F., & Oddo, G. (2019). More distance, more remittance? Remitting behavior, travel cost, and the size of the informal channel. Economic Notes: Review of Banking, Finance and Monetary Economics, 48(3), e12146.
Freund, C., & Spatafora, N. (2008). Remittances, transaction costs, and informality. Journal of Development Economics, 86(2), 356-366.
Freund, C. L., & Spatafora, N. (2005). Remittances: Transaction Costs, Eeterminants, and Informal Flows (Vol. 3704). World Bank Publications.
Financial Supervisory Commission. (2021). Regulations governing small amount remittance services for foreign migrant workers. Retrieved June 23, 2022, from https://law.moj.gov.tw/ENG/LawClass/LawAll.aspx?pcode=G0380269
Financial Supervisory Commission. (2021). 金管會許可統振股份有限公司經營外籍移工國外小額匯兌業務. Retrieved April 17, 2022, from https://www.fsc.gov.tw/ch/home.jsp?id=96&parentpath=0,2&mcustomize=news_view.jsp&dataserno=202110150002&dtable=News
Financial Supervisory Commission. (2022). 金管會許可東聯互動股份有限公司經營外籍移工國外小額匯兌業務. Retrieved April 17, 2022, from https://www.fsc.gov.tw/ch/home.jsp?id=96&parentpath=0,2&mcustomize=news_view.jsp&dataserno=202204010002&aplistdn=ou=news,ou=multisite,ou=chinese,ou=ap_root,o=fsc,c=tw&dtable=News
Focus Taiwan (2020). Cabinet urged to review migrant worker policy amid labor crisis. Retrieved April 17, 2022, from https://focustaiwan.tw/politics/202201210013
Galloway, A. (2005). Non-probability sampling.
Greene, W. H. (2003). Econometric Analysis.
Haas de, H., & Plug, R. (2006). Cherishing the goose with the golden eggs: Trends in migrant remittances from Europe to Morocco 1970–2004. International Migration Review, 40(3), 603-634.
International Monetary Fund. (2022). FAS country data. https://data.imf.org/regular.aspx?key=61063966
Jones, T. L., Baxter, M., & Khanduja, V. (2013). A quick guide to survey research. The Annals of The Royal College of Surgeons of England, 95(1), 5-7.
Kakhkharov, J., Akimov, A., & Rohde, N. (2017). Transaction costs and recorded remittances in the post-Soviet economies: Evidence from a new dataset on bilateral flows. Economic Modelling, 60, 98-107.
Kalaivani, S. Applications of Google Forms In Surveys. Education on Digital Cultural and Social Media, 7.
Karafolas, S., & Konteos, G. (2010). Choice of money transfer methods in the case of Albanian immigrants in Greece. Transition Studies Review, 16(4), 962-978.
Kosse, A., & Vermeulen, R. (2014). Migrants’ choice of remittance channel: do general payment habits play a role? World Development, 62, 213-227.
Lowell, B. L., & De La Garza, R. O. (2000). The developmental role of remittances in US Latino communities and in Latin American countries. Final project report prepared for the Thomás Rivera Policy Institute (TRPI), University of Texas, Austin, Texas, and the Inter-American Dialogue.
Lubambu, K. M. K. (2014). The impacts of remittances on developing countries. European Parliament.
Lucas, R. E., & Stark, O. (1985). Motivations to remit: Evidence from Botswana. Journal of Political Economy, 93(5), 901-918.
Lueth, E., & Ruiz-Arranz, M. (2006). A Gravity Model of Workers’ Remittances. IMF Working Papers, 2006(290).
Lueth, E., & Ruiz-Arranz, M. (2008). Determinants of bilateral remittance flows. The BE Journal of Macroeconomics, 8(1).
McFadden, D. (1974). Conditional logit analysis of qualitative choice behavior. Frontiers in Econometrics, 105-142.
Metzger, M., Riedler, T., & Pédussel Wu, J. (2019). Migrant remittances: Alternative Money Transfer Channels (No. 127/2019). Working Paper.
Meyer,D.W. (2015). Migrant remittances to Latin America: Reviewing the literature. In B.L, Lowell & R.O, De la Garza (Ed.). Sending money home (pp. 53-81). Oxford, OX: Rowman & Littlefield Publishers Inc.
Meyer, D., & Shera, A. (2017). The impact of remittances on economic growth: An econometric model. Economia, 18(2), 147-155.
Ministry of Labor Republic of China. (2022). Foreign Workers in Productive Industries and Social Welfare by Nationality. Retrieved June 3, 2022, from https://statdb.mol.gov.tw/html/mon/c12030.htm
Ministry of Labor Republic of China. (2022). Foreign Workers in Productive Industries and Social Welfare by Industry and Nationality. Retrieved June 3, 2022, from https://statdb.mol.gov.tw/html/mon/c12040.htm
Ministry of Labor Republic of China. (2022). Missing Status of Foreign Workers in Productive Industries and Social Welfare. Retrieved August 21, 2022 https://statdb.mol.gov.tw/html/mon/c12070.htm
OECD. (2021). What is ODA?. Retrieved March 10, 2022, from https://www.oecd.org/dac/financing-sustainable-development/development-finance-standards/What-is-ODA.pdf
Orozco, M. Worker Remittances: An International Comparison.” Inter-American Dialogue Project commissioned by the Multilateral Investment Fund of the Inter-American Development Bank, February 2003.
Orozco, M. (2002). Worker Remittances: The human face of globalization. Working Paper commissioned by the Multilateral Investment Fund of the Inter-American Development Bank.
Park, K. H., & Kerr, P. M. (1990). Determinants of academic performance: A multinomial logit approach. The Journal of Economic Education, 21(2), 101-111.
Phellas, C. N., Bloch, A., & Seale, C. (2011). Structured methods: interviews, questionnaires and observation. Researching society and culture, 3(1), 23-32.
Pieke, F. N., Van Hear, N., & Lindley, A. (2005). Informal remittance systems in Africa, Caribbean and Pacific (APC) countries, Synthesis Study, ESRC Centre on Migration. Policy and Society, Oxford.
Puri, S., & Ritzema, T. (1999). Migrant worker remittances, micro-finance and the informal economy: prospects and issues. Geneva: International Labour Office.
Ratha, D. (2005). Back To Basics: Remittances: A Lifeline for Development. Finance & development, 42(004).
Reynolds, N., Diamantopoulos, A., & Schlegelmilch, B. (1993). Pre-testing in questionnaire design: a review of the literature and suggestions for further research. Market Research Society Journal, 35(2), 1-11.
Sander, C. (2004). Capturing a market share? Migrant remittances and money transfers as a microfinance service in Sub-Saharan Africa. Enterprise Development & Microfinance, 15(1), 20-34.
Siegel, M., & Lücke, M. (2013). Migrant transnationalism and the choice of transfer channels for remittances: the case of Moldova. Global Networks (Oxford), 13(1), 120-141. doi:10.1111/glob.12002
Spector, L. C., & Mazzeo, M. (1980). Probit analysis and economic education. The Journal of Economic Education, 11(2), 37-44.
Suro, R. (2003). Remittance senders and receivers: Tracking the Transnational Channels. Washington: Pew Hispanic Center.
Taipei Times (2019). FSC eases rules on remittance by migrant workers. Retrieved April 17, 2022, from https://www.taipeitimes.com/News/biz/archives/2019/02/01/2003709013
Taipei Times (2020). Remittance experiments extended: FSC. Retrieved April 17, 2022, from https://www.taipeitimes.com/News/biz/archives/2020/05/11/2003736167
Taipei Times (2021). FSC rejects EMQ Taiwan’s remittance application. Retrieved April 17, 2022, from https://www.taipeitimes.com/News/biz/archives/2021/09/07/2003763914
Taiwan News (2018). Foreign workers in Taiwan may soon be able to send remittances via convenience stores. Retrieved April 18, 2022 from https://www.taiwannews.com.tw/en/news/3579590
Taiwan News. (2019). Migrant worker 2018 remittances to top US$3 billion: Central Bank of Taiwan. Retrieved March 8, 2022, from https://www.taiwannews.com.tw/en/news/3632974
Taiwan News (2020). Taiwan's migrant worker population drops below 700,000 due to border control measures. Retrieved March 8, 2022, from https://www.taiwannews.com.tw/en/news/4016027
Taiwan News. (2021). Taiwanese average 137 visits to convenience stores annually, spend NT$84 per trip. Retrieved April 17, 2022, from https://www.taiwannews.com.tw/en/news/4253029
United Nations. (2011). Towards human resilience: Sustaining MDG progress in an age of economic uncertainty. United Nations Publications.
United Nations Conference on Trade and Development. (2007). World Investment Report, 2007: Transnational Corporations, Extractive Industries and Development. UN.
United Nations Department of Economic and Social Affairs, Population Division. (2020). International Migration 2020 Highlights. https://www.un.org/development/desa/pd/sites/www.un.org.development.desa.pd/files/undesa_pd_2020_international_migration_highlights.pdf
Wahba, S. (1991). What determines workers’ Remittances?. Finance & Development, 28(004), A014.
World Bank Group. (2022). Migration and Development Brief 36. https://www.knomad.org/sites/default/files/2022-05/Migration%20and%20Development%20Brief%2036_May%202022_0.pdf
World Bank. (2022). GDP per capita (current US$). https://data.worldbank.org/indicator/NY.GDP.PCAP.CD
World Bank . (2022). Personal remittances, received (% of GDP). https://data.worldbank.org/indicator/BX.TRF.PWKR.DT.GD.ZS
World Bank. (2022). G20 Financial Inclusion Indicators. https://databank.worldbank.org/source/g20-financial-inclusion-indicators/Series/GPSS_2