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Engineering construction projects are dynamic, necessitating adjustments to plans due to factors such as demands, regulations, and external environments. Adjusting contract work items through appropriate and legal alternatives and changes will not only make the project execution more practical and mature but also potentially enhance the overall efficiency and value of the entire project in terms of cost, quality, and schedule. This study focuses on applying alternative items in current public engineering projects (including alternative solutions, equivalent products, and contract modifications). The aim is to methodically organize and suggest ways for implementing alternative item adjustments within the existing legal and contractual framework. This will enable the industry to effectively utilize alternative items during the construction phase of public works, benefiting the execution of these projects. It will also provide construction firms, especially those with resources, new technologies, or strong planning and research and development capabilities, with an advantage in securing and fulfilling contracts, ultimately leading to deserved profits. Additionally, agencies can achieve better outcomes during the project planning process. The methodology of this study includes the compilation of contracts and legal aspects, literature review, case studies, and expert interviews. The conclusions, derived from case studies and expert interviews, reveal two key insights: first, the primary factors for adopting alternative solutions are the agency's needs and the degree of schedule flexibility; second, the industry's low proportion of alternative solution usage, along with the familiar paths and procedures for adopting alternative items. Finally, this research will outline the current execution status and legal constraints of alternative solutions, equivalent product substitutions, and contract modifications. This will facilitate a comparative analysis of the methods available for implementing alternative items in contracts, providing a reference for the industry and suggesting future directions.
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