臺灣博碩士論文加值系統

當侷限空間發生火災，若可燃物質大量存在，火勢將逐漸延燒至室內裝修材料及傢俱，隨之引發閃燃現象，火災即進入最劇烈之燃燒階段，其室內溫度快速上升，且火焰將竄出開口，造成外部燃燒之情形，外部火焰將使火勢可能向建築物上層延燒。然而，先前研究針對閃燃現象具數種定義，(1)火災由局部燃燒擴大至全面燃燒、(2)火災由燃料控制轉變為通風控制、(3)火焰引燃天花板下方的可燃性蒸氣，使火焰竄出開口。另有學者針對閃燃現象提出熱不穩定性理論，這些定義有的為因，有的為果，顯示目前閃燃現象之機制仍未完全釐清，同時，閃燃後亦影響室內燃燒情況及外部燃燒對外牆之影響。因此，本研究將分別依閃燃前、後對室內燃燒情況及火焰竄出開口後對外牆影響情況進行探討，首先針對閃燃前之室內天花板裝修材料試驗方法進行探討，目前試驗法皆針對地板及牆面材料進行試驗，未能有效評估天花板裝修材料；其次針對閃燃時之閃燃發生機制進行探討，加以釐清閃燃現象之定義；最後針對閃燃後之室內溫度預測模式進行探討，並加以修改閃燃後室內溫度預測公式，使其更準確地預測室內溫度，另亦針對閃燃後之火焰竄出開口對外牆影響情況進行探討。本研究將以ISO 9705房間、ISO 9705縮小尺寸房間及縮小尺寸房間（含外牆）進行實驗，觀察火焰於室內及外部燃燒之情形，並分析室內溫度、地板熱通量、外部火焰高度、外部牆面熱通量及熱釋放率之變化情形。
研究結果顯示，（1）天花板裝修材料若以單材耐燃試驗法（SBI）並增設天花板進行評估，將可更完整地試驗天花板之火災行為；（2）本研究藉由增加第二可燃物進行實驗，其受熱釋放可燃性蒸氣，但卻未使閃燃時間提早，僅增加閃燃後之天花板下方溫度及地板熱通量，因此，本研究亦證實閃燃並非預混燃燒（premixed combustion），而閃燃發生機制應為熱不穩定性造成；（3）針對閃燃後室內溫度之實驗量測值與預測公式預估值進行分析，結果顯示先前研究提出之閃燃後室內溫度預測公式高估實際室內溫度，本研究修訂閃燃後室內溫度預測公式，可更效預測發生強閃燃（strong flashover）之室內溫度；（4）閃燃後火焰竄出外牆，其火焰高度受開口形狀影響，扁平狀開口於閃燃後之火焰高度最高，且因其火焰緊貼著外牆，對外牆造成較大的熱通量。

Flashover is a significant phenomenon during the growth of fires within confined spaces and is indicative of conditions that cause severe injury and death. Due to the fire hazard involved by flashover, many studies have investigated this phenomenon. However, the mechanism of flashover is not adequately clarified. After flashover, the indoor combustion situation is affected, and the flame emerging is affected from opening on external wall. Therefore, this study will investigate the effect of pre-/post-flashover on indoor environment and external wall in compartment fires. Four experiments were accordingly conducted: Firstly, according to the fire test methods, specimens are traditionally mounted vertically as a wall or horizontally as a floor. The only exception is the ISO 9705 room corner test in which ceiling material is installed beneath a ceiling. This study was accordingly designed to discuss the test results of ceiling materials in the ISO 9705 room corner test with the testing capacity of the traditional tests to evaluate the feasibility of the traditional tests to rank materials mounted beneath a ceiling. Secondly, the practical relevance of the flashover theory and the practical methods to identify flashover have not been elucidated adequately. This study utilizes an experimental compartment in which ignited fuel exists without or with a secondary fuel, to clarify the necessity of sufficient fuel volatiles and secondary fuels for flashover. The length of the compartment was one-third of the length of an ISO9705 test chamber. In the beginning of the experiments, only the first fuel was ignited. The secondary fuel, if presented, received heat and released volatiles. Thirdly, a previous model for predicting the temperature, both before and after flashover, using adiabatic gas temperatures has been developed. This model has only been verified by experimental data before flashover. This study modified the expression of HRR at flashover, and verified by experiment in an enclosure whose dimension is one third of an ISO 9705 room. Finally, the heat exposure to the external facade from window-like opening locations has not been incorporated into current engineering fire design methods. This study performed experiments in which small-scale enclosures with various opening shapes and locations were underpinned for flames on facades emerging from ventilation-controlled fires at the floor of fire origin.
The results showed: (1) A penetration occurred in the gypsum test and led to a severe fire although flashover was not observed. The results from the traditional tests are obtained from tests that are primarily concerned of the potential of a material leading to flashover. The penetration of flames through ceiling materials cannot be assessed in the other tests. A modification of the traditional test is recommended when ceiling materials are tested. (2) The times to flashover without a secondary fuel approximately equaled with a secondary fuel. A premixed flame does not necessarily indicate flashover. Therefore, only thermal instability is responsible for flashover. (3) This model using the alternative expression can better predict the temperature after flashover. Additionally, the type of flashover was discussed with the prediction of post-flashover temperature. (4) The shape of opening strongly affected the combustion conditions. Opening geometry was divided into two categories: those that combust both inside and outside the enclosure, and combusting primarily outside the enclosure. Two sets of heat flux correlations were derived for the two categories. Additionally, external flame was higher for the category of combustion primarily outside the enclosure, because pyrolyzate primarily burned there.

摘要 I
ABSTRACT III
誌謝 V
目錄 VII
表目錄 XII
圖目錄 XIV
一、 緒論 1
1.1 研究動機與目的 1
1.2 研究方法及步驟 2
二、 文獻回顧 4
2.1 侷限空間火災成長 4
2.1.1 通風效應對燃燒之影響 7
2.1.2 內部熱傳之影響 9
2.2 侷限空間內裝修及規範分析 11
2.2.1 裝修材料使用與施工 11
2.2.2 火災對裝修材料崩塌之影響 16
2.2.3 裝修材料之防火性能試驗法 22
2.3 閃燃現象分析 28
2.3.1 溫度與熱通量 30
2.3.2 熱釋放率 32
2.4 侷限空間經驗式分析 36
2.4.1 閃燃熱釋放率經驗式分析 36
2.4.2 閃燃前、後侷限空間內溫度預測公式分析 41
2.4.2.1 閃燃前侷限空間內溫度預測公式 41
2.4.2.2 閃燃後侷限空間內溫度預測公式 45
2.5 侷限空間外之火災分析 48
2.5.1 外部熱釋放率 57
2.5.2 外部火焰高度 58
2.5.3 外部牆面之熱傳 68
2.6 小結 72
三、 天花板裝修材料試驗法研究 73
3.1 研究目的 73
3.2 實驗設計及設備 74
3.2.1 實驗設計 74
3.2.2 實驗設備 75
3.3 結果與討論 77
3.3.1 ISO 9705房間設置9 mm石膏板實驗 77
3.3.2 ISO 9705房間設置12 mm合板實驗 80
3.3.3 試驗法比較分析 82
3.3.4 小結 84
四、 閃燃發生機制研究 85
4.1 研究目的 85
4.2 實驗設計及設備 86
4.2.1 實驗設計 86
4.2.2 實驗設備 88
4.3 結果與討論 90
4.2.1 未發生閃燃實驗 91
4.2.1.1 汽油實驗結果 91
4.2.1.2 異丙醇實驗結果 93
4.2.1.3 討論 97
4.2.2 發生閃燃實驗 98
4.2.2.1 汽油實驗結果 98
4.2.2.2 異丙醇實驗結果 101
4.2.2.3 討論 105
4.2.3 閃燃發生機制 106
4.2.4 小結 107
五、 閃燃前、後室內溫度預測研究 108
5.1 研究目的 108
5.2 實驗設計與設備 110
5.2.1 實驗設計 110
5.2.2 實驗設備 111
5.3 結果與討論 113
5.3.2 未發生閃燃實驗 113
5.3.3 發生閃燃實驗 116
5.3.4 小結 129
六、 閃燃後外牆影響研究 130
6.1 研究目的 130
6.2 實驗設計與設備 130
6.2.1 實驗設計 130
6.2.2 實驗設備 133
6.3 閃燃後外牆影響分析 135
6.3.1 觀察火焰與燃燒情形 135
6.3.2 熱釋放率 137
6.3.2.1 總熱釋放率 137
6.3.2.2 內部與外部熱釋放率 141
6.3.3 房間內部溫度分佈 143
6.3.4 外部火焰高度 154
6.3.4.1 火焰高度 154
6.3.4.2 火焰高度分析 156
6.3.5 外牆熱通量 159
6.3.5.1 外牆熱通量分佈 159
6.3.5.2 熱通量分析 163
6.3.6 小結 176
七、 結論 177
參考文獻 181
附錄1 Evaluating Current Fire Test Methods for Determining Flammability Performance of Ceiling Materials
附錄2 Clarifying the Mechanism of Flashover from the View of Unburned Fuel Volatiles and Secondary Fuels
附錄3 Predicting the Post-Flashover Temperature in a Compartment Fire Using Adiabatic Gas Temperature
附錄4 Effect of Post-Flashover Flame Emerging from Opening on External Wall

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