台灣每年產出約20萬噸垃圾焚化飛灰，目前普遍以固化掩埋方式處理，在掩埋場容量幾近飽和且一地難求的情況下，對於非掩埋處理之技術存在著強烈的需求。慮及垃圾焚化飛灰的量體龐大，單只是創意性的應用不足以解決其去化的問題，本文嘗試提出資源化處理架構並取國內某焚化廠之焚化飛灰經由實驗探討其可行性。
本研究中，首先利用鹽酸調整酸鹼度，欲於酸性環境中移除焚化飛灰含有之重金屬，通過調整pH值、液固比、反應時間及氧化力等實驗變因以探討焚化飛灰於酸洗系統中的性質，確立以上參數對於酸洗程序的影響後，嘗試於酸洗程序中結合高級氧化法以分解吸附在活性碳孔洞中的戴奧辛。透過以上兩步驟，目的為將焚化飛灰處理至無害且可再利用的資源。
實驗結果顯示酸洗程序之pH值為主要影響重金屬移除之變因，且提高酸洗程序中溶液的氧化力有助於Cd、Cu、Pb…等重金屬的移除效果。而O3、O3/H2O2、Fenton等高級氧化法對於戴奧辛的降解具有很好的潛力，更可與酸洗程序結合為一個單元以降低設備成本，酸洗後的餘渣之分離可採取沉澱或過濾等方式。
經前述反應後之固體餘渣已幾乎不含危害性物質，若比照環保
署公告的「垃圾焚化廠焚化底渣再利用管理方式」，已能符合所載之焚化再生粒料第二級環境標準戴奧辛及重金屬的管制標準，許有直接應用於工程填料的可能。
飛灰酸洗後衍伸之廢水經中和法處理後仍有部分重金屬逾放流水標準，故本研究進一步測試，將中和法結合混凝法或化學置換法加強處理。在適當的條件下，皆可將酸洗廢水處理至合乎放流水標準。

關鍵字: 焚化飛灰、酸洗、戴奧辛、高級氧化法、焚化再生粒料

In Taiwan, the production of MSWI fly ash produced by incinerator exceeds 200,000 tons/year. Solidification/stabilization of MSWI fly ash followed by landfill is the currently main treatment. With more and more MSWI fly ash residues, it has become another new problem for Taiwan’s landfill areas. In this study, we design a process of resources recovery of MSWI fly ash to solve the problem of it's huge amount and elimination way and test the feasibility of our process by using the MSWI fly ash of a incinerator in Taiwan as sample.
In this study use HCl to acid wash MSWI fly ash to remove the heavy metals. Parameters studied included pH value, liquid-solid ratio, reaction time and oxidizing power of acid washing solution. Then combine the acid washing with advanced oxidation process（O3, O3/H2O2, Fenton）to degrade Dioxins adsorbed by active carbon in MSWI fly ash.
The results indicate that the main influencing factor for removing

heavy metals of acid washing is pH value. Besides, the oxidizing power of solution increased can help to improve the removal rate of Cd, Cu, Pb.

Advanced oxidation process has the degradation potential of dioxin included in MSWI fly ash and it can combine with acid washing in one semi-batch reactor. The residual after acid washing can be separated by gravity precipitation or filtration and has almost no hazardous substances. Compared with the "Management of the Recycling for the Bottom Ash from the Incineration Plant" announced by the Environmental Protection Agency, the residual after acid washing has been able to meet the level 2 of Environmental standards of Incinerated Recycle Aggregate, and there is a chance directly used as the engineering aggregate.

The wastewater derived from acid washing still exceed the effluent standards after neutralization.
Therefore, this study further tests the combination of neutralization with coagulation or cementation to enhance the treatment. Under appropriate conditions, the wastewater can be treated to meet the effluent standards.

Keywords: MSWI fly ash, Acid washing, Dioxin, Advanced oxidation process, Incinerated Recycle Aggregate

目錄

摘要 i
Abstract iii
誌謝 v
目錄 vi
表目錄 ix
圖目錄 xi
第一章 緒論 1
1-1 研究動機 1
1-2 研究內容 5
1-3 本研究詞彙定義 6
第二章 文獻回顧 7
2-1 焚化底渣性質及再利用現況 7
2-2 焚化飛灰性質及前處理情形 11
2-2-1 焚化飛灰之來源 11
2-2-2 焚化飛灰之性質 12
2-2-3 焚化飛灰之重金屬來源及危害 13
2-2-4 焚化飛灰之戴奧辛產生機制 15
2-2-5 焚化飛灰中氯離子對於再利用之影響 17
2-3 焚化飛灰處理現況及相關研究 18
2-3-1 焚化飛灰相關研究 18
2-3-2 焚化飛灰處理方式 19
2-3-3 酸洗飛灰相關研究 23
2-4 重金屬廢水處理方法 27
2-4-1 化學沉澱法 28
2-4-2 化學還原法 30
2-4-3 化學混凝法 32
2-5 戴奧辛去除方法 33
2-5-1 高級氧化法 34
2-5-2 O3法 35
2-5-3 O3/H2O2法 36
2-5-4 Fenton法 37
第三章 實驗材料設備及方法 38
3-1 實驗方法 38
3-2 實驗設備 41
3-3 實驗藥品 46
3-4 物性化性分析方法 47
第四章 結果與討論 51
4-1 焚化飛灰成分分析 51
4-2 飛灰酸洗程序參數探討 53
4-2-1 於不同pH值酸洗飛灰 53
4-2-2 反應時間對酸洗飛灰之影響 55
4-2-3 於不同液固比酸洗飛灰 56
4-2-4 H2O2添加劑量對重金屬去除之影響 60
4-2-5 飛灰酸洗前後物化性質分析 62
4-3 酸洗廢水再處理 69
4-3-1 中和法 69
4-3-2 中和/混凝法 72
4-3-3 化學置換 75
4-3-4 小結 81
4-4 高級氧化程序降解飛灰中戴奧辛 82
4-4-1 酸、鹼性溶液對飛灰中戴奧辛之影響 84
4-4-2 O3法去除飛灰中戴奧辛 86
4-4-3 O3/H2O2法去除飛灰中戴奧辛 89
4-4-4 Fenteon法去除飛灰中戴奧辛 91
第五章 結論 96
參考文獻 97
 
表目錄

表2.1 焚化底渣再利用規範 9
表2.2 焚化飛灰酸洗相關研究與技術 24
表2.3 常見氧化劑及其氧化還原電位 28
表2.4 O3反應機制 29
表2.5 O3/H2O2反應機制 30
表2.6 Fenton法反應機制 31
表2.7 還原電位表 36
表4.1 飛灰成分分析 52
表4.2 飛灰TCLP 52
表4.3 不同pH值之瀝取效果 54
表4.4 不同液固之酸洗效果 59
表4.5 不同H2O2添加量之酸洗效果 61
表4.6 飛灰酸洗前後物化性質 62
表4.7 飛灰主要化合物比重 64
表4.8 飛灰、酸洗餘渣之TCLP 68
表4.9 酸洗餘渣之再生粒料環境用途溶出程序 68
表4.10 列管之戴奧辛之I-TEF及其在後續圖表中的代號 71
表4.11 飛灰處理程序中戴奧辛之I-TEQ 73
表4.12 O3處理後餘渣之戴奧辛之I-TEQ 74
表4.13 O3/H2O2處理後餘渣之戴奧辛之I-TEQ 77
表4.14 Fenton法處理後餘渣之戴奧辛之I-TEQ 79
表4.15 未經AOP處理飛灰 82
表4.16 鹼性環境AOP處理飛灰 83
表4.17 酸性環境AOP處理飛灰 84
表4.18 中和後廢水金屬含量分析 86
表4.19 中和沉澱處理酸洗廢水 87
表4.20 Al2(SO4)3劑量之混凝效果 89
表4.21 PAC劑量之混凝效果 89
表4.22 鋅粉劑量之置換效果 92
表4.23 置換時間之影響 95

 
圖目錄

圖1.1 110年焚化灰渣流向 3
圖1.2 焚化爐結合半乾式廢氣處理設備 4
圖2.1 FLUWA/FLUREC應用於焚化廠區之流程圖 20
圖2.2 戴奧辛降解機制 27
圖2.3 氫氧化物與硫化物之溶解度表 34
圖3.1 本研究所用ICP-AES 41
圖3.2 本研究使用之AAS 42
圖3.3 本研究使用之IC 43
圖3.4 本研究使用之XRD 44
圖3.5 本研究使用之SEM-EDS 45
圖4.1 不同pH值之酸洗效果 54
圖4.2 液固比10之酸洗效果 55
圖4.3 Cd於不同液固比之酸洗效果 57
圖4.4 Cu於不同液固比之酸洗效果 57
圖4.5 Pb於不同液固比之酸洗效果 58
圖4.6 不同H2O2添加量之酸洗效果 61
圖4.7 飛灰SEM圖 63
圖4.8 酸洗餘渣SEM圖 63
圖4.9 飛灰及酸洗餘渣之XRD圖 66
圖4.10 飛灰、水洗餘渣及酸洗餘渣之戴奧辛濃度 73
圖4.11 以O3處理後餘渣之戴奧辛之I-TEQ 75
圖4.12 以O3處理後餘渣之戴奧辛濃度 75
圖4.13 水洗餘渣OM圖 76
圖4.14 酸洗餘渣OM圖 76
圖4.15 以O3/H2O2處理後餘渣之戴奧辛之I-TEQ 78
圖4.16 以O3/H2O2處理後餘渣之戴奧辛濃度 78
圖4.17 以Fenton法處理後餘渣之戴奧辛之I-TEQ 80
圖4.18 以Fenton法處理後餘渣之戴奧辛濃度 80
圖4.19 中和沉澱處理酸洗廢水 87
圖4.20 不同混凝劑對重金屬去除效果 90
圖4.21 鋅粉置換反應時間之影響 96

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