雞蛋是日常生活中最易獲取的動物性蛋白質來源之一，也是人類重要的營養補充來源，但是雞蛋常因沾附雞糞而有沙門氏菌汙染的問題，因而導致食品安全事件。台灣法規因此制定了洗選蛋清洗規範，目前在產業中對帶殼蛋品清潔殺菌主要以氯系殺菌劑為主，因其價格低廉且殺菌效果佳，所以廣被洗選蛋廠使用，但消費者對使用化學殺菌劑普遍感觀不佳，且其對環境具負面影響，因此發展低汙染高殺菌效能洗選設備，將有助於產業之升級。本研究以過去研究團隊所建立之桌上型大氣電漿實驗機台為基礎，進一步開發量產型大氣電漿機台，利用大氣電漿殺菌可於大氣常壓與室溫下操作，且處理後並不會殘留藥劑等優勢，進而減少對人體及環境危害之風險。目前雖有文獻證實電漿可有效降低帶殼雞蛋之沙門氏桿菌，但是均是在小型機台上進行，因此本研究使用大型電漿機台，裝置工業用輸送帶，測試接種腸炎沙門氏菌(Salmonella enterica sub. serovar Enteritidis, ATCC 13076)之帶殼雞蛋。電漿電能設為400 W，氬氣流量為30 standard liter per minute (slm)，電漿噴頭轉速為1000 RPM，電漿與雞蛋距離為4 cm，滾輪式輸送帶速度5 egg/ min。結果顯示一次電漿處理可減少2.67 log CFU/egg，二次電漿處理可減少3.57 log CFU/egg，輸送帶速度10 egg/min時，二次電漿處理可減少3.24 log CFU/egg。掃描式電子顯微鏡觀察發現，電漿處理造成雞蛋表面接種的S. Enteritidis，菌體細胞穿孔甚至破裂。電處理後之帶殼雞蛋與商業洗選進行比較，電漿處理之蛋殼表面角質層的破壞較小，感官品評組別包含電漿處理、未洗選與商業洗選帶殼蛋，結果顯示，在第15天時，電漿處理組的整體接受度喜好度最高。本研究結果顯示，電漿處理可有效處理降低雞蛋表面之病原菌，並且對雞蛋鮮度並無負面反應，實為一可行之方法。

Egg is an important source of protein in daily life and a regular item for direct consumption and processed products. However, salmonellosis is a common safety issue associated with eggs. Currently, washed by chlorinated water is the most commonly used method to inactivate microorganisms on egg surface. Although chlorine washing is effective, consumers have negative perception toward chemical sanitizer and it also possesses a potential risk to environment. Plasma, a novel technique without residue issue, has been reported to inactivate Salmonella spp. on egg surface effectively. However, those studies were conducted at small scale. Therefore, a large-scale device using argon to generate plasma was developed in this study to simulate the manufactural operation. This device was composed with a power generator, a rotor with two plasma jet outputs, and a convey belt. After inoculated with Salmonella enterica sub. serovar Enteritidis, eggs were treated at operating parameters set as following, power at 400 watts, flow rate at 30 standard liter per minute (slm), rotor speed at 1,000 rpm, and the distance between plasma jet output and samples at 4 cm. Two speeds of convey belt were tested, 5 or 10 egg/min. At 5 egg/min, 2.67 and 3.57 log CFU/egg reductions were obtained when the eggs treated once and twice, respectively. At 10 egg/min, 3.24 log CFU/egg reduction was obtained when the eggs treated twice. The observation under scanning electron microscope revealed the plasma treatment caused severe damage to S. Enteritidis. Many holes appeared on the bacterial cells and some cells were even erupted. Compared with the commercial washed eggs, surface damage to cuticle was less severe on the plasma treated eggs. No significant difference (p>0.05) of sensory characteristics was observed between the plasma treated samples and unwashed eggs until 15-day storage. This study demonstrated a large scale of plasma device was able to inactivate S. Enteritidis effectively on egg surface and caused no adverse effects to sensory quality.

中文摘要 I
AbstractIII
誌謝V
目錄VII
表目錄XI
圖目錄XII
壹、前言01
貳、文獻回顧04
2.1雞蛋簡介04
2.1.1台灣雞蛋產業之需求04
2.1.2市場雞蛋銷售與分級08
2.1.3雞蛋結構介紹10
2.1.3.1蛋殼11
2.1.3.2蛋殼薄膜12
2.1.3.3氣室13
2.1.3.4蛋白13
2.1.3.5蛋黃膜13
2.1.3.6蛋黃13
2.2雞蛋鮮度測定14
2.2.1蛋黃係數 (Yolk index)14
2.2.2蛋白係數 (albumen index)15
2.2.3 pH值15
2.2.4霍式單位 (Haugh unit；HU)15
2.3雞蛋之食品事件 16
2.3.1台灣沙門氏桿菌於雞蛋食品中毒18
2.3.2國外沙門氏桿菌於雞蛋食品中毒19
2.4沙門氏桿菌20
2.5雞蛋洗選方式24
2.6台灣現行洗選方式24
2.6.1生鮮洗選蛋廠之操作指引25
2.6.2原料蛋品之選擇基準25
2.6.3洗選盒蛋應遵守標示28
2.7殺菌劑30
2.7.1次氯酸鈉 (Sodium hypochlorite；NaClO)30
2.7.2二氧化氯(Chlorine Dioxide；ClO2)31
2.7.3四級銨鹽類(Quaternary Ammonium)32
2.8殺菌技術32
2.8.1加熱殺菌32
2.8.2非熱殺菌33
2.9常壓電漿介紹33
2.9.1電漿放電方式37
2.9.2電漿對於食品之應用40
2.9.3電漿殺菌機制42
2.9.3.1臭氧43
2.9.3.2自由基43
2.9.3.3紫外線(UV)44
2.9.3.4帶電粒子45
2.10桌上型電漿介紹45
參、材料與方法46
3.1實驗架構46
3.2實驗材料47
3.2.1雞蛋之來源47
3.2.2測試菌株之來源47
3.2.3培養基47
3.2.4常溫電漿機台47
3.2.5 pH計47
3.3實驗方法47
3.3.1樣品製備47
3.3.2腸炎沙門氏桿菌製備48
3.3.3樣品製備48
3.3.4電漿殺菌處理49
3.3.5菌數計算(Bacterial population)52
3.4雞蛋保鮮試驗(Freshness grading)52
3.4.1比重法(Gravity)52
3.4.2蛋白係數(Albumen index)53
3.4.3蛋黃係數(Yolk index)53
3.4.4 pH值(pH values)53
3.5失重率(Weight loss)53
3.6感官品評 (Sensory evaluation)54
3.7環境掃描式電子顯微鏡 (Environmental Scanning Electron Microscope; ESEM)54
3.8統計分析54
肆、結果與討論56
4.1電漿處理後殘留之菌數56
4.2電漿處理後雞蛋鮮度品質63
伍、結論77
陸、參考文獻78
作者簡介93

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