溫室氣體造成了全球暖化，使海水溫度升高、極區冰雪融化及海平面逐漸升高，改變了生物棲息環境、破壞生態系統、影響生物的多樣性，極端的氣候不僅是影響財物的損失更減少農作物的生長使人類對於糧食的供需產生了危機，當人類生存受到嚴重威脅時，人們就逐漸關注溫室氣體並嘗試著減少排放，綠能是最早被關注的對策之一，近年來政府不斷推行綠能，其發展也趨近於成熟並著手於設備汰換後所衍生的廢棄物回收及再利用等等議題。
「生物炭」一個最近開始被熱烈討論的新興產物，它對溫室氣體不僅有正面的影響性且對於土壤改良也有相當的益處，其製作過程中產生的熱與可燃性氣體可回收作為能源使用，而熱解後除生物炭外還有其副產物木醋液及木焦油亦可應用於農業作為推肥、防治害蟲及日常生活用品等等應用，製作過程中物盡其用回歸於自然循環，藉由彙整生物炭及其副產物的相關應用，使生物炭能見度更高應用更為廣泛，甚至能大量應用於土壤作為碳匯與綠能相輔相成讓碳中和及負碳也成為減緩溫室氣體排放的選項之一。

Greenhouse gases have caused global warming, increasing the temperature of sea water, melting ice and snow in polar regions, and gradually rising sea levels, changing the living environment, destroying ecosystems, and affecting biodiversity. Extreme climate not only affects the loss of property The reduction in the growth of crops has caused a crisis in the supply and demand of food for human beings. When human survival is seriously threatened, people gradually pay attention to greenhouse gases and try to reduce emissions. Green energy is one of the earliest countermeasures that have been paid attention to. In recent years, the government has continuously The promotion of green energy, its development is also approaching maturity, and issues such as waste recycling and reuse after equipment replacement are started.
"Biochar" is an emerging product that has been hotly discussed recently. It not only has a positive impact on greenhouse gases but also has considerable benefits on soil improvement. The heat and combustible gases generated during the production process can be recycled as energy. After pyrolysis, in addition to biochar, its by-products, wood vinegar and wood tar, can also be used in agriculture as fertilizer, pest control, and daily necessities. The production process returns to the natural cycle. By integrating the related applications of biochar and its by-products, the visibility of biochar is higher and its application is more extensive. It can even be used in large quantities in soil as a carbon sink and complement green energy. Carbon neutrality and negative carbon are also a way to slow down greenhouse gas emissions. one of the options.

摘要 .............................i
Abstract ........................ii
誌謝.............................iv
目錄 ............................v
表目錄 ..........................vii
圖目錄 ..........................viii
第一章 緒論 ....................1
1.1 前言 ........................1
1.2 研究動機與目的 ...............1
第二章 生物炭之介紹 .............3
2.1 生物炭的簡介 .................3
2.1.1 臺灣木炭的歷史 .............4
2.1.2 生物炭的特性 ...............6
2.2 生物炭的製作 .................9
2.2.1 生物炭的原料 ...............10
2.2.2 製炭設備 ...................12
第三章 生物炭副產物之簡介 ........18
3.1 木醋液 .......................18
3.1.1木醋液的成分 .................19
3.1.2木醋液抑制微生物與抗氧化活性 ..21
3.1.3木醋液殺蟲活性 ................22
3.2 木焦油 .........................22
3.2.1木焦油的成分 ...................23
3.2.2木焦油抑制微生物活性 ............24
第四章 生物炭及副產物之應用 .........26
4.1 生物炭於農業上的應用 .............26
4.1.1臺灣的土壤現況 ..................26
4.1.2 生物炭對土壤的改良的助益 ........29
4.1.3 生物炭於堆肥上的應用 ............31
4.2 生物炭於工業上之應用 ..............32
4.3 木醋液與木焦油之應用 ..............34
4.3.1 木醋液於食品加工上的應用 .........34
4.3.2 木醋液的其他應用 ................36
4.3.3 木焦油的應用 ....................38
4.4 安全性 ............................39
第五章 未來發展與展望 .................43
5.1 現況發展 ...........................43
5.2 未來趨勢 ...........................47
5.3 我的發想 ...........................48
Extended Abstract ......................60
Abstract ...............................60
REFERENCE ..............................67

[1] Glaser Bruno et al., 2009, "Biochar is carbon negative", Nature Geoscience, Vol.2, No.1, P2-2, January.
[2] 曾思嘉，2014，“化腐朽為神奇 - 活性碳的製備”, 國立臺灣大學環境工程學研究所，https://highscope.ch.ntu.edu.tw/wordpress/?p=58556。
[3] 林經博，2013，“運用椰殼纖維製備高比表面積活性碳及其應用”，臺灣化學工程學會60週年年會論文。
[4] Burrell Leigh D. et al., 2016, "Long-term effects of biochar on soil physical properties", Geoderma, Vol.282, P96-102, November.
[5] Lim T. J. et al., 2016, "Predicting the impact of biochar additions on soil hydraulic properties", Chemosphere, Vol.142, P136-144, January.
[6] Borgohain Arup et al., 2022, "Tea pruning litter biochar amendment in soil reduces arsenic, cadmium, and chromium in made tea (Camellia sinensis L.) and tea infusion: A safe drink for tea consumers", Food chemistry: X, Vol.13, March.
[7] Eykelbosh Angela Joy et al., 2014, "Biochar from sugarcane filtercake reduces soil CO2 emissions relative to raw residue and improves water retention and nutrient availability in a highly-weathered tropical soil", PLoS One, Vol.9, No.6, June.
[8] Martins Filho Argemiro P et al., 2021, "Impact of coffee biochar on carbon, microbial biomass and enzyme activities of a sandy soil cultivated with bean", Anais da Academia Brasileira de Ciencias, Vol.93, No.4, September.
[9] 容志毅，2007，“中國古代木炭史說略”，廣西民族大學學報：哲學社會科學版，第4期，頁118 ~ 121，07月。
[10] 呉征涛，2017，“日本統治時代の台湾における木炭事情:『臺灣日日新報』 を中心に”，文化交渉: 東アジア文化研究科院生論集: journal of the Graduate School of East Asian Cultures，7卷，頁337 – 350，11月。
[11] Bolan Nanthi et al., 2022, "Multifunctional applications of biochar beyond carbon storage", International Materials Reviews, Vol.67, No.2, P150-200.
[12] Hamed Kazemi et al., 2020, "A comprehensive review of engineered biochar: Production, characteristics, and environmental applications", Journal of Cleaner Production, Vol.270, 10 October.
[13] Eykelbosh Angela Joy et al., 2014, "Biochar from sugarcane filtercake reduces soil CO2 emissions relative to raw residue and improves water retention and nutrient availability in a highly-weathered tropical soil", PLoS One, Vol.9, No.6, June.
[14] DU Yanzhen et al., 2018, "Preparation of Woody Activated Carbon for Supercapacitor Electrode by Steam Activation", Chemistry and Industry of Forest Products, Vol.38, No.2, P29 – 38.

[15] 陳琦玲，2020，“植物性生物質炭化產品碳足跡計算”，農業試驗所，https://biochar.tfri.gov.tw/BiocharSystem/BiocharKM/BiocharKMList.aspx?kind=26&url1=cf087be2-566b-4c2a-a6b4-f1afb665ad6f。
[16] 王義仲、趙健安、林志欽，2017，“木質廢棄資材料源調查及回收機制之研究”， 中國文化大學.
[17] 陳靜修、盧崑宗、黃莉雯、劉正字、顏江河，2006，“漂流木製造木炭及木醋液之研發與農林作物之栽培利用(Ⅰ) 漂流木製造木炭與木醋液”，林業研究季刊，28卷，4期，頁87 ~ 97，12月。
[18] 盧崑宗、周坤池，2009，“國產主要竹種之竹碳與竹醋液之製造”，林業研究季刊，31卷，4期，頁55 ~ 64，12月。
[19] 陳美伶，2021，“台南官田菱殻炭化身烏金循環經濟新產業”， 遠見天下文化出版，6月。
[20] Mail Mohd Fazly et al., 2021, "Development and Performance of Pyrolyzer for Production of Biochar and Wood Vinegar from Domestic Agriculture Farm Waste", Advances in Agricultural and Food Research Journal, Vol.2, No.2.
[21] Tiilikkala K. Fagernäs L. & Tiilikkala J., 2010, "History and use of wood pyrolysis liquids as biocide and plant protection product", The Open Agriculture Journal, 4, P111 – 118.
[22] 谷田貝光克，2012，“木炭・木酢液の利用 その現状とこれから”，木質炭化学会誌，8卷，2期，頁43 ~ 52。
[23] G.Durán-Jiménez et al., 2018, "Microwave pyrolysis of pecan nut shell and thermogravimetric, textural and spectroscopic characterization of carbonaceous products", Journal of Analytical and Applied Pyrolysis, Vol.135, P160 – 168, October.
[24] Arshdeep Grewal Lord Abbey Lokanadha Rao Gunupuru., 2018, "Production, prospects and potential application of pyroligneous acid in agriculture", Journal of Analytical and Applied Pyrolysis, Vol.135, P152 – 159, October.
[25] 莊純琍、盧崑宗，2019，“柳杉木醋液處理之木材耐腐朽性及化學結構變化”， 建築學報， 107期，頁57 ~ 67，3月。
[26] 黃國雄、李金梅、何振隆、王秋嫻、游漢明，2017，“平地造林烏心石疏伐木製炭之研究”，臺灣林業科學，32卷， 1期，頁43 ~ 55，3月。
[27] Yang Jyh-Ferng et al, 2016, "Chemical composition, antioxidant, and antibacterial activity of wood vinegar from Litchi chinensis", Molecules, Vol.21, No.9.
[28] ADFA Morina et al., 2020, "Chemical Components, Antitermite and Antifungal Activities of Cinnamomum parthenoxylon Wood Vinegar", Journal of the Korean Wood Science and Technology, Vol.4, P111 – 118.
[29] 王建刚，2017，“稻壳木醋液化学成分气相色谱质谱分析”， 安徽农业科学，45卷， 31期，頁15 ~ 17。
[30] Pimenta Alexandre S. et al., 2018, "Chemical composition of pyroligneous acid obtained from Eucalyptus GG100 clone", Molecules, Vol.23, No.2, P426, February.
[31] 杜偉慈，2019，“探討木醋液之抑菌活性與成分分析”, 義守大學化學工程學系暨生物技術與化學工程研究所碩士論文，高雄市。
[32] Mohammadi Aragh M. K et al., 2021, "Effects of loblolly pine biochar and wood vinegar on poultry litter nutrients and microbial abundance", Animals, Vol.11, No.8.
[33] Yang Jyh Ferng et al., 2016, "Chemical composition, antioxidant, and antibacterial activity of wood vinegar from Litchi chinensis", Animals, Vol.11, No.8.
[34] Kupittayanant P & Lohtongkam P, 2019, "Antibacterial activity of wood vinegars from Tamarindus indica, Mangifera indica and Azadirachta indica", Planta Medica, Vol.85, No.18, P247.
[35] Hou Xiaomei et al., 2018, "Chemical constituents and antimicrobial activity of wood vinegars at different pyrolysis temperature ranges obtained from Eucommia ulmoides Olivers branches", RSC advances, Vol.8, No.71, P40941-40949, December.
[36] Zhang Fang, et al., 2019, "Effects of biomass pyrolysis derived wood vinegar on microbial activity and communities of activated sludge", Bioresource technology, Vol.279, P252-261.
[37] Akkuş Memiş Çağlar Akçay and Mesut Yalçın, 2022, "Antifungal and larvicidal effects of wood vinegar on wood-destroying fungi and insects", Maderas-Cienc Tecnol, Vol.24, No.37, P1-10.
[38] Boer Febrina Dellarose et al., 2021, "Slow pyrolysis of sugarcane bagasse for the production of char and the potential of its by-product for wood protection", Journal of Renewable Materials, Vol.9, No.1, P97-117.
[39] Thinnabut K. P. Hongpakdee and U. Tangkawanit, 2021, "Effect of Beauvaria bassiana and wood vinegar on larva of the pest moth (Spodoptera litura) and on quality of sacred lotus (Nelumbo lucifera) plants", V Asia Symposium on Quality Management in Postharvest Systems, Vol.1336, P405-412.
[40] Hennius Andreas., 2018, "Viking Age tar production and outland exploitation", Antiquity, Vol.92, No.365, October.
[41] Ninich Oumaima et al., 2022, "Plant sources, techniques of production and uses of tar: A review", Journal of Ethnopharmacology, Vol.285, March.
[42] Paghdal K. V. & Schwartz R. A., 2009, "Topical tar: Back to the future", Chemosphere, Vol.61, No.2, P294-302, January.
[43] Barnes T. M. & Greive K. A., 2017, "Topical pine tar: History, properties and use as a treatment for common skin conditions", Australasian journal of dermatology, Vol.58, No2, P80 – 85, January.
[44] S. Nami Kartal et al., 2011, "Outcome of the consultation with Member States and EFSA on the basic substance application for Landes pine tar for use in plant protection as protectant and repellent", International Biodeterioration & Biodegradation, Vol.65, No.2, P369-373, March.
[45] Chen Yue et al., 2022, "Potential Value of Wood Tar as a Natural Fungicide against Valsa mali", Molecules, Vol.27, No5, February.
[46] Gumgumjee Nehad M et al., 2018, "Antibiotic Effect of Wild Olive Wood Tar Oil Growing in Albaha District, Saudi Arabia", Int. J. Pharm. Sci, Vol.7, No.1, P9-14.
[47] Sharma Ayushi et al., 2021, "An Insight into Chemicals Toxicity in Cosmetics and Their Health-Related Perceptions", Annals of the Romanian Society for Cell Biology, Vol.25, No.3, P1773-1794, March.
[48] Pimenta Alexandre Santos et al., 2020, "Chemical profiling of liposoluble liquid smokes obtained from Eucalyptus wood tar: confirmation of absence of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons", Food Additives & Contaminants: Part A, Vol.37, No.6, P882-894.
[49] 蔡呈奇、陳尊賢，2015，“臺灣之土壤資源”，科學研習國立臺灣科學教育館，54卷，6期，頁14 ~ 19，06月。
[50] Ding Yan-Li et al., 2013, "Effects of biochar on microbial ecology in agriculture soil: a review", The journal of applied ecology, Vol.24, No.11, November.
[51] Lim T. J. et al., 2016, "Predicting the impact of biochar additions on soil hydraulic properties", Chemosphere, Vol.142, P136-144, January.
[52] Silvestre Wendel Paulo et al., 2018, "Fodder radish seed cake biochar for soil amendment", Environmental Science and Pollution Research, Vol.25, No.25 P25143-25154, June.
[53] Roberts David A. et al., 2015, "Biochar from commercially cultivated seaweed for soil amelioration", Scientific reports, Vol.5, No.1 P1-6, April.
[54] Borgohain Arup et al., 2022, "Tea pruning litter biochar amendment in soil reduces arsenic, cadmium, and chromium in made tea (Camellia sinensis L.) and tea infusion: A safe drink for tea consumers", Food chemistry: X, Vol.13, March.
[55] Oo Aung Zaw et al., 2018, "Effect of dolomite and biochar addition on N2O and CO2 emissions from acidic tea field soil", PloS one, Vol.13, No.2, February.
[56] Sigua G. C. et al., 2016, "Efficacies of designer biochars in improving biomass and nutrient uptake of winter wheat grown in a hard setting subsoil layer", Chemosphere, Vol.142, P176-183, January.
[57] Ding Yan-Li et al., 2013, "Impact of biochar application dose on soil microbial communities associated with rubber trees in North East Thailand", Science of The Total Environment, Vol.689, No.1, P970-979, November.
[58] Tang Fan et al., 2021, "An old story with new insights into an ignored issue of metabolites in biochar-amended soil: Effect of biochar on dissipation of carbosulfan as an example", Science of The Total Environment, Vol.790, October.
[59] Liu Zuolin et al., 2017, "Biochar particle size, shape, and porosity act together to influence soil water properties", PloS one, Vol.12, No.6, June.
[60] Abbasi M Kaleem and Ahsan Ali Anwar, 2015, "Ameliorating Effects of Biochar Derived from Poultry Manure and White Clover Residues on Soil Nutrient Status and Plant growth Promotion--Greenhouse Experiments", PloS one, Vol.10, No.6, June.
[61] Martins Filho Argemiro P et al., 2021, "Impact of coffee biochar on carbon, microbial biomass and enzyme activities of a sandy soil cultivated with bean", Anais da Academia Brasileira de Ciencias, Vol.93, No.4, September.
[62] Gujre Nihal et al., 2022, "Novel agrotechnological intervention for soil amendment through areca nut husk biochar in conjunction with vetiver grass", Chemosphere, Vol.287, Pt 4, January.
[63] Edeh Ifeoma G et al., 2020, "A meta-analysis on biochar's effects on soil water properties - New insights and future research challenges", The Science of the total environment, Vol.714, April.
[64] Sánchez-Monedero M A et al., 2020, "Biochar reduces volatile organic compounds generated during chicken manure composting", Bioresource technology, Vol.288, September.
[65] Harrison Brendan P et al., 2022, "Dairy Manure Co-composting with Wood Biochar Plays a Critical Role in Meeting Global Methane Goals", Environmental science & technology, Vol.56, No15, August.
[66] Awasthi Mukesh Kumar et al., 2020, "Relevance of biochar to influence the bacterial succession during pig manure composting", Bioresource technology, Vol.304, May.
[67] Wiedner Katja et al., 2020, "Acceleration of Biochar Surface Oxidation during Composting?", Journal of agricultural and food chemistry, Vol.63, No.15, April.
[68] Agyarko-Mintah Eunice et al., 2017, "Biochar increases nitrogen retention and lowers greenhouse gas emissions when added to composting poultry litter", Waste management (New York, N.Y.), Vol.61, P138-149, March.
[69] Sun Yue et al., 2022, "Enhancing microplastics biodegradation during composting using livestock manure biochar", Environmental Pollution, Vol.306, August.
[70] Ravindran Balasubramani et al., 2022, "Co-composting of food waste and swine manure augmenting biochar and salts: Nutrient dynamics, gaseous emissions and microbial activity", Bioresource Technology, Vol.344, Pt B, January.
[71] Antonangelo João A et al., 2021, "The roles of co-composted biochar (COMBI) in improving soil quality, crop productivity, and toxic metal amelioration", Journal of environmental management, Vol.277, January.
[72] Silva Teresa Cristina F et al., 2020, "Characterization and application of magnetic biochar for the removal of phosphorus from water", Anais da Academia Brasileira de Ciencias, Vol.92, No.3 November.
[73] Mortazavian Soroosh et al., 2022, "Biochar Nanocomposite as an Inexpensive and Highly Efficient Carbonaceous Adsorbent for Hexavalent Chromium Removal", Materials, Vol.15, No.17, September.
[74] Bashir Misbah et al., 2022, "Copper removal from aqueous solution using chemical precipitation and adsorption by Himalayan Pine Forest Residue as Biochar", Water science and technology : a journal of the International Association on Water Pollution Research, Vol.86, No.3, August.
[75] Liu Panyang et al., 2021, "Capacity and potential mechanisms of Cd(II) adsorption from aqueous solution by blue algae-derived biochars", The Science of the total environment, Vol.767, May.
[76] Mrozik Wojciech et al., 2021, "Valorisation of agricultural waste derived biochars in aquaculture to remove organic micropollutants from water – experimental study and molecular dynamics simulations", Journal of Environmental Management, Vol.300, December.
[77] Bussan Derek D et al., 2016, "Activated Carbon and Biochar Reduce Mercury Methylation Potentials in Aquatic Sediments", Bulletin of environmental contamination and toxicology, Vol.96, No.4, January.
[78] Chaudhuri Sampriti et al., 2022, "Mercury Removal from Contaminated Water by Wood-Based Biochar Depends on Natural Organic Matter and Ionic Composition", Environmental science & technology, Vol.56, No.16, August.
[79] Zhang Xueyang et al., 2017, "Biochar for volatile organic compound (VOC) removal: Sorption performance and governing mechanisms", Bioresource technology, Vol.245, P606-614, December.
[80] Gwenzi Willis et al., 2021, "Biochars as media for air pollution control systems: Contaminant removal, applications and future research directions", The Science of the total environment, Vol.753, January.
[81] Wang Shuxiao et al., 2019, "Synthesis of calcium materials in biochar matrix as a highly stable catalyst for biodiesel production", Renewable energy, Vol.130, P41-49, January.
[82] Bacot A., 1921, "Wood tar oils for the destruction of lice (Pediculus humanus) on hair-clad areas", British Medical Journal, Vol.2, November.
[83] CT Nithin et al., 2020, "Source-dependent compositional changes in coconut flavoured liquid smoke and its application in traditional Indian smoked fishery products", Food Additives & Contaminants: Part A, Vol.37, No.10, P1610-1620, August.
[84] Faisal Muhammad Asri Gani and Farid Mulana., 2019, "Preliminary assessment of the utilization of durian peel liquid smoke as a natural preservative for mackerel", F1000Research 8, Vol.8, No.240, November.
[85] Swastawati F. et al., 2022, "Characteristics of chikuwa with the addition of liquid smoke as an antibacterial agent", Food Research, Vol.6, No.5, P76-83, September.
[86] Lasindrang Musrowati., 2017, "Potential of Liquid Smoke from Palm Kernel Shell as Biopreservative to Tuna (Thunnus sp) Fish Protein", Indonesian Food and Nutrition Progress, Vol.14, No.1, P59-67, May.
[87] Siska Ade Novaria et al., 2017, "Application of Liquid Smoke for Smoke Flavored Fish (Cryptopterus Bicirchis) Processing", Jurnal Online Mahasiswa Fakultas Perikanan dan Ilmu Kelautan Universitas Riau, Vol.4, No.2, P1-13.
[88] Julianto Budi et al., 2021, "Pengaruh penggunaan asap cair (liquid smoke) tempurung kelapa terhadap kadar air, kadar protein dan kadar lemak daging itik talang benih", Jurnal Inspirasi Peternakan, Vol.1, No.3, P140-150, October.
[89] Feng Yanfang et al., 2020, "Wood vinegar and biochar co-application mitigates nitrous oxide and methane emissions from rice paddy soil: a two-year experiment", Environmental Pollution, Vol.267, December.
[90] Hanchai K. Trairatapiwan T. & Lertpatarakomol R., 2021, "Drinking water supplemented with wood vinegar on growth performance, intestinal morphology, and gut microbial of broiler chickens", Veterinary World, Vol.14, January.
[91] Sureshkumar S. Sampath V. & Kim I. H., 2021, "The influence of dietary inclusion of wood vinegar supplementation on growth performance, nutrient digestibility, and meat quality in grower-finisher pigs", Acta Biochimica Polonica, Vol.68, No.2, May.
[92] Choi Yong-Seok Byoung Jun Ahn and Gyu-Hyeok Kim., 2012, "Extraction of chromium, copper, and arsenic from CCA-treated wood by using wood vinegar", Bioresource Technology, Vol.120, P328-331, September.
[93] Tarasin M., 2013, "Effect of eucalyptus wood vinegar on rubberwood infestation by Asian subterranean termite, Coptotermes gestroi Isoptera: Rhinotermitidae", Communications in agricultural and applied biological sciences, Vol.78, No.2, P317-322, January.
[94] Yamauchi K. Y. Matsumoto and K. Yamauchi., 2016, "Egg collagen content is increased by a diet supplemented with wood charcoal powder containing wood vinegar liquid", British Poultry Science, Vol.57, No.5, P601-611, September.
[95] Bonanomi Giuliano et al., 2021, "Biochar-derived smoke-water exerts biological effects on nematodes, insects, and higher plants but not fungi", Science of The Total Environment, Vol.750, January.
[96] Oramahi Hasan Ashari et al., 2018, "Antifungal and antitermitic activities of wood vinegar from oil palm trunk", Journal of Wood Science, Vol.64, No.3, P311-317, February.
[97] de Souza Araújo E. et al., 2018, "Antibacterial and antifungal activities of pyroligneous acid from wood of Eucalyptus urograndis and Mimosa tenuiflora", Journal of Applied Microbiology, Vol.124, No.1, P85-96, January.
[98] Zhang Xuefei et al., 2020, "Preparation and properties of wood tar-based rejuvenated asphalt", Materials, Vol.13, No5, March.
[99] Yu Demei et al., 2022, "Preparation and performance of pervious concrete with wood tar-formaldehyde-modified epoxy resins", Construction and Building Materials, Vol.350, October.
[100] Omulo Godfrey et al., 2017, "Characterization of slow pyrolysis wood vinegar and tar from banana wastes biomass as potential organic pesticides", Journal of Sustainable development, Vol.10, No.3, P81-92.
[101] Hagner Marleena., 2013, "Potential of the slow pyrolysis products birch tar oil, wood vinegar and biochar in sustainable plant protection: pesticidal effects, soil improvement and environmental risks", Helsingin yliopisto Faculty of Biological and Environmental Sciences, September.
[102] S. Nami Kartal et al., 2011, "Efficacy of tar oil recovered during slow pyrolysis of macadamia nut shells", International Biodeterioration & Biodegradation, Vol.65, No.2, P369-373, March.
[103] Lis Tomasz et al., 2016, "Wood-derived tar as a carbon binder precursor for carbon and graphite technology", Journal of Wood Chemistry and Technology, Vol.36, No.6, P393-400, July.
[104] Ahn Byoung-Jun and Soo-Min Lee., 2014, "Evaluating the fuel characteristics of wood pellets fabricated with wood tar and starch as an additive", Journal of the Korean Wood Science and Technology, Vol.42, No.3, P318-326, May.
[105] Fačkovcová Zuzana et al., 2020, "Effects of wood distillate (pyroligneous acid) on sensitive bioindicators (lichen and moss)", Ecotoxicology and Environmental Safety, Vol.204, November.
[106] Fedeli Riccardo et al., 2022, "Bio-Based Solutions for Agriculture: Foliar Application of Wood Distillate Alone and in Combination with Other Plant-Derived Corroborants Results in Different Effects on Lettuce (Lactuca Sativa L.)", Biology, Vol.11, No.3, March.
[107] Fačkovcová Zuzana et al., 2020, "Uptake of trace elements in the water fern Azolla filiculoides after short-term application of chestnut wood distillate (Pyroligneous Acid)", Plants, Vol.9, No.9, September.
[108] Liu Xinlei et al., 2019, "Release of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons from biochar fine particles in simulated lung fluids: implications for bioavailability and risks of airborne aromatics", Science of the Total Environment, Vol.655, P1159-1168, March.
[109] Ravi Sujith et al., 2016, "Particulate matter emissions from biochar-amended soils as a potential tradeoff to the negative emission potential", Scientific Reports, Vol.6, No.1, P1-7, October.
[110] Dunnigan Lewis et al., 2018, "Production of biochar and bioenergy from rice husk: Influence of feedstock drying on particulate matter and the associated polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon emissions", Atmospheric Environment, Vol.190, P218-225, October.
[111] Zhang Zezhong et al., 2021, "Levels and risk assessment of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons in wood vinegars from pyrolysis of biomassr", Chemosphere, Vol.278, September.
[112] Fagernäs Leena Eeva Kuoppala and Pekka Simell., 2012, "Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons in birch wood slow pyrolysis products", Energy & fuels, Vol.26, No.11, P6960-6970, October.
[113] Pimenta Alexandre Santos et al., 2020, "Chemical profiling of liposoluble liquid smokes obtained from Eucalyptus wood tar: confirmation of absence of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons", Food Additives & Contaminants: Part A, Vol.37, No.6, P882-894, April.
[114] Buss Wolfram et al., 2016, "Strategies for producing biochars with minimum PAH contamination", Journal of Analytical and Applied Pyrolysis, Vol.119, P24-30, May.
[115] Vithanage Meththika et al., 2017, "Interaction of arsenic with biochar in soil and water: a critical review", Carbon, Vol.113, P219-230, March.
[116] Godlewska Paulina et al., 2021, "THE DARK SIDE OF BLACK GOLD: Ecotoxicological aspects of biochar and biochar-amended soils", J Hazard Mater, Vol.403, 5 February.
[117] Sigmund Gabriel et al., 2017, "Cytotoxicity of biochar: a workplace safety concern?", Environmental Science & Technology Letters, Vol.4, No.9, P362-366, August.
[118] Klaus Schwab et al., 2020-2022, "The Global Risks Report", World Economic Forum, 15~17th.
[119] 李洵穎，2019，微藻固碳助水泥業走永續之路，工業技術與資訊月刊，332期，8月。
[120] 福澤喬，2022，“致力減碳，卻生出80萬噸廢棄太陽能板！「太陽能大國」日本，怎麼了？”福澤喬日本深度觀察，商周/減碳ESG/綠色能源，三月。