臺灣博碩士論文加值系統

氯酚化合物常見於農藥藥劑及工業工廠所排放的廢污水中，具有高毒性及難分解特性，因此在環境中容易長久累積，而微生物的轉化是能有效解決氯酚化合物所造成的環境污染的修復關鍵。
本研究以無氧固氮微菌叢（Nitrogen-fixing Microbiome, NMb）作為植種污泥，目標污染物選用2,4-二氯酚，利用連續式反應槽建立生物處理系統進行2,4-二氯酚的降解，探討系統在降解2,4-二氯酚的過程中，內部的碳、氮及硫的代謝循環，並歸納出反應槽內部的代謝途徑。研究主要分為批次式進料及連續式進料兩個試驗，在批次式試驗先進行微生物之馴養以建立反應槽內部微生物的代謝循環，經過35 天的試驗，發現反應槽內部系統具有穩定銨氮及厭氧脫氮能力，並且對2,4-二氯酚的去除率達65% ；而連續試驗的操作條件分為（1）調整基質酸鹼值；（2）提高基質內2,4-二氯酚的濃度，為期140 天，依據2,4-二氯酚去除效率進行操作條件更改，共分成7 個階段進行。
結果表明，連續式反應槽以NMb 為植種污泥建立的生物處理系統對2,4-二氯酚能有效去除，且槽內酸鹼值對2,4-二氯酚降解有顯著的影響，當酸鹼值在8~8.5 時，2,4,-二氯酚的去除率可高達90%，而酸鹼值穩定時，微生物對碳源利用率也較穩定；從系統內碳、氮、硫濃度變化，可得知透過共生微生物的連接使這三者形成氧化與還原的代謝循環，推斷內部具有NR-SOB 的共生菌存在，而硝酸鹽氮隨著硫酸鹽氧化而還原，所產生氧化還原能量能降解2,4-二氯酚。

Chlorophenols are common in pesticide and industrial wastewater. They are highly toxic and difficult to decompose. Therefore, they are easy to accumulate in the environment for a long time. Microbial transformation is the key to effectively solve the environmental pollution caused by chlorophenols.
In this study, anaerobic nitrogen fixation microflora was used as seed sludge,
and a continuous reactor was used to establish a biological treatment system for 2,4-dichlorophenol degradation. The metabolic cycle of carbon, nitrogen and sulfur in the system during the degradation of 2,4-dichlorophenol was discussed, and the metabolic pathways in the reactor were summarized.
The research is divided into two experiments: batch feeding and continuous
feeding. In the batch feeding experiment, microorganisms were domesticated to
establish the metabolic cycle of microorganisms in the reaction tank. After 35 days of experiment, it was found that the internal system of the reaction tank had the ability of stabilizing ammonium nitrogen and anaerobic nitrogen removal, and the removal rate of 2,4-dichlorophenol reached 65%; The operation conditions of continuous test were as follows：（1） adjust the pH value of substrate （2） To increase the concentration of 2,4-dichlorophenol in the substrate for 140 days, the operation conditions were changed according to the removal efficiency of 2,4-dichlorophenol, which was divided into seven stages.
The results showed that 2,4-dichlorophenol could be effectively removed by the biological treatment system with NMB as seed sludge in the continuous reactor,and the pH value in the tank had a significant effect on the degradation of 2,4-dichlorophenol. When the pH value was 8 ~ 8.5, the removal rate of 2,4-
dichlorophenol could reach 90%, and when the pH value was stable, the utilization rate of carbon source was also stable; From the change of carbon, nitrogen and sulfur concentration in the system, we can know that the metabolic cycle of oxidation and reduction is formed through the connection of symbiotic microorganisms. It is inferred that symbiotic bacteria with NR-SOB exist in the system, while nitrate nitrogen is reduced with sulfate oxidation, and the redox energy produced can degrade 2,4-dichlorophenol.

目錄
中文摘要...........................................................................................................................I
ABSTRACT ................................................................................................................... II
目錄..................................................................................................................................V
圖目錄.......................................................................................................................... VII
表目錄............................................................................................................................IX
第一章前言 .................................................................................................................... 1
第二章文獻回顧............................................................................................................ 3
2.1 氯酚類化合物........................................................................................................ 4
2.1.2 氯酚來源及應用.......................................................................................... 5
2.1.2 氯酚化合物的特性及危害.......................................................................... 8
2.1.3 氯酚化合物之管制標準.............................................................................. 9
2.2 氯酚化合物之生物降解...................................................................................... 10
2.2.1 氯酚污染物於好氧降解之代謝途徑.........................................................11
2.2.2 氯酚污染物於厭氧降解之代謝途徑........................................................ 13
2.3 生物性的氮循環.................................................................................................. 15
2.3.1 異營菌與自營菌硝化與脫硝.................................................................... 16
2.4 生物性的硫循環.................................................................................................. 18
2.5 微生物菌叢.......................................................................................................... 19
2.5.1 微菌叢來源................................................................................................ 19
2.5.2 微菌叢菌群變化........................................................................................ 21
2.6NMB 降解2,4-二氯酚之可行性.......................................................................... 25
2.6.1 NMb 降解2,4-二氯酚的最佳條件........................................................... 26
第三章材料與方法...................................................................................................... 28
3.1 實驗流程.............................................................................................................. 28
3.2 植種來源及特性.................................................................................................. 30
3.3 實驗設計.............................................................................................................. 32
3.3.1 反應槽之批次試驗.................................................................................... 32
3.3.2 反應槽之連續試驗.................................................................................... 34
3.4 實驗材料與設備.................................................................................................. 36
3.4.1 NMb 反應槽.............................................................................................. 36
3.4.2 人工合成基質............................................................................................ 38
3.5 實驗方法.............................................................................................................. 40
3.5.1 水質檢測方法............................................................................................ 40
3.5.2 菌項分析.................................................................................................... 48
第四章結果與討論...................................................................................................... 51
4.1 批次式馴養厭氧脫氮反應槽降解2,4-二氯酚................................................... 51
4.1.1 厭氧脫氮反應槽第一階段馴養期............................................................ 52
4.1.2 厭氧脫氮反應槽第二、三階段污染物2,4-二氯酚降解可行性............. 55
4.2 連續式反應槽降解2,4-二氯酚........................................................................... 60
4.2.1 酸鹼值對2,4-二氯酚降解效率之影響..................................................... 60
4.2.2 酸鹼值對內部代謝循環之影響................................................................ 62
4.3 反應槽內部代謝循環的變化.............................................................................. 71
4.3.1 降解2,4-二氯酚的過程中硫氮循環之間的變化..................................... 72
4.3.2 碳源對硫氮循環之影響............................................................................ 76
4.4 綜合討論.............................................................................................................. 81
4.5 微菌叢之菌群生長變化...................................................................................... 87
第五章結論與建議...................................................................................................... 93
5.1 結論...................................................................................................................... 93
5.2 建議...................................................................................................................... 94
參考文獻........................................................................................................................ 95

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13. Bryant, D. A., & Frigaard, N.-U. J. T. i. m. (2006). Prokaryotic photosynthesis and phototrophy illuminated. 14(11), 488-496.
14. Chen, J.-S. (2004). Nitrogen fixation in the clostridia. In Genetics and regulation of nitrogen fixation in free-living bacteria (pp. 53-64): Springer.
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21. Genthner, B. R. S., Price, W. A., Pritchard, P. J. A., & Microbiology, E. (1989).Anaerobic degradation of chloroaromatic compounds in aquatic sediments under a variety of enrichment conditions. 55(6), 1466-1471.
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23. Gopalakrishnan, V., Spencer, C. N., Nezi, L., Reuben, A., Andrews, M., Karpinets,T., . . . Wei, S. J. S. (2018). Gut microbiome modulates response to anti–PD-1 immunotherapy in melanoma patients. 359(6371), 97-103.
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25. Guo, J., Wu, C., Lv, S., Lu, D., Feng, C., Qi, X., . . . Wang, G. J. E. P. (2016).Associations of prenatal exposure to five chlorophenols with adverse birth outcomes. 214, 478-484.
26. Hall, E., Randle, W. J. W. S., & Technology. (1994). Chlorinated phenolics removal from bleached kraft mill wastewater in three secondary treatment processes. 29(5-6), 177-187.
27. Hendriksen, H. V., Larsen, S., Ahring, B. K. J. A., & Microbiology, E. (1992).Influence of a supplemental carbon source on anaerobic dechlorination of pentachlorophenol in granular sludge. 58(1), 365-370.
28. Igbinosa, E. O., Odjadjare, E. E., Chigor, V. N., Igbinosa, I. H., Emoghene, A. O.,Ekhaise, F. O., . . . Idemudia, O. G. J. T. S. W. J. (2013). Toxicological profile of chlorophenols and their derivatives in the environment: the public health perspective. 2013.
29. Kartal, B., Kuypers, M. M., Lavik, G., Schalk, J., Op den Camp, H. J., Jetten, M. S.,& Strous, M. J. E. m. (2007). Anammox bacteria disguised as denitrifiers: nitrate reduction to dinitrogen gas via nitrite and ammonium. 9(3), 635-642.
30. Kindaichi, T., Yuri, S., Ozaki, N., Ohashi, A. J. W. S., & Technology. (2012).Ecophysiological role and function of uncultured Chloroflexi in an anammox reactor. 66(12), 2556-2561.
31. Kitunen, V. H., Valo, R. J., Salkinoja-Salonen, M. S. J. E. s., & technology. (1987).Contamination of soil around wood-preserving facilities by polychlorinated aromatic compounds. 21(1), 96-101.
32. Martienssen, M., & Schöps, R. J. W. R. (1999). Population dynamics of denitrifying bacteria in a model biocommunity. 33(3), 639-646.
33. Middeldorp, P., De Wolf, J., Zehnder, A., Schraa, G. J. A., & Microbiology, E.(1997). Enrichment and properties of a 1, 2, 4-trichlorobenzene-dechlorinating methanogenic microbial consortium. 63(4), 1225-1229.
34. Mikesell, M. D., Boyd, S. A. J. A., & Microbiology, E. (1986). Complete reductive dechlorination and mineralization of pentachlorophenol by anaerobic
microorganisms. 52(4), 861-865.
35. Olaniran, A. O., & Igbinosa, E. O. J. C. (2011). Chlorophenols and other related derivatives of environmental concern: properties, distribution and microbial degradation processes. 83(10), 1297-1306.
36. Op den Camp, H. J. M., Jetten, M. S. M., & Strous, M. (2007). Chapter 16 -
Anammox. In H. Bothe, S. J. Ferguson, & W. E. Newton (Eds.), Biology of the
Nitrogen Cycle (pp. 245-262). Amsterdam: Elsevier.
37. Paasivirta, J., Heinola, K., Humppi, T., Karjalainen, A., Knuutinen, J., Mäntykoski,K., . . . Tarhanen, J. J. C. (1985). Polychlorinated phenols, guaiacols and catechols in environment. 14(5), 469-491.
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Uncategorized References
1.Alauzet, C., & Jumas-Bilak, E. (2014). The phylum Deferribacteres and the genus Caldithrix. In: Springer.
2.Alauzet, C., Marchandin, H., Courtin, P., Mory, F., Lemée, L., Pons, J.-L., . . . microbiology, a. (2014). Multilocus analysis reveals diversity in the genus Tissierella: Description of Tissierella carlieri sp. nov. in the new class Tissierellia classis nov. 37(1), 23-34.
3.Anandan, R., Dharumadurai, D., & Manogaran, G. P. (2016). An introduction to actinobacteria. In Actinobacteria-Basics and Biotechnological Applications: Intechopen.
4.Armenante, P. M., Kafkewitz, D., Lewandowski, G. A., & Jou, C.-J. J. W. R. (1999). Anaerobic–aerobic treatment of halogenated phenolic compounds. 33(3), 681-692.
5.Bødtker, G., Lysnes, K., Torsvik, T., Bjørnestad, E. Ø., Sunde, E. J. J. o. I. M., & Biotechnology. (2009). Microbial analysis of backflowed injection water from a nitrate-treated North Sea oil reservoir. 36(3), 439-450.
6.Bae, J. H., Schlessinger, J. J. M., & cells. (2010). Asymmetric tyrosine kinase arrangements in activation or autophosphorylation of receptor tyrosine kinases. 29(5), 443-448.
7.Ballapragada, B. S., Stensel, H. D., Puhakka, J., Ferguson, J. F. J. E. s., & technology. (1997). Effect of hydrogen on reductive dechlorination of chlorinated ethenes. 31(6), 1728-1734.
8.Beltrame, P., Beltrame, P. L., Carniti, P., & Pitea, D. J. W. R. (1982). Kinetics of biodegradation of mixtures containing 2, 4-dichlorophenol in a continuous stirred reactor. 16(4), 429-433.
9.Berges, J. A., Falkowski, P. G. J. L., & Oceanography. (1998). Physiological stress and cell death in marine phytoplankton: induction of proteases in response to nitrogen or light limitation. 43(1), 129-135.
10.Beylier, M. R., Balaguer, M., Colprim, J., Pellicer-Nàcher, C., Ni, B., Smets, B., . . . Wang, R. J. C. B. (2011). 6.27–Biological nitrogen removal from domestic wastewater. 6, 329-340.
11.Bogdahn, M., & Kleiner, D. J. A. o. m. (1986). N 2 fixation and NH 4+ assimilation in the thermophilic anaerobes Clostridium thermosaccharolyticum and Clostridium thermoautotrophicum. 144(1), 102-104.
12.Bouhajja, E., Agathos, S. N., & George, I. F. J. B. a. (2016). Metagenomics: probing pollutant fate in natural and engineered ecosystems. 34(8), 1413-1426.
13.Bryant, D. A., & Frigaard, N.-U. J. T. i. m. (2006). Prokaryotic photosynthesis and phototrophy illuminated. 14(11), 488-496.
14.Chen, J.-S. (2004). Nitrogen fixation in the clostridia. In Genetics and regulation of nitrogen fixation in free-living bacteria (pp. 53-64): Springer.
15.Doskaliyev, D., Poulopoulos, S., Yeshmuratov, A., Aldyngurova, F., Zorpas, A., Inglezakis, V. J. D., & Treatment, W. (2018). Effects of 2-chlorophenol and 2, 4, 6-trichlorophenol on an activated sludge sequencing batch reactor. 133, 283-291.
16.Ensley, B. D., & Suflita, J. M. (1995). Metabolism of environmental contaminants by mixed and pure cultures of sulfate-reducing bacteria. In Sulfate-reducing bacteria (pp. 293-332): Springer.
17.Farrell, A., & Quilty, B. J. B. (1999). Degradation of mono-chlorophenols by a mixed microbial community via a meta-cleavage pathway. 10(5), 353-362.
18.Fowler, D., Coyle, M., Skiba, U., Sutton, M. A., Cape, J. N., Reis, S., . . . Galloway, J. N. J. P. T. o. t. R. S. B. B. S. (2013). The global nitrogen cycle in the twenty-first century. 368(1621), 20130164.
19.Fuping, Q., Xiaojian, Z., Miao, H., & Xiasheng, G. J. Z. H. K. (1997). Study on the biodegradability and cometabolism of chlorobenzenes. 17(2), 142-145.
20.Galloway, J. N., Townsend, A. R., Erisman, J. W., Bekunda, M., Cai, Z., Freney, J. R., . . . Sutton, M. A. J. S. (2008). Transformation of the nitrogen cycle: recent trends, questions, and potential solutions. 320(5878), 889-892.
21.Genthner, B. R. S., Price, W. A., Pritchard, P. J. A., & Microbiology, E. (1989). Anaerobic degradation of chloroaromatic compounds in aquatic sediments under a variety of enrichment conditions. 55(6), 1466-1471.
22.Gibson, S. A., Suflita, J. M. J. A., & Microbiology, E. (1986). Extrapolation of biodegradation results to groundwater aquifers: reductive dehalogenation of aromatic compounds. 52(4), 681-688.
23.Gopalakrishnan, V., Spencer, C. N., Nezi, L., Reuben, A., Andrews, M., Karpinets, T., . . . Wei, S. J. S. (2018). Gut microbiome modulates response to anti–PD-1 immunotherapy in melanoma patients. 359(6371), 97-103.
24.Gruber, N., & Galloway, J. N. J. N. (2008). An Earth-system perspective of the global nitrogen cycle. 451(7176), 293-296.
25.Guo, J., Wu, C., Lv, S., Lu, D., Feng, C., Qi, X., . . . Wang, G. J. E. P. (2016). Associations of prenatal exposure to five chlorophenols with adverse birth outcomes. 214, 478-484.
26.Hall, E., Randle, W. J. W. S., & Technology. (1994). Chlorinated phenolics removal from bleached kraft mill wastewater in three secondary treatment processes. 29(5-6), 177-187.
27.Hendriksen, H. V., Larsen, S., Ahring, B. K. J. A., & Microbiology, E. (1992). Influence of a supplemental carbon source on anaerobic dechlorination of pentachlorophenol in granular sludge. 58(1), 365-370.
28.Igbinosa, E. O., Odjadjare, E. E., Chigor, V. N., Igbinosa, I. H., Emoghene, A. O., Ekhaise, F. O., . . . Idemudia, O. G. J. T. S. W. J. (2013). Toxicological profile of chlorophenols and their derivatives in the environment: the public health perspective. 2013.
29.Kartal, B., Kuypers, M. M., Lavik, G., Schalk, J., Op den Camp, H. J., Jetten, M. S., & Strous, M. J. E. m. (2007). Anammox bacteria disguised as denitrifiers: nitrate reduction to dinitrogen gas via nitrite and ammonium. 9(3), 635-642.
30.Kindaichi, T., Yuri, S., Ozaki, N., Ohashi, A. J. W. S., & Technology. (2012). Ecophysiological role and function of uncultured Chloroflexi in an anammox reactor. 66(12), 2556-2561.
31.Kitunen, V. H., Valo, R. J., Salkinoja-Salonen, M. S. J. E. s., & technology. (1987). Contamination of soil around wood-preserving facilities by polychlorinated aromatic compounds. 21(1), 96-101.
32.Martienssen, M., & Schöps, R. J. W. R. (1999). Population dynamics of denitrifying bacteria in a model biocommunity. 33(3), 639-646.
33.Middeldorp, P., De Wolf, J., Zehnder, A., Schraa, G. J. A., & Microbiology, E. (1997). Enrichment and properties of a 1, 2, 4-trichlorobenzene-dechlorinating methanogenic microbial consortium. 63(4), 1225-1229.
34.Mikesell, M. D., Boyd, S. A. J. A., & Microbiology, E. (1986). Complete reductive dechlorination and mineralization of pentachlorophenol by anaerobic microorganisms. 52(4), 861-865.
35.Olaniran, A. O., & Igbinosa, E. O. J. C. (2011). Chlorophenols and other related derivatives of environmental concern: properties, distribution and microbial degradation processes. 83(10), 1297-1306.
36.Op den Camp, H. J. M., Jetten, M. S. M., & Strous, M. (2007). Chapter 16 - Anammox. In H. Bothe, S. J. Ferguson, & W. E. Newton (Eds.), Biology of the Nitrogen Cycle (pp. 245-262). Amsterdam: Elsevier.
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