臺灣博碩士論文加值系統

近年來由於抗藥性問題日益嚴重，尋找新型抗菌劑已成為迫切需求。碳量子點（Carbon quantum dots, CQD）是一種尺寸（<10 nm）的新型奈米材料，因其具有高生物安全性、高水溶性與獨特的光學特性，使其在抗菌領域有巨大發展的潛能。黃豆是一種常見的農業作物，通常用於製作各種豆制品，例如豆漿、豆腐、醬油等。由於其經濟價值非常高，因此黃豆在全球各地都被廣泛使用。然而其加工後的副產物豆渣（soybean dregs）通常被視為農業廢棄物被製成低價值的肥料或動物飼料甚至直接丟棄。本研究透過燒結法（pyrolysis）、水熱法（hydrothermal）、微波消化法（microwave synthesis），將豆渣製成具有高經濟價值的豆渣碳量子點（SDCQDs）。除了分析不同合成方法之材料特性，本研究還結合照射藍光（440 nm）之光動技術來評估其對於金黃色葡萄球菌（S.aureus）之抗菌效益，使豆渣成為具有抗菌潛力的奈米材料。實驗結果顯示，SDCQDs本身對細胞無顯著毒性，並且在抑菌能力實驗中SDCQDs表現出優異的抑菌效果，其中燒結法SDCQDs較另外兩種合成方式有更有顯著效果，對金黃色葡萄球菌的殺菌效率可達60 %。經照射藍光4小時後，對金黃色葡萄球菌的殺菌效率更可達到80 %。綜合以上結果表明，本研究不僅通過豆渣廢棄物再利用，解決農業剩餘資材的問題，並結合CQD特性，使綠色合成後的豆渣CQD在抗菌領域中具有良好的潛能。

In recent years, the problem of antimicrobial resistance has become increasingly severe, and the search for new antimicrobial agents has become an urgent need. Carbon quantum dots （CQDs） are a new type of nanomaterial with a size of less than 10 nm. Due to their high biocompatibility, high water solubility, and unique optical properties, they have great potential for development in the field of antimicrobial agents. Soybean is a common agricultural crop that is typically used to produce various soy products, such as soy milk, tofu, and soy sauce. Due to its high economic value, soybean is widely used throughout the world. However, the byproduct of soybean processing, soybean dregs, is usually considered as agricultural waste and is made into low-value fertilizers or animal feed or even directly discarded. In this study, soybean dregs were converted into high-value soybean dregs carbon quantum dots （SDCQDs） using pyrolysis, hydrothermal, and microwave digestion methods. In addition to analyzing the material properties of different synthesis methods, this study also combined blue light （440 nm） irradiation technology to evaluate its antibacterial efficacy against Staphylococcus aureus. The results showed that SDCQDs had no significant toxicity to cells and exhibited excellent antibacterial effects in antibacterial experiments. Among the three synthesis methods, the pyrolysis method had a more significant effect, with a bactericidal efficiency of up to 60 % against Staphylococcus aureus. After blue light irradiation for 4 hours, the bactericidal efficiency against Staphylococcus aureus can reach 80 %. Overall, this study not only solves the problem of agricultural waste materials by utilizing soybean dregs but also combines CQD characteristics to make the green-synthesized SDCQDs have good potential in the field of antimicrobial agents.

摘要..... i
Abstract..... ii
誌謝..... iii
目錄..... iv
表目錄..... vii
圖目錄..... viii
縮寫對照表..... ix
第一章 緒論..... 1
1.1 前言..... 1
1.2 研究目的..... 2
第二章 文獻探討..... 3
2.1 廢棄物的介紹..... 3
2.1.1 一般廢棄物..... 3
2.1.2 事業廢棄物..... 3
2.2 奈米結構材料..... 4
2.2.1 碳量子點..... 4
2.2.2 石墨烯量子點..... 4
2.2.3 富勒烯..... 5
2.2.4 奈米碳管..... 5
2.3 碳量子點的合成..... 6
2.3.1 高溫燒結..... 6
2.3.2 水熱處理..... 6
2.3.3 微波合成..... 6
2.3.4 化學氧化..... 7
2.3.5 電化學法..... 7
2.3.6 雷射燒蝕..... 7
2.4 碳量子點的應用..... 8
2.4.1 抗菌..... 8
2.4.2 藥物載體..... 8
2.4.3 生物成像..... 8
2.4.4 傳感器..... 9
2.4.5 光催化..... 9
2.5 細菌..... 10
2.5.1 金黃色葡萄菌..... 10
2.5.2 肺炎鏈球菌..... 10
2.5.3 腸球菌..... 11
2.5.4 大腸桿菌..... 11
2.5.5 沙門氏菌..... 12
2.5.6 克雷伯菌..... 12
第三章 實驗架構與材料方法..... 13
3.1 實驗架構圖..... 13
3.2 實驗材料..... 14
3.2.1 實驗藥品..... 14
3.2.2 實驗儀器..... 16
3.2.3 實驗菌株..... 17
3.2.4 實驗細胞..... 17
3.3 實驗方法..... 18
3.3.1 豆渣前處理..... 18
3.3.2 燒結豆渣碳量子點製備..... 18
3.3.3 水熱豆渣碳量子點製備..... 18
3.3.4 微波豆渣碳量子點製備..... 19
3.3.5 穿透式電子顯微鏡（TEM）..... 19
3.3.6 場發射穿透式電子顯微鏡（FE-TEM）..... 19
3.3.7 熱場發射掃描式電子顯微鏡（FE-SEM）..... 20
3.3.8 傅立葉轉換顯微紅外線（FTIR）..... 20
3.3.9 動態光散射粒徑分析（DLS）..... 20
3.3.10 表面電位分析測定（Zeta potential）..... 20
3.3.11 細菌培養..... 21
3.3.12 細胞培養..... 21
3.3.13 生長曲線測定..... 21
3.3.14 抗菌試驗（塗盤法）..... 22
3.3.15 細胞毒性試驗（MTT assay）..... 22
3.3.16 抗菌活性評估試驗..... 23
3.3.17 統計分析..... 23
第四章 結果與討論..... 24
4.1 豆渣碳量子點物化分析及初步篩選..... 24
4.1.1 穿透式電子顯微鏡（TEM）..... 24
4.1.2 豆渣碳量子點外觀型態..... 25
4.1.3 抗菌活性評估..... 26
4.1.4 場發射穿透式電子顯微鏡（FE-TEM）..... 27
4.1.5 能量散射X射線分析（EDX）..... 28
4.1.6 傅立葉轉換顯微紅外線（FTIR）..... 29
4.1.7 動態光散射粒徑及表面電位分析測定（DLS & Zeta potential）..... 30
4.2 體外抗菌試驗..... 31
4.2.1 生長曲線測定..... 31
4.2.2 抗菌試驗（塗盤法）..... 32
4.2.3 氧化壓力測試（ROS試驗）..... 33
4.3 體外細胞實驗..... 34
4.3.1 細胞毒性試驗（MTT assay）..... 34
4.4 抗菌評估..... 35
4.4.1 抗菌評估（SEM）..... 35
第五章 結論..... 36
參考文獻..... 37
Extended Abstract..... 44

1.Jouhara, H., et al., Municipal waste management systems for domestic use. Energy, 2017. 139: p. 485-506.
2.Krishnan, S., et al., Current technologies for recovery of metals from industrial wastes: An overview. Environmental Technology & Innovation, 2021. 22: p. 101525.
3.Claxton, L.D., V.S. Houk, and T.J. Hughes, Genotoxicity of industrial wastes and effluents. Mutation Research/Reviews in Mutation Research, 1998. 410(3): p. 237-243.
4.Baig, N., I. Kammakakam, and W. Falath, Nanomaterials: a review of synthesis methods, properties, recent progress, and challenges. Materials Advances, 2021. 2(6): p. 1821-1871.
5.Soumya, K., et al., A comprehensive review on carbon quantum dots as an effective photosensitizer and drug delivery system for cancer treatment. Biomedical Technology, 2023. 4: p. 11-20.
6.Kováčová, M., et al., Carbon Quantum Dots As Antibacterial Photosensitizers and Their Polymer Nanocomposite Applications. Particle & Particle Systems Characterization, 2020. 37(1): p. 1900348.
7.Lim, S.Y., W. Shen, and Z. Gao, Carbon quantum dots and their applications. Chemical Society Reviews, 2015. 44(1): p. 362-381.
8.Wang, Y. and A. Hu, Carbon quantum dots: synthesis, properties and applications. Journal of Materials Chemistry C, 2014. 2(34): p. 6921-6939.
9.Thangadurai, T.D., et al., A review on graphene quantum dots, an emerging luminescent carbon nanolights: Healthcare and Environmental applications. Materials Science and Engineering: B, 2022. 278: p. 115633.
10.Zhuo, S., M. Shao, and S.-T. Lee, Upconversion and Downconversion Fluorescent Graphene Quantum Dots: Ultrasonic Preparation and Photocatalysis. ACS Nano, 2012. 6(2): p. 1059-1064.
11.Xu, X., et al., Electrophoretic Analysis and Purification of Fluorescent Single-Walled Carbon Nanotube Fragments. Journal of the American Chemical Society, 2004. 126(40): p. 12736-12737.
12.Wang, C., et al., Polymers containing fullerene or carbon nanotube structures. Progress in Polymer Science, 2004. 29(11): p. 1079-1141.
13.Zhao, Q.-L., et al., Facile preparation of low cytotoxicity fluorescent carbon nanocrystals by electrooxidation of graphite. Chemical Communications, 2008(41): p. 5116-5118.
14.Grądzka, E., M. Wysocka-Żołopa, and K. Winkler, Fullerene-Based Conducting Polymers: n-Dopable Materials for Charge Storage Application. Advanced Energy Materials, 2020. 10(40): p. 2001443.
15.Rathinavel, S., K. Priyadharshini, and D. Panda, A review on carbon nanotube: An overview of synthesis, properties, functionalization, characterization, and the application. Materials Science and Engineering: B, 2021. 268: p. 115095.
16.N, M., et al., Carbon nanotubes and their properties-The review. Materials Today: Proceedings, 2021. 47: p. 4682-4685.
17.Lu, J., et al., Transforming C60 Molecules into Graphene Quantum Dots. Nature nanotechnology, 2011. 6: p. 247-52.
18.Maheswaran, R. and B.P. Shanmugavel, A Critical Review of the Role of Carbon Nanotubes in the Progress of Next-Generation Electronic Applications. Journal of Electronic Materials, 2022. 51(6): p. 2786-2800.
19.Rossi, B.L., et al., Carbon quantum dots: An environmentally friendly and valued approach to sludge disposal. Frontiers in Chemistry, 2022. 10.
20.Khan, Z.M.S.H., et al., Hydrothermal treatment of red lentils for the synthesis of fluorescent carbon quantum dots and its application for sensing Fe3+. Optical Materials, 2019. 91: p. 386-395.
21.Jahanbakhshi, M. and B. Habibi, A novel and facile synthesis of carbon quantum dots via salep hydrothermal treatment as the silver nanoparticles support: Application to electroanalytical determination of H2O2 in fetal bovine serum. Biosensors and Bioelectronics, 2016. 81: p. 143-150.
22.Zhu, Z., et al., One-pot hydrothermal synthesis of fluorescent carbon quantum dots with tunable emission color for application in electroluminescence detection of dopamine. Biosensors and Bioelectronics: X, 2022. 10: p. 100141.
23.Yu, T., et al., A rapid microwave synthesis of green-emissive carbon dots with solid-state fluorescence and pH-sensitive properties. Royal Society Open Science, 2018. 5(7): p. 180245.
24.Prekodravac, J.R., et al., Surface functionality as a key parameter for the conductivity of microwave synthesized CQDs thin films. Diamond and Related Materials, 2022. 129: p. 109366.
25.Architha, N., et al., Microwave-assisted green synthesis of fluorescent carbon quantum dots from Mexican Mint extract for Fe3+ detection and bio-imaging applications. Environmental Research, 2021. 199: p. 111263.
26.Castañeda-Serna, H.U., et al., Structural and luminescent properties of CQDs produced by microwave and conventional hydrothermal methods using pelagic Sargassum as carbon source. Optical Materials, 2022. 126: p. 112156.
27.Zhu, J., et al., Chemical Oxidation Synthesized High-yield Carbon Dots for Acid Corrosion Inhibition of Q235 Steel. ChemistrySelect, 2023. 8(7): p. e202204621.
28.Javed, M., et al., Carbon quantum dots from glucose oxidation as a highly competent anode material for lithium and sodium-ion batteries. Electrochimica Acta, 2019. 297: p. 250-257.
29.Wang, Q., et al., Synthesis of flake-shaped nitrogen-doped carbon quantum dot/polyaniline (N-CQD/PANI) nanocomposites via rapid-mixing polymerization and their application as electrode materials in supercapacitors. Synthetic Metals, 2017. 231: p. 120-126.
30.Hong, T.-Z., et al., Great-enhanced performance of Pt nanoparticles by the unique carbon quantum dot/reduced graphene oxide hybrid supports towards methanol electrochemical oxidation. Journal of Power Sources, 2016. 303: p. 109-117.
31.Feng, X., et al., Au@Carbon quantum Dots-MXene nanocomposite as an electrochemical sensor for sensitive detection of nitrite. Journal of Colloid and Interface Science, 2022. 607: p. 1313-1322.
32.Ma, X., et al., Electrochemical sensor based on N-CQDs/AgNPs/β-CD nanomaterials: Application to simultaneous selective determination of Fe(Ⅱ) and Fe(Ⅲ) irons released from iron supplement in simulated gastric fluid. Talanta, 2023. 253: p. 123959.
33.Sadrolhosseini, A.R., et al., Laser ablated titanium oxide nanoparticles in carbon quantum dots solution for detection of sugar using fluorescence spectroscopy. Materials Research Express, 2021. 8(10): p. 105003.
34.Xiao, J., et al., External field-assisted laser ablation in liquid: An efficient strategy for nanocrystal synthesis and nanostructure assembly. Progress in Materials Science, 2017. 87: p. 140-220.
35.Santiago, S.R.M., et al., Synthesis of N-doped graphene quantum dots by pulsed laser ablation with diethylenetriamine (DETA) and their photoluminescence. Physical Chemistry Chemical Physics, 2017. 19(33): p. 22395-22400.
36.Subhan, A., A.-H.I. Mourad, and Y. Al-Douri, Influence of Laser Process Parameters, Liquid Medium, and External Field on the Synthesis of Colloidal Metal Nanoparticles Using Pulsed Laser Ablation in Liquid: A Review. Nanomaterials, 2022. 12(13): p. 2144.
37.Chai, S., et al., P-Doped Carbon Quantum Dots with Antibacterial Activity. Micromachines, 2021. 12: p. 1116.
38.Chai, S., et al., P-Doped Carbon Quantum Dots with Antibacterial Activity. Micromachines (Basel), 2021. 12(9).
39.Malmir, S., et al., Antibacterial properties of a bacterial cellulose CQD-TiO(2) nanocomposite. Carbohydr Polym, 2020. 234: p. 115835.
40.Sani, I.K. and M. Alizadeh, Isolated mung bean protein-pectin nanocomposite film containing true cardamom extract microencapsulation /CeO2 nanoparticles/graphite carbon quantum dots: Investigating fluorescence, photocatalytic and antimicrobial properties. Food Packaging and Shelf Life, 2022. 33: p. 100912.
41.Kang, J.-W. and D.-H. Kang, Effect of amino acid-derived nitrogen and/or sulfur doping on the visible-light-driven antimicrobial activity of carbon quantum dots: A comparative study. Chemical Engineering Journal, 2021. 420: p. 129990.
42.Bianco, A., K. Kostarelos, and M. Prato, Applications of carbon nanotubes in drug delivery. Curr Opin Chem Biol, 2005. 9(6): p. 674-9.
43.Zavareh, H.S., et al., Chitosan/carbon quantum dot/aptamer complex as a potential anticancer drug delivery system towards the release of 5-fluorouracil. International Journal of Biological Macromolecules, 2020. 165: p. 1422-1430.
44.Huang, Y., et al., Fluorescence resonance energy transfer-based drug delivery systems for enhanced photodynamic therapy. Journal of Materials Chemistry B, 2020. 8(17): p. 3772-3788.
45.de Yro, P.A.N., et al., Hydrothermal synthesis of carbon quantum dots from biowaste for bio-imaging. AIP Conference Proceedings, 2019. 2083(1): p. 020007.
46.Khoshnood, A., et al., N doped-carbon quantum dots with ultra-high quantum yield photoluminescent property conjugated with folic acid for targeted drug delivery and bioimaging applications. Journal of Photochemistry and Photobiology A: Chemistry, 2023. 444: p. 114972.
47.Molaei, M.J., Principles, mechanisms, and application of carbon quantum dots in sensors: a review. Analytical Methods, 2020. 12(10): p. 1266-1287.
48.Molaei, M.J., A review on nanostructured carbon quantum dots and their applications in biotechnology, sensors, and chemiluminescence. Talanta, 2019. 196: p. 456-478.
49.Khan, A., et al., Biocompatible carbon quantum dots for intelligent sensing in food safety applications: Opportunities and sustainability. Materials Today Sustainability, 2023. 21: p. 100306.
50.Khan, M.E., A. Mohammad, and T. Yoon, State-of-the-art developments in carbon quantum dots (CQDs): Photo-catalysis, bio-imaging, and bio-sensing applications. Chemosphere, 2022. 302: p. 134815.
51.Shen, T., et al., Hydrothermal synthesis of carbon quantum dots using different precursors and their combination with TiO2 for enhanced photocatalytic activity. Ceramics International, 2018. 44(10): p. 11828-11834.
52.Huang, J., et al., Fabrication of a ternary BiOCl/CQDs/rGO photocatalyst: The roles of CQDs and rGO in adsorption-photocatalytic removal of ciprofloxacin. Colloids and Surfaces A: Physicochemical and Engineering Aspects, 2020. 597: p. 124758.
53.Ji, M., et al., Enhanced photocatalytic performance of carbon quantum dots/BiOBr composite and mechanism investigation. Chinese Chemical Letters, 2018. 29(6): p. 805-810.
54.Di, J., et al., The synergistic role of carbon quantum dots for the improved photocatalytic performance of Bi2MoO6. Nanoscale, 2015. 7(26): p. 11433-11443.
55.Bergdoll, M.S., Staphylococcus aureus. Journal of Association of Official Analytical Chemists, 1991. 74(4): p. 706-710.
56.Taylor, T.A. and C.G. Unakal, Staphylococcus Aureus. 2022: StatPearls Publishing, Treasure Island (FL).
57.Seo, K.S. and G.A. Bohach, Staphylococcus aureus, in Food Microbiology. 2012. p. 547-573.
58.Zhou, K., et al., A review on nanosystems as an effective approach against infections of Staphylococcus aureus. Int J Nanomedicine, 2018. 13: p. 7333-7347.
59.Appelbaum, P.C., Antimicrobial Resistance in Streptococcus pneumoniae: An Overview. Clinical Infectious Diseases, 1992. 15(1): p. 77-83.
60.Aflakian, F., et al., Nanoparticles-based therapeutics for the management of bacterial infections: A special emphasis on FDA approved products and clinical trials. European Journal of Pharmaceutical Sciences, 2023. 188: p. 106515.
61.Fisher, K. and C. Phillips, The ecology, epidemiology and virulence of Enterococcus. Microbiology, 2009. 155(6): p. 1749-1757.
62.Sperandio, V. and Y. Nguyen, Enterohemorrhagic E. coli (EHEC) pathogenesis. Frontiers in Cellular and Infection Microbiology, 2012. 2.
63.Allocati, N., et al., Escherichia coli in Europe: An Overview. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health, 2013. 10(12): p. 6235-6254.
64.Rasko David, A., et al., The Pangenome Structure of Escherichia coli: Comparative Genomic Analysis of E. coli Commensal and Pathogenic Isolates. Journal of Bacteriology, 2008. 190(20): p. 6881-6893.
65.Perna, N.T., et al., Genome sequence of enterohaemorrhagic Escherichia coli O157:H7. Nature, 2001. 409(6819): p. 529-533.
66.Liu, S., et al., Antibacterial Activity of Graphite, Graphite Oxide, Graphene Oxide, and Reduced Graphene Oxide: Membrane and Oxidative Stress. ACS Nano, 2011. 5(9): p. 6971-6980.
67.Ohl, M.E. and S.I. Miller, Salmonella: A Model for Bacterial Pathogenesis. Annual Review of Medicine, 2001. 52(1): p. 259-274.
68.Coburn, B., G.A. Grassl, and B.B. Finlay, Salmonella, the host and disease: a brief review. Immunology & Cell Biology, 2007. 85(2): p. 112-118.
69.Boyle Erin, C., et al., Salmonella: from Pathogenesis to Therapeutics. Journal of Bacteriology, 2007. 189(5): p. 1489-1495.
70.Dong, X., et al., Photoactivated Carbon Dots for Inactivation of Foodborne Pathogens Listeria and Salmonella. Applied and Environmental Microbiology, 2021. 87(23): p. e01042-21.
71.Li, B., et al., Molecular pathogenesis of Klebsiella pneumoniae. Future Microbiology, 2014. 9(9): p. 1071-1081.
72.Poirel, L., et al., Emergence of Oxacillinase-Mediated Resistance to Imipenem in Klebsiella pneumoniae. Antimicrobial Agents and Chemotherapy, 2004. 48(1): p. 15-22.
73.Daniel, S.C.G.K., et al., Ipomea carnea-based silver nanoparticle synthesis for antibacterial activity against selected human pathogens. Journal of Experimental Nanoscience, 2014. 9(2): p. 197-209.
74.Schwanninger, R., et al., Highly Responsive Mid-Infrared Metamaterial Enhanced Heterostructure Photodetector Formed out of Sintered PbSe/PbS Colloidal Quantum Dots. ACS Applied Materials & Interfaces, 2023. 15(8): p. 10847-10857.
75.Wu, L., et al., Synthesis of curcumin-quaternized carbon quantum dots with enhanced broad-spectrum antibacterial activity for promoting infected wound healing. Biomaterials Advances, 2022. 133: p. 112608.
76.Tang, C.Y. and Z. Yang, Chapter 8 - Transmission Electron Microscopy (TEM), in Membrane Characterization, N. Hilal, et al., Editors. 2017, Elsevier. p. 145-159.
77.Inkson, B.J., 2 - Scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and transmission electron microscopy (TEM) for materials characterization, in Materials Characterization Using Nondestructive Evaluation (NDE) Methods, G. Hübschen, et al., Editors. 2016, Woodhead Publishing. p. 17-43.
78.Kawasaki, M., et al., EDS elemental mapping of a DRAM with an FE-TEM. Journal of Electron Microscopy, 1998. 47(4): p. 335-343.
79.Gotić, M. and S. Musić, Mössbauer, FT-IR and FE SEM investigation of iron oxides precipitated from FeSO4 solutions. Journal of Molecular Structure, 2007. 834-836: p. 445-453.
80.Berthomieu, C. and R. Hienerwadel, Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) spectroscopy. Photosynthesis Research, 2009. 101(2): p. 157-170.
81.Pandey, K.K., A study of chemical structure of soft and hardwood and wood polymers by FTIR spectroscopy. Journal of Applied Polymer Science, 1999. 71(12): p. 1969-1975.
82.Naehyuck, C., C. Inseok, and S. Hojun, DLS: dynamic backlight luminance scaling of liquid crystal display. IEEE Transactions on Very Large Scale Integration (VLSI) Systems, 2004. 12(8): p. 837-846.
83.Masters, J.R. and G.N. Stacey, Changing medium and passaging cell lines. Nature Protocols, 2007. 2(9): p. 2276-2284.
84.Zwietering, M.H., et al., Modeling of the Bacterial Growth Curve. Applied and Environmental Microbiology, 1990. 56(6): p. 1875-1881.
85.Baldwin, S.A. and J.P. Hoffmann, The Dynamics of Self-Esteem: A Growth-Curve Analysis. Journal of Youth and Adolescence, 2002. 31(2): p. 101-113.
86.Bonev, B., J. Hooper, and J. Parisot, Principles of assessing bacterial susceptibility to antibiotics using the agar diffusion method. Journal of Antimicrobial Chemotherapy, 2008. 61(6): p. 1295-1301.
87.Herrmann, E.C., et al., Agar Diffusion Method for Detection and Bioassay of Antiviral Antibiotics. Proceedings of the Society for Experimental Biology and Medicine, 1960. 103(3): p. 625-628.
88.Kim, D.-H., et al., Cytotoxicity of ferrite particles by MTT and agar diffusion methods for hyperthermic application. Journal of Magnetism and Magnetic Materials, 2005. 293(1): p. 287-292.
89.Ciapetti, G., et al., In vitro evaluation of cell/biomaterial interaction by MTT assay. Biomaterials, 1993. 14(5): p. 359-364.
90.Belyanskaya, L., et al., The reliability and limits of the MTT reduction assay for carbon nanotubes–cell interaction. Carbon, 2007. 45(13): p. 2643-2648.
91.Kirkpatrick, D.L., M. Duke, and T. Suan Goh, Chemosensitivity testing of fresh human leukemia cells using both a dye exclusion assay and a tetrazolium dye (MTT) assay. Leukemia Research, 1990. 14(5): p. 459-466.
92.S, T. and R.S. D, Green synthesis of highly fluorescent carbon quantum dots from sugarcane bagasse pulp. Applied Surface Science, 2016. 390: p. 435-443.
93.Begot, C., et al., Recommendations for calculating growth parameters by optical density measurements. Journal of Microbiological Methods, 1996. 25(3): p. 225-232.
94.Scimeca, M., et al., Energy Dispersive X-ray (EDX) microanalysis: A powerful tool in biomedical research and diagnosis. Eur J Histochem, 2018. 62(1): p. 2841.
95.Hema, M., et al., FTIR, XRD and ac impedance spectroscopic study on PVA based polymer electrolyte doped with NH 4X (X = Cl, Br, I). Journal of Non-crystalline Solids - J NON-CRYST SOLIDS, 2009. 355: p. 84-90.
96.唐, 健., Preparation of Polydopamine/Sodium Alginate (SA-PDA) Gel Ball and Its Adsorption of Cu2+ in Water. Advances in Environmental Protection, 2019. 09: p. 449-457.
97.Bhattacharjee, S., DLS and zeta potential - What they are and what they are not? J Control Release, 2016. 235: p. 337-351.
98.Patel, V.R. and Y.K. Agrawal, Nanosuspension: An approach to enhance solubility of drugs. J Adv Pharm Technol Res, 2011. 2(2): p. 81-7.
99.Panfil, Y.E., et al., Complete Mapping of Interacting Charging States in Single Coupled Colloidal Quantum Dot Molecules. ACS Nano, 2022. 16(4): p. 5566-5576.
100.Smith, J.M. and A. Heese, Rapid bioassay to measure early reactive oxygen species production in Arabidopsis leave tissue in response to living Pseudomonas syringae. Plant Methods, 2014. 10(1): p. 6.
101.Argun, M., et al., Melatonin and amfenac modulate calcium entry, apoptosis, and oxidative stress in ARPE-19 cell culture exposed to blue light irradiation (405 nm). Eye, 2014. 28(6): p. 752-760.
102.Modaresifar, K., et al., Deciphering the Roles of Interspace and Controlled Disorder in the Bactericidal Properties of Nanopatterns against Staphylococcus aureus. Nanomaterials (Basel), 2020. 10(2).