臺灣博碩士論文加值系統

近年來，台灣掩埋土地不足問題儼然成為廢棄物處置之一項挑戰；為了解決大量廢棄物處置問題，許多國家已透過水泥窯協同處理，使事業廢棄物轉化為水泥替代原料或水泥替代燃料，並減少水泥業生產水泥產品過程中產生的溫室氣體排放。本研究以實廠水泥原料配比，分別為現行方案(一般水泥生料)、替代方案一(以氟化鈣污泥替代水泥生料)與替代方案二(以電弧爐煉鋼還原碴、燃煤飛灰及底灰)等，並結合應用方案分析，透過生命週期評估探討水泥熟料產品替代方案之環境效益；應用方案分析分別為替代方案三(實廠水泥原料許可用量)及替代方案四(以相關文獻之無機產業廢棄物最大添加量)。
研究中依據生命週期評估方法ISO 14040規範進行評估，並設定系統邊界為搖籃到大門，功能單位以1公噸水泥熟料產品；在建立五種方案於生命週期清單後，分別以IPCC 2007 GWP 100a與ReCiPe Midpoint (H) V1.13方法進行碳排放量與環境衝擊分析。IPCC碳排放量結果顯示，五種水泥原料方案所產生的碳排放量分別為645.2 kg CO2 eq、602.6 kg CO2 eq、597.5 kg CO2 eq、598.0 kg CO2 eq及584.9 kg CO2 eq。以ReCiPe中點法之標準化環境衝擊結果顯示，五種水泥原料方案所產生標準化總環境衝擊值分別為2.04、1.87、-2.32、-2.51及-9.16；且其主要造成衝擊來源為生產階段。綜合以上本研究結果得知，以電弧爐煉鋼還原碴、燃煤飛灰及底灰替代水泥生料(替代方案二)能減少較多的碳排放量和環境衝擊值，顯示其於環境層面考量時，具有循環利用水泥生料之潛力。另外，兩種應用方案相比之下，以相關文獻之無機產業廢棄物最大添加量(替代方案四)能產生較多減碳及環境效益，顯示當無機產業廢棄物循環利用於水泥生料，可促進無機產業廢棄物的永續發展和循環經濟。

Waste handling and management in Taiwan faces multiple challenges from enginineering and environmental aspects. In order to deal with the issue of massive waste handling, many countries have adopted co-processing of industrial waste with cement kilns as cement substitutes or fuels, thus, reduce greenhouse gas emissions from the cement production. This study aims to provide a comprehensive understanding on the enivornmetnal impacts and trade-offs for five clinker products, including the current plan (business as usual with mixture ratio adopted from an actrual plant), alternative plan 1 (substitution using calcium fluoride sludge), and alternative plan 2 (substitution useing electric-arc furnace reductive slag, fly ash and bottom ash), alternative plan 3 (the permitted amount of cement raw materials in the actual plant), and alternative plan 4 (adopted from literature using the maximum addition amount of inorganic industrial waste).
The evaluation of environmental impacts of the clinker products was performed according to the ISO 14040 guideline of life cycle assessment method. System boundary for the assessment was set as cradle-to-gate, and the functional unit was defined as one ton of cement clinker product. Quantification of global warming impacts (as defined as carbon emissions) and other environmental impacts were conducted using IPCC 2007 GWP 100a and ReCiPe Midpoint (H) V1.13 methods, respectively. The IPCC carbon emissions results showed that the carbon emissions generated by the current plan, alternative plan 1 to alternative plan 4 are 645.2 kg CO2 eq, 602.6 kg CO2 eq, 597.5 kg CO2 eq, 598.0 kg CO2 eq, and 584.9 kg CO2 eq, respectively. The normalized environmental impact results from ReCiPe midpoint method revealed that the total environmental impact values of the current plan, alternative plan 1 to plan 4 are 2.04, 1.87, -2.32,-2.51,and-9.16 respectively; and the production stage was identified as the main impact contributor. Based on the results of this study, it can be regarded that adopted from literature using the maximum addition amount of inorganic industrial waste(alternative plan 4) can contribute to reduction in carbon emissions and environmental benefits. All of these results indicated that the recycling and reusing of inorganic industrial waste into cement production is expected to promote the sustainable development of cement industries.

摘要 II
Abstract III
誌謝 V
目錄 VI
圖目錄 VIII
表目錄 X
第一章 前言 1
1.1研究緣起 1
1.2研究目的 2
第二章 文獻回顧 3
2.1無機產業廢棄物之流向分析 3
2.1.1氟化鈣污泥 3
2.1.2電弧爐煉鋼還原碴 5
2.2卜特蘭水泥起源 8
2.2.1卜特蘭水泥製程 8
2.2.2卜特蘭水泥特性 10
2.2.3國內外水泥替代原料現況 12
2.3生命週期評估起源與架構 15
2.4生命週期評估於水泥業之應用 19
第三章 研究方法 26
3.1研究架構與流程 26
3.2碳排放量計算 28
3.3環境衝擊評估 29
3.3.1敏感度分析 32
3.3.2環境成本分析 32
第四章 結果與討論 34
4.1無機產業廢棄物之生命週期評估 34
4.1.1系統邊界 34
4.1.2功能單位 35
4.1.3研究假設與限制 35
4.1.4 A廠水泥盤查清單之建立 38
4.2碳排放量分析 46
4.2.1現行方案 46
4.2.2替代方案一 47
4.2.3替代方案二 48
4.2.4替代方案三 49
4.2.5替代方案四 50
4.2.6小結 51
4.3環境衝擊之分析 55
4.3.1特徵化結果 55
4.3.2終點衝擊結果 66
4.3.3環境成本分析 69
4.3.4標準化環境衝擊結果 75
4.3.5敏感度分析 77
第五章 結論與建議 83
5.1結論 83
5.2建議 83
第六章 參考文獻 85
附錄一、盤查清單 92
附錄二、敏感度分析結果 109

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