臺灣博碩士論文加值系統

本研究採集台灣南部17座水處理廠之最終脫水污泥，包括淨水場、民生污水處理廠及工業污水處理廠，並進行污泥物化特性之分析包括：酸鹼值 (pH)、有機碳 (TOC)、揮發性固體物 (VS)、固定性固體物 (FS)、灰分 (Ash)、十六種多環芳香烴 (PAHs)、十種鄰苯二甲酸酯類 (PAEs)、兩種烷基酚 (APs)及金屬(鉻、鎳、銅、鋅、砷、硒、銀、鎘、汞及鉛)之分析，其中金屬以感應耦合電漿質譜儀 (Inductively Coupled Plasma Mass Spectrometry, ICP/MS)分析，有機污染物則是以氣相層析/質譜儀 (Gas Chromatography-Mass Spectrometry, GC/MS)分析，並藉由分析結果評估不同水處理廠污泥之金屬及有機物濃度分布及特徵。
污泥基本分析結果顯示，與工業及淨水污泥相比，民生污泥的酸鹼值較趨於酸性，且總有機碳含量最高。發現淨水場的固定性固體物及灰分含量很高，而民生污泥主要由揮發性固體物組成。污泥中平均金屬含量依次為：鋅＞銅＞鉻＞鎳＞鉛＞硒＞砷＞銀＞汞＞鎘。濃度範圍分別為：16.3-2305 mg/kg、19.0-1128 mg/kg、10.5-296 mg/kg、4.17-611 mg/kg、0.13-611 mg/kg、1.12-43.7 mg/kg、1.16-36.7 mg/kg、0.70-16.5 mg/kg、1.08-4.87 mg/kg及0.91-6.12 mg/kg。污泥中金屬除了汞以外，污泥於工業污泥中的金屬濃度為最高，在淨水污泥為最低。然而，民生污泥中汞含量為最高，淨水場污泥最低。依據污泥來源分成三種污泥討論，污泥中金屬濃度呈現工業污泥＞民生污泥＞淨水污泥的趨勢，污泥中∑PAHs濃度介於0.058-16.4 mg/kg dw，在濃度分布也同金屬一樣呈現工業污泥＞民生污泥＞淨水污泥；環數分布結果顯示，淨水污泥以低環數為主，民生污泥大部分以中環數為主，而工業污泥在各環數分布相對平均。污泥中∑PAEs濃度介於2.06-32.4 mg/kg dw，污泥中∑PAEs在濃度分布呈現為民生污泥＞工業污泥＞淨水污泥。其中十種PAEs化合物，尤其是DEHP是污泥中最主要的PAEs化合物。污泥中APs中分析壬基酚 (Nonyl Phenol, NP)及辛基酚 (Octyl Phenol, OP)濃度個別介於＜MDL (0.41)-235 mg/kg dw及0.51-27.9 mg/kg dw。污泥中APs在濃度分布上呈現民生污泥＞工業污泥＞淨水污泥。綜合而言，工業污泥含有較高之重金屬及PAHs，而民生污泥則含有較高之PAEs及APs，淨水場污泥重金屬及有機污染物含量相對低於工業及民生污泥。本研究結果提供水處理污泥重金屬與PAHs、PAEs、NP及OP有機污染物濃度及種類分布之基礎資訊，可供未來制定污泥相關管理策略及最終處置之參考。

This study analyzed the distribution and characteristics of metals and organic matter in slude collected from different water treatment plants in Southern, Taiwan. A total of 17 treatment plants were evaluated including water purification plants, domestic sewage treatment plants, and industrial treatment plants. Physicochemical characteristics of sludge were examined such as pH, total organic carbon (TOC), volatile solids (VS), fixed solids (FS), ash, polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs), phthalate esters (PAEs), alkylphenols (APs), and metals including Cr, Ni, Cu, Zn, As, Se, Ag, Cd, Hg and Pb. Metals were analyzed using Inductively Coupled Plasma Mass Spectrometer (ICP/MS) while organic pollutants were analyzed busing Gas Chromatography-Mass Spectrometry (GC/MS). Sludge collected from different water treatments showed varying physicochemical characteristics. Domestic sludge appears to be more acidic and higher in TOC compared to other plants. Water purification plants were found high in VS and ash while domestic sludge is mostly composed of FS. Mean metal concentrations in sludge follows the decreasing order of Zn＞Cu＞Cr＞Ni＞Pb＞Se＞As＞Ag＞Hg＞Cd which ranged 16.3-2305 mg/kg, 19.0-1128 mg/kg, 10.5-296 mg/kg, 4.17-611 mg/kg, 0.13-611 mg/kg, 1.12-43.7 mg/kg, 1.16-36.7 mg/kg, 0.70-16.5 mg/kg, 1.08-4.87 mg/kg, and 0.91-6.12 mg/kg, respectively. Except for Hg, metal concentrations in sludge where highest in industrial sludge and lowest in water purification plants. Mercury levels however were greater in domestic sludge and lowest in water treatment plants. Similarly, the concentrations of ∑PAHs follow the same order in metals as industrial sludge＞domestic sludge＞water purification plant. Among the PAE compounds tested, DEHP showed the highest concentrations. The concentration distribution of APs in sludge has a trend of domestic sludge＞industrial sludge＞water purification plant sludge. Overall, industrial sludge contains high levels of heavy metals and PAHs, while domestic sludge contains relatively high levels of PAEs and APs. The content of heavy metals and organic pollutants in water purification plant sludge however were relatively lower than other treatment plants tested. The results of this study provide basic information on the concentration and type distribution of heavy metals in water treatment sludge and organic pollutants of PAHs, PAEs, NP and OP, which can be used as a reference for future sludge-related management strategies and final disposal.

摘要 i
Abstract iii
目錄 v
圖目錄 ix
表目錄 xiii
第一章 前言 1
1.1研究源起 1
1.2研究目的 2
第二章 文獻回顧 3
2.1污泥來源及現況 3
2.2污泥中重金屬 4
2.2.1污泥中金屬來源 4
2.3污泥中多環芳香烴 7
2.3.1污泥中多環芳香烴化合物特性 7
2.3.2污泥中多環芳香烴化合物分布 8
2.3.3多環芳香烴化合物特徵比值 10
2.4污泥中鄰苯二甲酸酯類與烷基苯酚 11
2.4.1污泥中鄰苯二甲酸酯類來源 11
2.4.2污泥中鄰苯二甲酸酯類分布 11
2.5污泥最終處置 13
第三章 材料與方法 17
3.1研究架構 17
3.2樣品收集 19
3.3實驗藥品與設備 21
3.3.1標準品 21
3.3.2實驗藥品 22
3.3.3實驗設備 23
3.4基本性質分析 25
3.4.1酸鹼值 25
3.4.2總有機碳 25
3.4.3固定性 (FS)揮發性 (VS)固體含量 26
3.4.4灰分 26
3.5重金屬總量分析 27
3.5.1樣品前處理 27
3.5.2檢量線配置 27
3.6多環芳香烴、鄰苯二甲酸酯及烷基苯酚分析 27
3.6.1樣品前處理 27
3.6.2定性及定量 28
3.6.3檢量線配置 29
第四章 品保品管 31
4.1檢量線 31
4.1.1重金屬 31
4.1.2多環芳香烴、鄰苯二甲酸酯類及烷基苯酚 32
4.2方法空白樣品 32
4.3樣品查核分析 32
4.4準確度 35
4.5偵測極限 35
4.5.1重金屬 35
4.5.2多環芳香烴、鄰苯二甲酸酯類及烷基苯酚 37
4.6例行性校正 39
4.6.1感應耦合電漿質譜儀 (ICP/MS) 39
4.6.2氣相層析儀 (GC/MS) 39
第五章 污泥基本性質及重金屬濃度分布 49
5.1污泥基本性質分布 49
5.2污泥重金屬濃度分布 54
5.2.1污泥金屬濃度分布 54
5.2.2國內外污泥重金屬比較 67
5.2.3污泥重金屬相關法規比較 70
第六章 污泥多環芳香烴、鄰苯二甲酸酯及烷基苯酚分布 75
6.1污泥多環芳香烴分布 75
6.1.1多環芳香烴濃度分布 75
6.1.2國內外污泥多環芳香烴比較 88
6.2污泥鄰苯二甲酸酯類分布 94
6.2.1鄰苯二甲酸酯類濃度分布 94
6.2.2國內外污泥鄰苯二甲酸酯類比較 102
6.3污泥中烷基苯酚分布 105
第七章 結論與建議 109
7.1結論 109
7.2建議 110
參考文獻 111
附 錄 一 125
附 錄 二 129

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