臺灣博碩士論文加值系統

賽璐璐(celluloid)於1869年首先被創造出來，這也是目前最常用的塑膠製品前身，隨著技術的進步，塑膠也透過研究進展而使安全係數也愈來愈高，直至現今，塑膠已廣泛流通於日常生活中，但隨著塑膠的蓬勃發展，塑膠被人們濫用和使用後隨意丟棄，對環境衝擊和環境汙染的問題也漸漸被重視，塑膠雖可進行降解，如：熱降解、機械降解、光降解、催化降解及生物降解等，但經由降解後有些塑膠並不會完全分解消失，而是會降解進一步產生顆粒更小的塑膠，其中粒徑小於5 mm的塑膠被界定為塑膠微粒(Microplastics)，這些塑膠在環境中的降解時間很長，且過程中可能會造成動物的誤食，進而進入到食物鏈中，最終被人體攝入，因此塑膠微粒的存在不僅對環境會造成危害，甚至會經由食物鏈對人體健康造成潛在危害。本研究經參閱大量文獻後歸納，並將塑膠微粒進入人體之影響進行彙整，其暴露方式分為三種，分別為攝入、吸入及皮膚接觸，而攝入被認為是現今人體暴露中最主要的方式，主要經由食物進入人體，吸入由人體呼吸時進入，而皮膚接觸則經由人體皮膚進入。塑膠微粒進入到人體後，對人體器官的影響有許多，如：腸胃道系統、呼吸道系統、血液和免疫系統、大腦和神經系統、胎盤和胎盤屏障、生殖系統、肝臟器官、皮膚、癌症及免疫紊亂，這些器官中以腸胃道受塑膠微粒的影響較大，其次則為呼吸道，因攝入為人體主要的暴露方式，且攝入後的塑膠微粒必先經過腸胃道，而吸入作為人體第二主要的暴露方式，吸入後的塑膠微粒，必經由呼吸道進入人體，如今世界各大洲也紛紛針對塑膠微粒訂定了種種規範，盼可有效減緩或減少塑膠的使用，本研究所進行之彙整，希望可對目前塑膠降解機制、對人體健康危害以及各國法規之限定做詳細整理，藉以提供後續相關研究學者進行塑膠微粒相關研究時參考，同時亦希望藉此彙總促進相關規範之訂定比較。

Celluloid was first created in 1869, it’s also the predecessor of the most commonly used plastic products. With the advancement of technology, the safety factor of plastic is also getting higher and higher through the progress of research. Until now, plastic has become Widely circulated in daily life, but with the vigorous development of plastics, plastics are abused by people and discarded at will after use, and the problems of environmental impact and environmental pollution are gradually being paid attention to. Although plastics can be degraded, such as: thermal degradation, mechanical Degradation, photodegradation, catalytic degradation and biodegradation... etc. However, after degradation, some plastics will not completely decompose and disappear, but will degrade and further produce plastics with smaller particles. Among them, plastics with a diameter of less than 5 mm are defined as Microplastics, these plastics degrade in the environment for a long time, and the process may cause animals to eat them by mistake, and then enter the food chain, and finally be ingested by the human body. Therefore, the existence of microplastics will not only cause environmental pollution Harm, and even cause potential harm to human health through the food chain.After consulting a large number of research article, this study summarizes the impact of microplastics on the human body. The exposure methods of microplastics are divided into three types, namely ingestion, inhalation and skin contact, and ingestion is considered to be the most common form of human exposure today The main way is through food, inhalation enters when the human body breathes, and skin contact enters through the human skin. After microplastics enter the human body, they have many effects on human organs, such as: gastrointestinal system, respiratory system, blood and immune system, brain and nervous system, placenta and placental barrier, reproductive system, liver organs, skin, cancer and immune system. Among these organs, the gastrointestinal tract is most affected by microplastics, followed by the respiratory tract, because ingestion is the main way of exposure to the human body, and microplastics after ingestion must first pass through the gastrointestinal tract, while through the respiratory tract inhalation was the second largest exposure method for the human body. Now all continents of the world have also formulated various regulations for microplastics, hoping to effectively slow down or reduce the use of plastics. The compilation of this research institute hopes to provide a clear understanding of the current degradation mechanism of plastics, the hazards to human health, and the laws and regulations of various countries. It is limited to make a detailed arrangement, so as to provide reference for subsequent relevant research scholars to conduct microplastic-related research, and also hope to use this to summarize and promote the formulation and comparison of relevant norms.

摘要.................................................................................................Ⅳ
Abstract.......................................................................................................Ⅵ
誌謝.............................................................................................................Ⅷ
目錄............................................................................................................XI
表目錄.........................................................................................................XV
圖目錄......................................................................................................XVI
縮寫對照表.............................................................................................XVII
壹、 前 言..................................................................................................1
1.1簡介.........................................................................................................1
1.1.1塑膠微粒與塑膠微粒的發展關係......................................................1
1.1.2塑膠微粒介紹......................................................................................7
1.1.3塑膠微粒來源....................................................................................10
1.2塑膠微粒的降解方式............................................................................11
1.2.1物理降解............................................................................................12
1.2.2化學降解............................................................................................14
1.2.3生物降解............................................................................................16
1.2.4塑膠微粒降解方法比較....................................................................20
1.3.微塑膠在環境中的遷移.......................................................................20
1.3.1水中的遷移模式................................................................................21
1.3.2陸地上的遷移模式............................................................................22
1.3.3空氣中的遷移模式............................................................................23
1.3.4遷移模式比較....................................................................................25
貳、 經由食物鏈攝食塑膠微粒進入到人體的風險................................26
2.1常用於食品包裝上的塑膠................................................................26
2.2常見食品中的塑膠微粒.......................................................................28
2.2.1飲用水................................................................................................28
2.2.2牛奶....................................................................................................29
2.2.3食鹽....................................................................................................29
2.2.4糖........................................................................................................30
2.2.5貽貝....................................................................................................30
參、塑膠微粒在人體代謝中之影響.........................................................31
3.1暴露途徑與方式...................................................................................31
3.1.1攝入....................................................................................................31
3.1.2吸入………........................................................................................32
3.1.3皮膚接觸............................................................................................34
3.1.4暴露途徑比較....................................................................................36
3.2器官受塑膠微粒的影響……...............................................................36
3.2.1腸胃道系統........................................................................................39
3.2.2呼吸道系統........................................................................................42
3.2.3血液和免疫系統................................................................................44
3.2.4大腦和神經系統................................................................................46
3.2.5胚胎和胎盤屏障................................................................................46
3.2.6生殖系統............................................................................................48
3.2.7肝臟器官............................................................................................49
3.2.8皮膚....................................................................................................49
3.2.9癌症....................................................................................................52
3.3可替代性物質.......................................................................................52
肆、塑膠製品各國規範及未來展望.........................................................54
4.1塑膠與各國規範...................................................................................54
4.2減塑建立在ESG的連結.....................................................................60
4.2.1環境....................................................................................................61
4.2.2社會....................................................................................................61
4.2.3治理....................................................................................................61
4.3減塑建立在SDGs的連結...................................................................62
伍、結論.....................................................................................................66
陸、參考文獻.............................................................................................68
柒、作者簡介...........................................................................................110

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