氧化與抗氧化的平衡具有重要生理意義，而多酚類常被認為具有抗氧化的功效，已被證實具有抗癌、抗氧化、抗發炎、抗糖尿病、神經保護、心臟保護、血管保護和調節代謝等作用，常被應用在醫藥、食品及化妝品等產業。
馬鞭草為馬鞭草科 (Verbenaceae) 馬鞭草屬(Verbena)植物馬鞭草(Verbena officinalis)的乾燥全草，含有大量的多酚及抗氧化組成，具抗氧化、止咳、抗癌、止痛、抗發炎、延緩衰老、抗焦慮和鎮靜等作用。預實驗發現馬鞭草萃取物(VEOF)中含有多酚類組成，因此，本論文以馬鞭草抗氧化組成為研究主題，設計不同的抽取方法(溶劑配比及抽取方法)來評估其總抽出率、總多酚類含量及抗氧化功效。
以水與乙醇不同配比進行抽取，抽取方法則有浸漬、加熱、熱迴流及超音波震盪等，結果顯示以水為溶劑、熱迴流3小時抽取馬鞭草所得到的總抽出率最高，達25.09±0.88%。總多酚含量實驗則發現以水：乙醇=25%：75%提取條件下總多酚含量較高，超音波震盪20分鐘總多酚含量達164.65 mg of GAE/g最佳。然而溶劑比例會影響VEOF的總多酚含量，隨著水的溶劑比例增加，總多酚含量降低。另以HPLC建立各萃取條件的指紋圖譜，發現在不同的抽取方法上，主成分毛蕊花苷與異毛蕊花苷含量變化主要仍以溶劑的影響較大。
利用DPPH自由基清除率、TEAC測定法以及FRAP還原力活性分析提取物的抗氧化活性。DPPH試驗結果發現超音波震盪30分鐘、W:E=25%:75%萃取物的清除活性最佳，IC50= 162.90±13.89 µg/mL。TEAC試驗結果發現超音波震盪20分鐘、W:E=25%:75%萃取物的活性最佳，IC50為55.18 ± 1.94 µg/mL。
綜合上述所敘， 發現馬鞭草含有高含量的多酚類組成與抗氧化物質，以熱迴流水提取可達較好的總抽出率，總多酚含量則以酒水萃(25：75%)超音波萃取較好，而抗氧化試驗也可印證馬鞭草萃取物具有良好的抗氧化活性，可以提供抗氧化天然產物開發的另一來源。

The balance between oxidation and antioxidant is of important physiological significance. Polyphenols are often considered to have antioxidant effects and showed anti-cancer, anti-oxidation, anti-inflammatory, anti-diabetic, neuroprotection, cardiac and vascular protection, and regulation of metabolic functions. Therefore, polyphenols are developed as antioxidants and applied in medicine, food and cosmetics industries.
Verbena, belong to Verbenaceae family, Verbena genus, is a dry whole plant of Verbena officinalis. It contains polyphenols and antioxidative components. It has antioxidation, anti-cough, anti-cancer, analgesic, anti-inflammatory, anti-aging, anti-anxiety and calming effects. Preliminary experiments found that Verbena extract (VEOF) contains polyphenols, and showed antioxidative activity. Therefore, the purpose of this study is to investigate the process optimization of total yield and polyphenols from VEOF and to assess its antioxidative activity.
Different ratios of water (W) and Ethanol (E) are used for extraction. The extraction methods include soaking, reflux and ultrasonic-assistant. The results show that the total extraction rate of VEOF extracted with water and reflux for 3 hours is the highest, 25.09 ± 0.88%. We also found that the total polyphenol was higher under the conditions of water (W) : Ethanol (E) =25%:75% with ultrasonic-assistant for 20 minutes, 164.65 mg of GAE/g. Moreover, the solvent ratio will affect the total polyphenol content of VEOF. The water ratio increases, the total polyphenol content decreases. In addition, the fingerprints of VEOF were established by HPLC, and it was found that the contents of verbascoside and isoverbascoside in VEOF were affected by the solvent in different extraction methods.
The antioxidant activity of VEOF was evaluated by DPPH free radical scavenging, TEAC assay and FRAP reducing power activity. The results of the DPPH test found that W: E=25%:75% as solvent with ultrasonic-assistant for 30 minutes of VEOF showed the best scavenging activity, with an IC50 of 162.90 ± 13.89 µg/mL. The results of the TEAC test found that W: E=25%:75% as solvent with ultrasonic-assistant for 20 minutes of VEOF was the best TEAC activity, with an IC50 of 55.18 ± 1.94 µg/mL.
Based on the above data, we found that verbena contains a high content of polyphenols and antioxidants. It can be extracted with water by reflux method to achieve a better total extraction rate. The total polyphenol content is better with that of W: E (25%:75%) extraction with ultrasonic-assistant extraction. The antioxidative assay confirmed that the VEOF exhibited antioxidative activity, which can provide another source for the development of antioxidant from natural sources.
Based on the above description, it is found that verbena contains a high content of antioxidants. Extraction with hot reflux water can achieve a better total extraction rate, and the total polyphenol content is better with ultrasonic extraction of wine (25%:75%). And the antioxidant test can also prove that Verbena extract has good antioxidant activity, which can provide another source of antioxidant natural product development.

摘要... i
Abstract...ii
誌謝...iv
目錄...v
表目錄...vii
圖目錄...viii
縮寫對照表...ix
第一章緒論...1
1.1自由基與氧化壓力的關聯性...1
1.2 抗氧化物質...2
1.3植物源保健產品原料業界製備方法介紹...3
1.4馬鞭草植物型態介紹...3
1.5研究目的...4
第二章馬鞭草活性成分及功效介紹...5
2.1馬鞭草化學成分回顧...5
2.2馬鞭草提取物之藥理活性...9
2.3馬鞭草化學成分之功效...9
2.4馬鞭草專利檢索...9
第三章實驗材料與方法
3.1實驗材料與儀器...11
3.2實驗方法...13
3.2.1 萃取條件...13
3.2.2 總抽出率...14
3.2.3總多酚含量分析試驗...14
3.2.4 DPPH自由基清除試驗...14
3.2.5 TEAC試驗...14
3.2.6數據分析...15
3.2.7 馬鞭草抽出物的HPLC分析方法...15
第四章實驗結果與討論...16
4.1總抽出率之結果...16
4.2總多酚含量分析結果...17
4.3馬鞭草萃取物之DPPH自由基清除活性結果...19
4.4馬鞭草萃取物之TEAC試驗活性結果...23
4.5馬鞭草抽出物的HPLC分析結果...28
4.6討論...31
第五章結論...33
參考文獻...34
Extended Abstract...41

[1] Sauer, H., Wartenberg, M., Hescheler, J. (2001). Reactive oxygen species as intracellular messengers during cell growth and differentiation. Cellular Physiology and Biochemistry, 11(4), 173-186.
[2] Halliwell, B. (1991). Reactive oxygen species in living systems: source, biochemistry, and role in human disease. The American Journal of Medicine, 91(3), S14-S22.
[3] Fang, Y. Z., Yang, S., Wu, G. (2002). Free radicals, antioxidants, and nutrition. Nutrition, 18(10), 872-879.
[4] Peng, C., Wang, X., Chen, J., Jiao, R., Wang, L., Li, Y. M., Huang, Y. (2014). Biology of aging and role of dietary antioxidants. BioMed Research International, 2014, 13.
[5] Wang, F., Li, Y., Zhang, Y. J., Zhou, Y., Li, S., Li, H. B. (2016). Natural products for the prevention and treatment of hangover and alcohol use disorder. Molecules, 21(1), 64.
[6] Novo, E., Parola, M. (2008). Redox mechanisms in hepatic chronic wound healing and fibrogenesis. Fibrogenesis & Tissue Repair, 1(1), 1-58.
[7] Gonzalez-Freire, M., De Cabo, R., Bernier, M., Sollott, S. J., Fabbri, E., Navas, P., Ferrucci, L. (2015). Reconsidering the role of mitochondria in aging. Journals of Gerontology Series A: Biomedical Sciences and Medical Sciences, 70(11), 1334-1342.
[8] Davalli, P., Mitic, T., Caporali, A., Lauriola, A., D’Arca, D. (2016). ROS, cell senescence, and novel molecular mechanisms in aging and age-related diseases. Oxidative Medicine and Cellular Longevity, 2016, 18.
[9] Finkel, T. (2005). Radical medicine: treating ageing to cure disease. Nature Reviews Molecular Cell Biology, 6(12), 971-976.
[10] 周成功,《美國國家科學院會誌》(2012)4月10號的第524期.
[11] Petrou, A. L., Petrou, P. L., Ntanos, T., Liapis, A. (2018). A possible role for singlet oxygen in the degradation of various antioxidants. A meta-analysis and review of literature data. Antioxidants, 7(3), 35.
[12] Xu, D. P., Li, Y., Meng, X., Zhou, T., Zhou, Y., Zheng, J., Li, H. B. (2017). Natural antioxidants in foods and medicinal plants: Extraction, assessment and resources. International Journal of Molecular Sciences, 18(1), 96.
[13] Suzuki, T., Motohashi, H., Yamamoto, M. (2013). Toward clinical application of the Keap1–Nrf2 pathway. Trends in Pharmacological Sciences, 34(6), 340-346.
[14] Talalay, P., Dinkova-Kostova, A. T., Holtzclaw, W. D. (2003). Importance of phase 2 gene regulation in protection against electrophile and reactive oxygen toxicity and carcinogenesis. Advances in Enzyme Regulation, 43, 121-134.
[15] Carocho, M., Ferreira, I. C. (2013). A review on antioxidants, prooxidants and related controversy: natural and synthetic compounds, screening and analysis methodologies and future perspectives. Food and Chemical Toxicology, 51, 15-25.
[16] Gülcin, I. (2012). Antioxidant activity of food constituents: an overview. Archives of Toxicology, 86(3), 345-391.
[17] Halliwell, B., Murcia, M. A., Chirico, S., Aruoma, O. I. (1995). Free radicals and antioxidants in food and in vivo: what they do and how they work. Critical Reviews in Food Science & Nutrition, 35(1-2), 7-20.
[18] Cai, Y., Luo, Q., Sun, M., Corke, H. (2004). Antioxidant activity and phenolic compounds of 112 traditional Chinese medicinal plants associated with anticancer. Life Sciences, 74(17), 2157-2184.
[19] Shan, B., Cai, Y. Z., Sun, M., Corke, H. (2005). Antioxidant capacity of 26 spice extracts and characterization of their phenolic constituents. Journal of Agricultural and Food Chemistry, 53(20), 7749-7759.
[20] Fu, L., Xu, B. T., Xu, X. R., Qin, X. S., Gan, R. Y., Li, H. B. (2010). Antioxidant capacities and total phenolic contents of 56 wild fruits from South China. Molecules, 15(12), 8602-8617.
[21] Fu, L., Xu, B. T., Xu, X. R., Gan, R. Y., Zhang, Y., Xia, E. Q., Li, H. B. (2011). Antioxidant capacities and total phenolic contents of 62 fruits. Food Chemistry, 129(2), 345-350.
[22] Deng, G. F., Xu, X. R., Guo, Y. J., Xia, E. Q., Li, S., Wu, S., Li, H. B. (2012). Determination of antioxidant property and their lipophilic and hydrophilic phenolic contents in cereal grains. Journal of Functional Foods, 4(4), 906-914.
[23] Guo, Y. J., Deng, G. F., Xu, X. R., Wu, S., Li, S., Xia, E. Q., Li, H. B. (2012). Antioxidant capacities, phenolic compounds and polysaccharide contents of 49 edible macro-fungi. Food & Function, 3(11), 1195-1205.
[24] Deng, G. F., Lin, X., Xu, X. R., Gao, L. L., Xie, J. F., Li, H. B. (2013). Antioxidant capacities and total phenolic contents of 56 vegetables. Journal of Functional Foods, 5(1), 260-266.
[25] Li, S., Li, S. K., Gan, R. Y., Song, F. L., Kuang, L., Li, H. B. (2013). Antioxidant capacities and total phenolic contents of infusions from 223 medicinal plants. Industrial Crops and Products, 51, 289-298.
[26] Li, A. N., Li, S., Li, H. B., Xu, D. P., Xu, X. R., Chen, F. (2014). Total phenolic contents and antioxidant capacities of 51 edible and wild flowers. Journal of Functional Foods, 6, 319-330.
[27] Li, Y., Zhang, J. J., Xu, D. P., Zhou, T., Zhou, Y., Li, S., Li, H. B. (2016). Bioactivities and health benefits of wild fruits. International Journal of Molecular Sciences, 17(8), 1258.
[28] Zhang, J. J., Li, Y., Zhou, T., Xu, D. P., Zhang, P., Li, S., Li, H. B. (2016). Bioactivities and health benefits of mushrooms mainly from China. Molecules, 21(7), 938.
[29] Li, A. N., Li, S., Zhang, Y. J., Xu, X. R., Chen, Y. M., Li, H. B. (2014). Resources and biological activities of natural polyphenols. Nutrients, 6(12), 6020-6047.
[30] Ding, Y., Yao, H., Yao, Y., Fai, L. Y., Zhang, Z. (2013). Protection of dietary polyphenols against oral cancer. Nutrients, 5(6), 2173-2191.
[31] Ovaskainen, M. L., Torronen, R., Koponen, J. M., Sinkko, H., Hellström, J., Reinivuo, H., Mattila, P. (2008). Dietary intake and major food sources of polyphenols in Finnish adults. The Journal of Nutrition, 138(3), 562-566.
[32] Pedret, A., Valls, R. M., Fernández‐Castillejo, S., Catalán, Ú., Romeu, M., Giralt, M., Espinel, A. (2012). Polyphenol‐rich foods exhibit DNA antioxidative properties and protect the glutathione system in healthy subjects. Molecular Nutrition & Food Research, 56(7), 1025-1033.
[33] Peng, C., Zuo, Y., Kwan, K. M., Liang, Y., Ma, K. Y., Chan, H. Y. E., Chen, Z. Y. (2012). Blueberry extract prolongs lifespan of Drosophila melanogaster. Experimental Gerontology, 47(2), 170-178.
[34] Zuo, Y., Peng, C., Liang, Y., Ma, K. Y., Chan, H. Y. E., Huang, Y., Chen, Z. Y. (2013). Sesamin extends the mean lifespan of fruit flies. Biogerontology, 14(2), 107-119.
[35] Peng, C., Chan, H. Y. E., Huang, Y., Yu, H., Chen, Z. Y. (2011). Apple polyphenols extend the mean lifespan of Drosophila melanogaster. Journal of Agricultural and Food Chemistry, 59(5), 2097-2106.
[36] Chang, Y. C., Chen, P. N., Chu, S. C., Lin, C. Y., Kuo, W. H., Hsieh, Y. S. (2012). Black tea polyphenols reverse epithelial-to-mesenchymal transition and suppress cancer invasion and proteases in human oral cancer cells. Journal of Agricultural and Food Chemistry, 60(34), 8395-8403.
[37] Seeram, N. P., Adams, L. S., Hardy, M. L., Heber, D. (2004). Total cranberry extract versus its phytochemical constituents: antiproliferative and synergistic effects against human tumor cell lines. Journal of Agricultural and Food Chemistry, 52(9), 2512-2517.
[38] Yang, S. J., Lim, Y. (2014). Resveratrol ameliorates hepatic metaflammation and inhibits NLRP3 inflammasome activation. Metabolism, 63(5), 693-701.
[39] Hou, Y., Wang, K., Wan, W., Cheng, Y., Pu, X., Ye, X. (2018). Resveratrol provides neuroprotection by regulating the JAK2/STAT3/PI3K/AKT/mTOR pathway after stroke in rats. Genes & Diseases, 5(3), 245-255.
[40] Cheng, M., Gao, H. Q., Xu, L., Li, B. Y., Zhang, H., Li, X. H. (2007). Cardioprotective effects of grape seed proanthocyanidins extracts in streptozocin induced diabetic rats. Journal of Cardiovascular Pharmacology, 50(5), 503-509.
[41] Vitalini, S., Tomè, F., Fico, G. (2009). Traditional uses of medicinal plants in Valvestino (Italy). Journal of Ethnopharmacology, 121(1), 106-116.
[42] Jin, C. C., Liu, X. M., Ma, D., Hua, X. L., Jin, N. (2017). Optimization of polysaccharides extracted from Verbena officinalis L and their inhibitory effects on invasion and metastasis of colorectal cancer cells. Tropical Journal of Pharmaceutical Research, 16(10), 2387-2394.
[43] Kou, W. Z., Yang, J., Yang, Q. H., Wang, Y., Wang, Z. F., Xu, S. L., Liu, J. (2013). Study on in-vivo anti-tumor activity of Verbena officinalis extract. African Journal of Traditional, Complementary and Alternative Medicines, 10(3), 512-517.
[44] Calvo, M. I. (2006). Anti-inflammatory and analgesic activity of the topical preparation of Verbena officinalis L. Journal of Ethnopharmacology, 107(3), 380-382.
[45] Lopez, V., Akerreta, S., Casanova, E., García-Mina, J., Cavero, R., Calvo, M. (2008). Screening of Spanish medicinal plants for antioxidant and antifungal activities. Pharmaceutical Biology, 46(9), 602-609.
[46] Jawaid, T. A. L. H. A., Imam, S. A., Kamal, M. E. H. N. A. Z. (2015). Antidepressant activity of methanolic extract of Verbena Officinalis Linn. plant in mice. Asian Journal of Pharmaceutical and Clinical Research, 8(4), 308-310.
[47] Khan, A. W., Khan, A. U., Ahmed, T. (2016). Anticonvulsant, anxiolytic, and sedative activities of Verbena officinalis. Frontiers in Pharmacology, 7, 499.
[48] Piluzza, G., Bullitta, S. (2011). Correlations between phenolic content and antioxidant properties in twenty-four plant species of traditional ethnoveterinary use in the Mediterranean area. Pharmaceutical Biology, 49(3), 240-247.
[49] Speroni, E., Cervellati, R., Costa, S., Guerra, M. C., Utan, A., Govoni, P., Stuppner, H. (2007). Effects of differential extraction of Verbena officinalis on rat models of inflammation, cicatrization and gastric damage. Planta Medica, 73(03), 227-235.
[50] Lerno, L. A., Panprivech, S., Ponangi, R., Brenneman, C. A., Block, D. E., Oberholster, A. (2019). Impact of cold soak duration on Cabernet Sauvignon fermentation and phenolic composition. Journal of the Science of Food and Agriculture, 99(2), 805–815.
[51] Yu, S., Hongkun, X., Chenghai, L., Chai, L., Xiaolin, S., Xianzhe, Z. (2016). Comparison of microwave assisted extraction with hot reflux extraction in acquirement and degradation of anthocyanin from powdered blueberry. International Journal of Agricultural and Biological Engineering, 9(6), 186-199.
[52] Taylor, L. T. (1996). Supercritical Fluid Extraction. New York: Wiley.
[53] Jafri S. M. H., Nasir S. G., Ali S. I. (1974). Flora of Pakistan. Karachi: Karachi University Press.
[54] Khan A. M., Qureshi R., Qaseem M. F., Munir M., Ilyas M., Saqib Z. (2015). Floristic checklist of district kotli, azad jammu & kashmir. Pak. J. Bot. 47 1957–1968.
[55] Voogelbreinde S. Garden of Eden: The Shamanic Use of Psychoactive Flora and Fauna, and the Study of Consciousness. Victoria, TX: Self Published; 346. (2009).
[56] 邱年永等著,原色臺灣藥用植物圖鑑(1),台北南天書局174馬鞭草,P178.
[57] 鄭武燦,台灣植物圖鑑,國立編譯館主編上冊1977馬鞭草,P989.
[58] Masclef,A., Verbena officinalis. 法蘭西植物圖譜, France,1891
[59] Ferdousi, F., Kondo, S., Sasaki, K., Uchida, Y., Ohkohchi, N., Zheng, Y. W., Isoda, H. (2020). Microarray analysis of verbenalin-treated human amniotic epithelial cells reveals therapeutic potential for Alzheimer’s Disease. Aging (Albany NY), 12(6), 5516.
[60] Makino, Y., Kondo, S., Nishimura, Y., Tsukamoto, Y., Huang, Z. L., Urade, Y. (2009). Hastatoside and verbenalin are sleep-promoting components in Verbena officinalis. Sleep and Biological Rhythms, 7(3), 211-217.
[61] Carnat, A., Carnat, A. P., Chavignon, O., Heitz, A., Wylde, R. (1995). Luteolin 7-diglucuronide, the major flavonoid compound from Aloysia triphylla and Verbena officinalis. Planta Medica, 61(5).
[62] Rehecho, S., Hidalgo, O., de Cirano, M. G. I., Navarro, I., Astiasarán, I., Ansorena, D., Calvo, M. I. (2011). Chemical composition, mineral content and antioxidant activity of Verbena officinalis L. LWT-Food Science and Technology, 44(4), 875-882.
[63] Calvo, M. I., San Julian, A., Fernandez, M. (1997). Identification of the major compounds in extracts ofVerbena officinalis L. (Verbenaceae) by HPLC with post-column derivatization. Chromatographia, 46(5-6), 241-244.
[64] Müller, A., Ganzera, M., Stuppner, H. (2004). Analysis of the aerial parts of Verbena officinalis L. by micellar electrokinetic capillary chromatography. Chromatographia, 60(3-4), 193-197.
[65] Tian, J., Zhao, Y. M., Luan, X. H. (2005). Studies on the chemical constitutents in herb of Verbena officinalis. Zhongguo Zhong yao za zhi= Zhongguo Zhongyao Zazhi= China Journal of Chinese Materia Medica, 30(4), 268-269.
[66] 田菁,趙毅民,欒新慧.(2005).馬鞭草化學成分的研究.中國中藥雜誌, 30(4), 268-269.
[67] 田菁,趙毅民,欒新慧. (2007).馬鞭草的化學成分研究(Ⅱ). 天然產物研究與開發, 19(2), 247-249.
[68] Shu, J., Chou, G., Wang, Z. (2014). Two new iridoids from Verbena officinalis L. Molecules, 19(7), 10473-10479.
[69] Zhang, T., Ruan, J. L., Lu, Z. M. (2000). Studies on chemical constituents of aerial parts of Verbena officinalis L. Zhongguo Zhong yao za zhi= Zhongguo zhongyao zazhi= China Journal of Chinese Materia Medica, 25(11), 676-678.
[70] Xu, W., Xin, F., Sha, Y., Fang, J., Li, Y. S. (2010). Two new secoiridoid glycosides from Verbena officinalis. Journal of Asian natural products research, 12(8), 649-653.
[71] Zhang, Z., Pan, T. (2017). HPLC determination of chlorogenic acid in Verbena officinalis L. extract and its in-vitro antibacterial activity.
[72] 辛菲,金藝淑,沙沂,徐偉,祝崢,李玉山. (2008).馬鞭草化學成分研究. 中國現代中藥 , 10 (10), 21-23.
[73] Encalada, M. A., Rehecho, S., Ansorena, D., Astiasarán, I., Cavero, R. Y., Calvo, M. I. (2015). Antiproliferative effect of phenylethanoid glycosides from Verbena officinalis L. on colon cancer cell lines. LWT-Food Science and Technology, 63(2), 1016-1022.
[74] Deepak, M., Handa, S. S. (2000). Antiinflammatory activity and chemical composition of extracts of Verbena officinalis. Phytotherapy Research: An International Journal Devoted to Pharmacological and Toxicological Evaluation of Natural Product Derivatives, 14(6), 463-465.
[75] Winde, E., Echaust, I., Haensel, R. (1961). Verbena officinalis: occurrence of adenosine and beta-carotene. On the problem of "verbenin" described by Kuwajima. Archiv der Pharmazie und Berichte der Deutschen Pharmazeutischen Gesellschaft, 294(66), 220–229.
[76] Shu, J. C., Liu, J. Q., Chou, G. X. (2013). A new triterpenoid from Verbena officinalis L. Natural Product Research, 27(14), 1293-1297.
[77] Liu, C. H., Liu, Y. (2002). Determination of ursolic acid in herba of Verbena officinalis by HPLC. Zhongguo Zhong yao za zhi= Zhongguo zhongyao zazhi= China Journal of Chinese Materia Medica, 27(12), 916-918.
[78] 訾佳辰,李玉山,劉興國,山國徹,大泉康. (2005).馬鞭草化學成分的分離與鑑定.瀋陽藥科大學期刊, 22(2), 105-109.
[79] Martino, L. D., D'Arena, G., Minervini, M. M., Deaglio, S., Sinisi, N. P., Cascavilla, N., Feo, V. D. (2011). Active caspase-3 detection to evaluate apoptosis induced by Verbena officinalis essential oil and citral in chronic lymphocytic leukaemia cells. Revista Brasileira de Farmacognosia, 21(5), 869-873.
[80] Zoubiri, S., Baaliouamer, A. (2011). Larvicidal activity of two Algerian Verbenaceae essential oils against Culex pipiens. Veterinary Parasitology, 181(2-4), 370-373.
[81] Mateus, M. A. F., Faria, C. M. D. R., Botelho, R. V., Dallemole-Giaretta, R., Ferreira, S. G. M., Zaluski, W. L. (2014). Extratos aquosos de plantas medicinais no controle de Meloidogyne incognita (Kofoid e White, 1919) Chitwood, 1949. Bioscience Journal, 30(3).
[82] Kumar, P., Madaan, R., Sidhu, S. (2017). Screening of antianxiety activity of extracts and fractions of Verbena officinalis aerial parts. International Journal of Toxicological and Pharmacological Research, 9(1): 48 - 51.
[83] Casanova, E., García-Mina, J. M., Calvo, M. I. (2008). Antioxidant and antifungal activity of Verbena officinalis L. leaves. Plant Foods for Human Nutrition, 63(3), 93-97.
[84] Shan, X. U., Li, L., Li-Qun, Z., Zhuo, L., Li-Li, Q., Qi, C., Chang-Fen, X. (2006). Reversal effect of 4'-methylether-scutellarein on multidrug resistance of human choriocarcinoma JAR/VP16 cell line. Progress in Biochemistry and Biophysics, 33(11), 1061-1073.
[85] Calvo, M. I., Vilalta, N., San Julián, A., Fernández, M. (1998). Anti-inflammatory activity of leaf extract of Verbena officinalis L. Phytomedicine, 5(6), 465-467.
[86] Xu, Y., Zhang, G., Kang, Z., Xu, Y., Jiang, W., Zhang, S. (2016). Cornin increases angiogenesis and improves functional recovery after stroke via the Ang1/Tie2 axis and the Wnt/β-catenin pathway. Archives of Pharmacal Research, 39(1), 133-142.
[87] Chen, L. Y., Cheng, C. W., Liang, J. Y. (2015). Effect of esterification condensation on the Folin–Ciocalteu method for the quantitative measurement of total phenols. Food Chemistry, 170, 10-15.
[88] Lee, S. O., Lee, H. J., Yu, M. H., Im, H. G., Lee, I. S. (2005). Total polyphenol contents and antioxidant activities of methanol extracts from vegetables produced in Ullung island. Korean Journal of Food Science and Technology, 37(2), 233-240.