臺灣博碩士論文加值系統

畜牧業對於臺灣農業經濟而言，乃不可或缺、具有相當重要性之產業，惟畜牧業發展的過程，因利用大量清水沖洗畜舍，不僅浪費水資源更產生高濃度有機物廢水進而嚴重污染河川環境。因此本研究將探討透過畜牧廢水資源化之後，高雄市境內之阿公店溪關鍵測站之前州橋測站水質變化情形，以及評估沼液對施灌農地地下水及土壤品質可行性評估，再透過調查畜牧廢水載運成本、肥分使用成本及畜牧戶減少污水處理成本，提出現階段最適之收費方式使沼液集運作業朝永續發展經營。
透過畜牧廢水資源化再利用後，前州橋污染程度自108 及109 年RPI 6.6 (嚴重污染)，於110 年已下降為RPI5.5 (中度污染) ；指標污染項目BOD 濃度自108 年7.3 mg/L及109 年10.3 mg/L，至110 年度已下降為6.5 mg/L(分別較前兩年改善11.0%及36.9%)；110 年溶氧值亦較前兩年度2.8、2.9 mg/L 提升至4.4 mg/L(較前兩年分別改善57.1%及51.7%)；集運總計污染削減量為BOD 53,122.9 公斤、SS 63,287.9 公斤及氨氮4,573.3 公斤。顯示109、110 年度大幅提升沼液施灌量後，對於水中BOD及溶氧確實有明顯改善成效。
本研究對象之沼液重金屬來源僅為飼料中之添加，沼液中含量測得銅0.09 mg/L、鋅0.14 mg/L；施灌後地下水監測結果均未超過氨氮背景值標準限值上游0.74 mg/L 及下游0.52 mg/L(地下水氨氮水質背景值上游0.37 mg/L 及下游0.26 mg/L，大於0.25 mg/L則以背景值2 倍為之)；土壤監測結果均未超過銅及鋅食用作物農地之標準限值低。經以實際施灌量計算並保守假設重金屬輸出率為0的情況，農地銅及鋅分別之超標年限(Texcess)為1,183 及972 年，若以核准施灌最大量推估農地銅及鋅之Texcess 為280 年及238 年，故沼液施灌後重金屬殘留於土壤累積之問題不嚴重。
集運成本計算包含人事成本110,500 元(85.3%)、油料費用10,000 元(7.7%)及維修保養9,000元(6.9%)等三大項，每月集運成本為129,500 元/輛，平均每月兩台集運車之集運成本為259,000元，可載運最大量為924公噸(22 日*2 車*3.5 公噸*6 趟/車)，以均攤集運成本計算，可得其每噸費率為280 公噸/元。本研究顯示透過畜牧廢水資源化再利用，確實可有效降低河川水體污染物濃度，且施灌農地土壤及地下水皆未發生二次污染情形。另本研究研擬合理之載運收費方式，情境三：維持均攤集運成本，納入農業機關共同補助透過逐年調整負擔比例(畜牧戶20%、農戶10%、環保局50%及農業局20%)，使畜牧廢水資源化成為一改善河川水質之有效且具有永續性之策略。
關鍵字：沼液、集運收費、土壤超標年限、水質、阿公店溪

For Taiwan's agricultural economy, animal husbandry is an indispensable and very important industry. However, in the process of animal husbandry development, a large amount of clean water is used to wash the livestock house, which not only wastes water resources, but also produces high-concentration organic waste water that seriously pollutes the river environment. Therefore, this research discussed the water quality changes of the Cianchou Bridge monitoring station before the key monitoring station of Agongdian River in Kaohsiung City after the recycling of livestock wastewater, and evaluated the feasibility assessment of biogas slurry on the groundwater and soil quality of irrigated farmland.
Afterwards, by investigating the transportation cost of livestock wastewater, the cost of fertilizer use, and the reduction of sewage treatment costs by livestock households, the most appropriate charging method at the current stage is proposed to make the biogas slurry consolidation and transportation operation towards sustainable development.
Through the reuse of livestock wastewater, the pollution level of Cianchou Bridge has dropped from RPI 6.6 (severe pollution) in 2019 and 2020 to RPI 5.5 (moderate pollution) in 2021; the BOD concentration of index pollution projects has dropped from 7.3 mg/L in 2019 and 10.3 mg/L in 2020 to 6.5 mg/L in 2021 (an improvement of 11.0% and 36.9% compared with the previous two years, respectively); the dissolved oxygen value in 2021 also increased to 4.4 mg/L compared with 2.8 and 2.9 mg/L in the previous two years (57.1% and 51.7% respectively compared with the previous two years); the total pollution reduction from container shipping is 53,122.9 kg of BOD, 63,287.9 kg of SS and 4,573.3 kg of ammonia nitrogen. It showed that after the large increase in the amount of biogas slurry irrigation in 2020 and 2021, the BOD and dissolved oxygen in the water have indeed been significantly improved.
The source of heavy metals in the biogas slurry of this research object was only the add to the feed, and the content of copper and zinc in the biogas slurry was 0.09 mg/L and 0.14 mg/L, respectively; after irrigation, the groundwater monitoring results did not exceed the standard limit of ammonia nitrogen background value of 0.74 mg/L upstream and 0.52 mg/L downstream (the background value of groundwater ammonia nitrogen water quality was 0.37 mg/L upstream and 0.26 mg/L downstream, and if it was greater than 0.25 mg/L, it is calculated as twice the background value); none of the soil monitoring results exceeded the low standard limits for copper and zinc edible crop farmland. Calculated based on the actual irrigation rate and conservatively assumed that the heavy metal output rate was 0, the excess years (Texcess) of copper and zinc in agricultural land are 1,183 and 972 years, respectively. If the maximum amount of approved irrigation is used to estimate the Texcess of copper and zinc in farmland to be 280 years and 238 years, the problem of accumulation of heavy metals in soil after biogas slurry application is not serious.
The consolidation cost calculation includes three major items: personnel cost of NT$110,500 (85.3%), fuel cost of NT$10,000 (7.7%) and maintenance of NT$9,000 (6.9%).The monthly consolidation cost is NT$129,500 per vehicle, with an average of two per month.The consolidation cost of consolidation cars is NT$259,000, and the maximum amount that can be carried is 924 metric tons (22 days * 2 cars * 3.5 metric tons * 6 trips/car). Calculated by averaging the consolidation cost, the rate per ton is 280 metric tons / yuan.
This research showed that the reuse of livestock wastewater could indeed effectively reduce the concentration of pollutants in river water, and there was no secondary pollution of soil and groundwater in irrigated farmland. In addition, this study develops a reasonable scenario 3 for freight charges: maintain an even share of the cost of transportation, include the joint subsidy of the agricultural agency, and adjust the burden ratio year by year (20% for livestock households, 10% for farmers, 50% for the Environmental Protection Bureau, and 20% for the Agricultural Bureau), so as to promote the recycling of livestock wastewater becomes an effective and sustainable strategy to improve river water quality.
Key words: biogas slurry, consolidation charges, soil exceeding the standard age, water quality, Agongdian River

摘要I
致謝VI
目錄V
表目錄VII
圖目錄VIII
第一章 緒論1
1.1 前言1
1.2 研究動機及目的2
第二章 文獻回顧3
2.1 阿公店溪水質現況3
2.1.1 流域整治概況3
2.1.2 畜牧業分佈現況5
2.1.3 流域各測站近三年水質概況7
2.1.4 流域污染貢獻9
2.2 國外畜牧糞尿資源化推動情形12
2.3 國內畜牧糞尿資源化推動現況14
2.4 沼液沼渣田間使用方式與時機17
2.5 施灌之農地品質案例21
2.6 台灣現行沼液集運收費模式27
第三章 研究材料與方法29
3.1 研究流程29
3.2 研究材料與方法30
3.2.1 沼液沼渣農地肥分通過名單30
3.2.2 阿公店溪流域上游資源化利用情形32
3.3 監測項目與方法36
3.3.1 土壤分析方法36
3.3.2 水質分析方法36
3.3.3 澆灌農地品質監測頻率37
3.3.4 農地品質之超標年限推估39
3.4 河川污染指標計算40
3.5 河川水質監測污染減量推估41
第四章 結果與討論42
4.1 畜牧廢水資源化前後水質變化情形42
4.1.1 阿公店溪上游關鍵測站 RPI 變化情形42
4.1.2 畜牧廢水污染削減計算45
4.1.3 降雨量和事業廢排放量探討47
4.1.4 小結51
4.2 推估施灌後農地土壤安全使用年限53
4.2.1 推估過程54
4.2.2 小結58
4.3 研擬集運收費合理方案59
4.3.1 集運參數估算59
4.3.2 集運作業成本估算64
4.3.3 集運處理收費情境評估65
4.3.4 小結67
第五章 結論與建議81
5.1 結論82
5.2 建議83
參考文獻84

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