臺灣博碩士論文加值系統

時間及成本是專案執行的兩大關鍵指標。儘管過去的研究廣泛討論了時間成本權衡(Time-Cost Trade-off, TCT)最佳化的議題，卻鮮少考慮到改善既有工班勞動生產力對TCT的影響。為了更切合實務應用的需求，本研究提出一個考慮變動勞動生產力的TCT改善模型。透過管理改善與既有工班的人力分配，進而改善生產力，並使用基因演算法(Genetic algorithms, GAs)從一個具代表性的測試案例及一個實際案例說明最佳化結果，使決策管理者能利用一個有利於組織長期發展的最佳化技術，在預算內減少專案工期，同時降低逾期罰款風險。
本研究的主要貢獻在導入管理改善勞動生產力的觀點，以提升TCT最佳化的績效。專案工期能藉由改善既有工班的勞動生產力而減少，而不是透過無效率的加人、併行或昂貴的替代方案。
本研究最後提出3點重要的管理意涵供實務管理者參考：
1.對勞動生產力的管理改善計畫並非全面性改善，在有限的專案預算下，決策管理者應善用TCT最佳化技術，選擇最適切的改善方案以提升專案績效。
2.儘管當實際投入的人力超過正常施作下的配置人力會惡化勞動生產力，但在TCT最佳化後，仍會增加人力以縮短工期。
3.減少專案工期不必然會增加專案直接成本。面對緊湊的工期壓力，承包商透過TCT改善模型搜尋最適趕工期間，並不會超過原始合約預算，可做為專案執行階段，業主與承包商評估合理工期及趕工補償之重要參考。
本研究最後提出幾項建議供後續研究發展，使TCT的知識領域更臻完善。

Time and cost are two key indicators of project execution. Although optimization of the time-cost trade off (TCT) has received considerable attention for several decades, few studies have considered improving performance/productivity of existing crews. To fulfill the request for real-world applications, this study presents an improved TCT model that considers variable labor productivity using genetic algorithms (GAs). Through an illustrative case and a real world case, the results demonstrate that improving labor productivity of selected activities by allocating existing crews and management can yield an optimized solution. As such, a decision maker can implement an optimized technique better for long-term development of organization to reduce a project duration under budget while reducing the risk of liquidated damages.
The main contribution of this study is to apply managerial improvement of labor productivity to enhance the performance of TCT optimization. The project duration can be reduced owing to improved productivity of existing crews rather than inefficient overmanning, overlapping or costly substitution.
In the end, three important managerial insights are presented as follows:
1.Rather than thorough improvement on labor productivity, selective improvement among the project activities is considered critical in the process of the optimization. Decision makers shall well utilize optimization technique on improving project performance in consideration of contract budget.
2.Although labor productivity deteriorates when the allocated labor usage is greater than the given working environment allowance, the allocation will be still adopted to reduce the project duration under TCT optimization.
3.Reducing the project duration does not necessarily increase the project direct labor cost. In consideration of tight schedule pressure, the cost the contractor pays for acceleration through the proposed TCT model with optimal productivity may not exceed contract budget. This insight can be shared with owners and contractors when evaluating reasonable duration and compensation relative to project acceleration.
In the end, several viewpoints for future research are recommended to further fulfill the body of TCT knowledge.

中文摘要i
英文摘要ii
誌謝iv
目錄v
表目錄vii
圖目錄viii
一、緒 論 01
1.1研究動機 01
1.2研究目的 02
1.3研究方法與工具 02
1.4研究假設 02
1.5研究架構與流程 03
二、文獻探討 05
2.1時間成本權衡(TCT) 05
2.2勞動生產力 17
2.3小結 21
三、模型發展 22
3.1要徑法 22
3.2時間成本權衡改善模型 22
四、研究方法及工具 25
4.1 TCT研究方法 25
4.2基因演算法決策流程 26
4.3變數定義 29
4.4應用軟體 29
五、案例分析 30
5.1案例1 30
5.1.1案例說明 30
5.1.2分析結果 33
5.2案例2 35
5.2.1案例說明 35
5.2.2分析結果 39
5.3討論 41
5.3.1資源分配權衡 41
5.3.2選擇性的作業改善 41
5.3.3最佳化相關技術比較 43
5.4專家驗證 45
六、結論與建議 46
6.1 結論 46
6.2 研究貢獻 46
6.3 研究限制與後續研究建議 48
參　考　文　獻 49
附錄一 模型參數定義 54
附錄二 鍋爐壓力件安裝作業的勞動生產力 55
附錄三 基因演算法作業環境、參數及演算結果 56

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