臺灣博碩士論文加值系統

任何機件的潤滑界面，僅有在啟動瞬間為二體接觸，運轉後則轉換成三體接觸。因為接觸界面中存在第三顆粒，來源有磨屑、外來顆粒、潤滑劑與研磨液中添加的微奈米顆粒等。因此過去對潤滑界面的二體分析僅是理想情況，三體接觸界面才是真實接觸情況。隨著產業界對精密、效率、節能等需求增加，以致研究第三顆粒對潤滑界面的影響變得更加重要。這項研究有助於深入了解潤滑界面的真實運作機制，從而提高機械系統的性能和壽命。本研究分為四個部分。第一部分，在三體乾接觸理論的基礎上，分析不同第三顆粒材料、顆粒密度、顆粒直徑對接觸特性的影響，並通過四球試驗機進行驗證。第二部分，進行三體潤滑接觸理論分析，討論潤滑境域和第三顆粒的關係。第三部分，鏟花面通過磨耗實驗與三體潤滑接觸理論分析探討機件表面經過鏟花後運行更平穩、低功耗和延長壽命的機制與演變過程。第四部份，建立新三體乾接觸理論，可應用於相對於表面材料軟硬均可的顆粒材料，並進行三體接觸特性的影響分析。
第一部分分析磨損顆粒 (SUJ2)、環境顆粒 (SiO2 和 Al2O3) 三種第三顆粒材料的分析結果顯示，在表面對表面的接觸模式(3-body s-s mode)、表面與顆粒共同承受的混合接觸模式(3-body hybrid mode)、顆粒對表面的接觸模式(3-body p-s mode)三種三體接觸模式中，三種顆粒材料的總接觸面積、顆粒接觸面積比和間隙值在p-s與s-s接觸模式下的差異很小，三體hybrid接觸模式下則差異較大。三種顆粒材料的總接觸面積隨著顆粒楊氏係數、顆粒直徑與顆粒密度的增加而增加，間隙值以及轉換接觸模式所需的臨界負荷則是相反趨勢。四球式磨耗實驗結果的摩擦力和理論分析的真實接觸面積呈正向關係，驗證本接觸理論的合理性。第二部分結果顯示三體潤滑理論在二體情況下與傳統二體潤滑理論的結果幾乎相同，最大誤差約為2.0%。三體潤滑理論的總接觸面積、油膜厚度、接觸模式、固體接觸負荷與薄膜參數最小值(λmin)和最大值(λmax)均大於混合潤滑中理想二體接觸的值，並且隨著顆粒直徑的增加而增加。顯示傳統的混合潤滑的範圍(1.0 < λ < 3.0)太狹窄，無法作為判斷三體接觸界面下混合潤滑區域的準則。第三部分結果顯示鏟花面運行1200 km的表面形貌(Dmean、Sa和Sq)與接觸面積百分比(POP)有相反的趨勢，其磨合階段為100 km以內。在600~1200 km的導軌油中，磨屑顆粒分布峯值大部分落在300~600 nm，平均顆粒直徑為475 nm，並透過三體潤滑接觸理論分析判斷接觸模式處於三體s-s接觸模式，潤滑境域為史崔派克圖的厚膜潤滑低點，故磨屑顆粒處在波谷或油袋處，幾乎不受接觸壓力影響，其摩擦係數與磨耗相對低，與表面形貌變化趨勢相符。第四部分結果顯示，相較於原先的理論公式，新理論公式增加顆粒的彈性、彈塑性和塑性變形以及顆粒的壓縮變形對間隙值的影響，使其更貼近實際機械元件的接觸特性。當第三顆粒為CuO時，總接觸面積的隨著顆粒直徑增加而增加，與第一部分的第三顆粒材料硬度比表面材料硬時的趨勢相反。CuO顆粒材料，從三體 p-s接觸模式進入三體 hybrid接觸模式的臨界負荷，隨著顆粒直徑增加而增加。
新三體乾接觸理論、三體潤滑理論是比二體接觸理論情況更接近實際接觸狀況的分析框架，透過探討機械元件接觸界面存在第三顆粒的影響，可以進一步了解第三顆粒對接觸界面的性能與機理；對未來運動元件的性能分析、改善與預測，提供更宏觀且符合實際情況的分析基礎。

The lubricating interface of any mechanical component only experiences two-body contact during the initial start-up, transitioning to three-body contact during operation. This transition occurs due to the presence of third particles within the contact interface, including wear debris, foreign particles, lubricants, and added nano/microparticles in grinding fluids. Therefore, the conventional analysis of lubrication interfaces as two-body contacts in the past represents an idealized scenario, whereas the real contact situation involves three-body contact. With increasing industry demands for precision, efficiency, energy conservation, etc., studying the influence of third particles on lubrication interfaces becomes even more crucial. This research contributes to a deeper understanding of the actual operational mechanism of lubrication interfaces, thereby enhancing the performance and lifespan of mechanical systems. The study is divided into four main parts. In the first part, based on the three-body dry microcontact analysis theory, the influence of different third particle materials, particle density, and particle diameter on contact characteristics is analyzed and verified through experiments on a four-ball testing machine. The second part focuses on the analysis of the three-body lubrication contact theory and discusses the relationship between lubrication regimes and third particles. In the third part, the scraping surface is examined through wear experiments and analyzed using the three-body lubrication contact theory to explore the mechanism and evolution process underlying smoother operation, reduced power consumption, and extended lifespan of the mechanical components after scraping. Lastly, in the fourth part, the three-body dry contact theory is rederived and applied specifically to the influence of relatively softer CuO particle materials on three-body contact characteristics.
The results of the first part show that among the three 3-body contact modes (3-body surface to surface (s-s) mode, 3-body hybrid mode , and 3-body particles to surface (p-s) mode) for three different third particle materials, namely wear debris (SUJ2), environmental particles (SiO2 and Al2O3), the differences in total contact area, particle contact area ratio, and separation values are relatively small, while more significant differences are observed under the 3-body hybrid contact mode. The total contact area of the three particle materials increases with an increase in the Young's modulus, particle diameter, and particle density, while the separation values and critical loads required for the transition of contact modes exhibit an inverse trend. The frictional force from the results of the four-ball wear test and the real contact area from theoretical analysis show a positive correlation, validating the feasibility of the theory. In the second part, the results indicate that under the two-body conditions, the three-body lubrication theory yields nearly identical results compared to the conventional two-body lubrication theory, with a maximum error of approximately 2.0%. The total contact area, oil film thickness, contact mode, solid contact load, and film parameter values (both minimum, λmin, and maximum, λmax) of the three-body lubrication theory are higher than those of the ideal two-body contact in mixed lubrication, and they increase with an increase in particle diameter. The traditional range for mixed lubrication (1.0 < λ < 3.0) is too narrow to determine the mixed lubrication area under the three-body contact interface. In the third part, the results show that the surface morphology parameters (Dmean, Sa, and Sq) of the scraping surface exhibit an opposite trend to the Percentage of the Overall Profile (POP), with a running-in stage of up to 100 km. Within the rail oil range of 600-1200 km, the peak distribution of wear debris particles falls within the 300-500 nm range, with an average particle diameter of 475 nm. The analysis using the three-body lubrication contact theory confirms that the contact mode is in the 3-body s-s mode, and the lubrication regime corresponds to the low point of hydrodynamic lubrication on the Stribeck curve. Therefore, the wear debris particles are located in the valleys or oil pockets, experiencing little contact pressure, resulting in relatively low friction coefficients and wear, which aligns with the trend in surface morphology. In the fourth part, the results indicate that the newly developed theoretical formula incorporates the influence of particle elasticity, elastic-plastic and plastic deformation, as well as particle compression deformation on the separation values, making it more closely represent the actual contact characteristics of mechanical components. When the third particle is CuO, the total contact area increases with an increase in particle diameter, opposite to the trend observed in the first part for the third particle material with hardness higher than the surface material. For CuO particle material, the critical load for the transition from 3-body p-s contact mode to 3-body hybrid contact mode increases with an increase in particle diameter.
The new three-body dry contact theory and three-body lubrication theory provide a more comprehensive analytical framework compared to the two-body contact theory. By exploring the influence of the presence of third particles on mechanical component contact interfaces, a deeper understanding of the impact of these third particles on the performance and mechanisms of the contact interface can be gained. This enhanced understanding allows for a more macroscopic and realistic insight into the performance analysis, improvement, and prediction of future motion components. In summary, these advanced theories offer valuable insights into the behavior of lubrication interfaces with the presence of third particles, thereby enabling a more accurate analysis of mechanical systems' performance. Such knowledge is essential for optimizing designs, improving operational efficiency, and predicting system behavior, ultimately contributing to advancements in the field of motion components and enhancing their overall performance.

摘要...................................i
Abstract..............................iii
誌謝...................................vi
目錄...................................vii
表目錄.................................ix
圖目錄.................................x
符號說明...............................xiv
第一章、緒論.............................1
1.1前言.................................1
1.2二體接觸理論文獻回顧...................4
1.3三體乾接觸理論文獻回顧.................6
1.4三體潤滑接觸理論文獻回顧...............8
1.5鏟花技術文獻回顧......................10
1.6研究動機與論文架構....................13
第二章、理論分析.........................15
2.1前言.................................15
2.2三體乾接觸理論........................16
2.3三體潤滑理論整合分析...................19
2.4新三體乾接觸理論建立...................20
第三章、實驗方法與儀器....................24
3.1四球式磨耗試驗機......................24
3.1.1四球式磨耗試驗機實驗步驟.............26
3.2鏟花磨耗試驗機........................27
3.2.1鏟花磨耗試驗機實驗步驟...............28
3.3量測設備..............................29
3.3.1三維光學粗度儀......................29
3.3.2顆粒粒徑分析儀......................30
3.3.3奈米粒徑分析儀(Nanosight)...........30
3.3.4分析型場發掃描式電子顯微鏡( SEM / EDS)..31
3.3.5光學顯微鏡(OM)......................32
第四章、結果與討論........................34
4.1三體乾接觸理論分析與實驗驗證............34
4.2三體潤滑理論分析.......................49
4.3鏟花實驗與三體潤滑理論應用..............61
4.4新三體乾接觸理論分析...................75
4.4.1新理論與原理論分析比較...............75
4.4.2新三體接觸理論的特性分析.............80
第五章、結論與未來展望....................96
5.1 結論................................96
5.2未來展望..............................98
參考文獻................................100
附錄....................................112
Extended Abstract.......................120
簡歷.....................................126

[1]Meng, H., Ludema, K., 1995, “Wear Models and Predictive Equations: Their form and Content”, Wear, Vol.181, pp. 443-457.
[2]Petre I., 2016, “Determining the Functional and Material Properties Needed for Abrasive Wear Prediction”, Materials Science and Engineering, Vol.147, 012018.
[3]Zambrano, O.A., Muñoz, E.C., Rodríguez, S.A., Coronado, J.J., 2020, “Running-In Period for the Abrasive Wear of Austenitic Steels”, Wear, Vol. 452-453, 203298.
[4]Torrance, A.A., 2005, “Modelling Abrasive Wear”, Wear, Vol. 258(1-4), pp. 281-293
[5]Andersson, J., Larsson, R., Almqvist, A., Grahnb, M., Minami, I., 2012, “Semi-Deterministic Chemo-Mechanical Model of Boundary Lubrication”, Faraday Discuss, Vol. 156, pp. 343-360.
[6]Bosman R., Schipper D.J., 2011, “Running-In of Systems Protected by Additive-Rich Oils”, Tribology Letters, Vol. 41, pp. 263-282.
[7]Ghanbarzadeh, A., Wilson, M., Morina, A., Dowson, D., Neville, A., 2016, “Development of a New Mechano-Chemical Model in Boundary Lubrication”, Tribology International, Vol. 93, pp. 573-582.
[8]Torben, T.J., Fourati, M.A., Pape, F., Poll, G., 2020, “Energy-Based Modelling of Adhesive Wear in the Mixed Lubrication Regime”, Lubricants, Vol. 8, pp. 1-16.
[9]Czichos, H., Woydt, M., 2017, “Introduction to Tribology and Tribological Parameters”, Friction, Lubrication, and Wear Technology, ASM International, pp. 3-15.
[10]Madanhire, I., Mbohwa, C, 2016, “Mitigating Environmental Impact of Petroleum Lubricants”, ISBN:978-3-319-31357-3.
[11]Blau, P.J., 2001, “The Significance and Use of the Friction Coefficient”, Wear, Vol.34, pp. 585-591.
[12]Kenneth, C.L, 1984, “A Review of Scuffing and Running-in of Lubricated Surfaces, with Asperities and Oxides in Perspective”, Wear, Vol. 100, pp. 315-331.
[13]Hsu, S., Ying, C., Zhao, F., 2014, “The Nature of Friction: A Critical Assessmen”, Friction, Vol. 2, pp. 1-26.
[14]Kennedy, F.E., Lu, Y., Baker, I., 2015, “Contact Temperatures and Their Influence on Wear During Pin-on-Disk Tribotesting”, Tribology International, Vol. 82, Part B, pp 534-542.
[15]Feng S, Fan B, Mao J, Xie Y, 2015, “Prediction on Wear of A Spur Gearbox by On-Line Wear Debris Concentration Monitoring”, Wear, Vol. 336-337, pp. 1-8.
[16]Koulocheris, D., Stathis, A., Costopoulos, T.H., Tsantiotis, D., 2014, “Experimental Study of the Impact of Grease Particle Contaminants on Wear and Fatigue Life of Ball Bearings”, Engineering Failure Analysis, Vol. 39, pp. 164-180.
[17]Upadhyay, R.K., 2013, “Microscopic Technique to Determine Various Wear Modes of Used Engine Oil”, Engineering Failure Analysis, Vol. 1, No.3, pp. 111-114.
[18]Bowman, W.F., Stachowiak, G.W., 1996, “A Review of Scuffing Models”, Tribology Letters., Vol. 2, No.2, pp. 113-131.
[19]新豐貿易股份有限公司, “潤滑─SKF潤滑油脂、VOGEL集中潤滑系統、芬蘭SAFEMATIC造紙業潤滑系統” , https://reurl.cc/9Vkrav。
[20]Mobile 01, “輕型與重型機車綜合”, https://reurl.cc/EG0nxm。
[21]助和成精密工業有限公司, “公司簡介”, https://reurl.cc/gZAW9N。
[22]Bewise Inc., “鑽石微粉-奈米鑽石(納米金剛石)”, https://reurl.cc/Ge6mMy。
[23]Takeuchi, Y., Sakamoto, M., Yoshida, T., 1986, “The Recognition of Bearings by Means of A CCD Line Sensor and the Automation of Scraping Works”, Journal of the Japan Society for Precision Engineering, Vol. 52, pp. 2087-2092.
[24]Tsutsumi, H., Kyusojin, A., Nakamura, T., 1996, “Development of An Automatic Scraping Machine with Recognition for Bearing of Scraped Surfaces (1 st Report)-Recognition of Black Hearing by CCD Camera”, Journal-Japan Society for Precision Engineering, Vol. 62, pp. 219-223.
[25]Tsutsumi, H., Yamada, R., Kyusojin, A., Nakamura, T., 2005, “Development of An Automatic Scraping Machine with Recognition for Bearing of Scraped Surfaces (3rd Report)-Construction of Automatic Scraping Machine”, The Japan Society of Mechanical Engineers, Vol. 71, pp. 358-362.
[26]Tsutsumi, H., Yamada, R., Kyusojin, A., Nakamura, T., 2007, “Development of An Automatic Scraping Machine with Recognition for Bearing of Scraped Surfaces-construction of Automatic Scraping Machine”, In Towards Synthesis of Micro-/Nano-Systems, Springer London., pp. 355-356.
[27]周睿程，2009，“一種對於鏟花工件表面輪廓的光學量測法”，國立臺灣大學工學院機械工程學系碩士論文。
[28]江明冀，2010，“鏟花工件表面鏟花技術開發”，國立虎尾科技大學機械與機電工程研究所碩士論文。
[29]黃峻彥，2013，“搭配CMOS相機與光罩之機器視覺系統於鏟花加工面檢測之研究”，國立勤益科技大學機械工程系碩士班碩士論文。
[30]莊朝盛，2013，“機器視覺於鏟花成斑檢測之應用”，國立勤益科技大學機械工程系在職碩士班碩士論文，國立勤益科技大學機械工程系。
[31]Helouvry, A.B., Dupont, P., Wit, C.C., 1994, “A Survey of Models, Analysis Tools and Compensation Methods for the Control of Machines with Friction”, Automatica, Vol. 30, No.7, pp. 1083-1138.
[32]Gerlach, R., Scraping, 2008, “Why and How, Southern”, Califor Home Shop Machinists.
[33]Sekimizu, T., Harada, T., Tsutumi, H., Fukud, K., Kyosojin, A., 2008, “Tribology Characteristics Estimation of Slide-Way Surface Finished Property”, The Japan Society of Mechanical Engineers, Vol. 14, pp. 69-70.
[34]Wang, X., Liu, W., Zhou, F., Zhu, D., 2009, “Preliminary Investigation of the Effect of Dimple Size on Friction in Line Contacts”, Tribology International, Vol. 42, pp. 1118-1123.
[35]Ogawal, H., Sasaki, S., Korenaga, A., Miyake, K., Nakano, M., Murakami, T., 2010, “Effects of Surface Texture Size on the Tribological Properties of Slideways”, Journal of Engineering Tribology, Vol. 224, pp. 885-889.
[36]賴永樹，2012，“具斜楔油袋型紋理之滑動面摩擦特性探討”，國立中興大學機械工程研究所碩士論文。
[37]林明賢，2013，“具混和型紋理滑動面之進給系統摩擦特性探討”，國立中興大學機械工程學系碩士論文。
[38]簡煜倫，2017，“雷射咬花技術應用於鏟花件之磨潤性能特性研究”，國立臺灣大學機械工程學系研究所製造組碩士論文。
[39]亞崴機電有限公司, “『鏟花技術』機床成敗得核心關鍵”, https://reurl.cc/ZXkjjV。
[40]Greenwood, J.A., Williamson, J.B.P., 1966, “Contact of Nominal Flat Surface”, Proceedings of the Royal Society of London, Ser. A., Vol. 295, pp. 300-319.
[41]Pullen, J., Williamson, J.B.P., 1972, “On the Plastic Contact of Rough Surface”, Proceedings of the Royal Society of London, Vol. 327, pp. 157-173.
[42]Chang, W.R., Etsion, I., Bogy, D.B., 1987, “An Elastic-Plastic Model for the Contact of Rough Surface”, ASME Journal of Tribology, Vol. 110, pp. 50-56.
[43]Zhao, Y., McCool, D., Cheng, L., 2000, “An Asperity Microcontact Model Incorporating the Transition from Elastic Deformation to Fully Plastic Flow”, ASME Journal of Tribology, Vol. 122, pp. 86-93.
[44]Johnson, K.L., 1985, “Contact Mechanics”, Cambridge University Press.
[45]Abbott, E.J., Firestone, F.A., 1933, “Specifying Surface Quality-A Method Based on Accurate Measurement and Comparison”, Institution of Mechanical Engineers, Vol. 55, pp. 569.
[46]Kogut, L., Etsion, I., 2002, “Elastic-Plastic Contact Analysis of A Sphere and A Rigid Flat”, ASME Journal of Applied Mechanics, Vol. 69, No. 5, pp. 657-662.
[47]McCool, J., 1986, “Predicting Microfracture of Ceramics Via A Microcontact Model”, ASME Journal of Tribology, Vol. 108, No.3, pp. 380-386.
[48]O’Callaghan, M., Cameron, M.A., 1976, “Static Contact Under Load Between Nominally Flat Surface in Which Deformation is Purely Elastic”, Wear, Vol. 45, pp. 79-97.
[49]Hisakado, T., 1974, “Effects of Surface Roughness on Contact Between Solid Surfaces”, Wear, Vol. 28, pp. 217-234.
[50]Horng, J.H., 1998, “An Elliptic Elastic-Plastic Asperity Microcontact Model for Rough Surface”, ASME Journal of Tribology, Vol. 120, pp. 82-88.
[51]Horng, J.H., Lin, J.F., Li, K.Y., 1996, “Scuffing as Evaluated from the Viewpoint of Surface Roughness and Friction Energy”, ASME Journal of Tribology, Vol. 118, pp. 669-675.
[52]Horng, J.H., 1999, “Contact Analysis of Rough Surfaces at Transition Conditions in Sliding Line Lubrication”, Wear, Vol. 219, pp. 205-212.
[53]Pawlus, P., Zelasko, W., 2012, “The Importance of Sampling Interval for Rough Contact Mechanics”, Wear, Vol. 276-277, pp. 121-129.
[54]Beheshti, A., Khonsari, M.M., 2012 “Asperity Micro-Contact Models as Applied to the Deformation of Rough Line Contact”, Tribology International, Vol. 52, pp. 61-74.
[55]Li, L., Etsion, I., Talke, F.E., 2010, “Contact Area and Static Friction of Rough Surfaces with High Plasticity Index”, ASME Journal of Tribology, Vol. 132, pp. 669-675.
[56]Horng, J.H., Yu, C.C, Chen, Y.Y., 2023, “Effect of Third-Particle Material and Contact Mode on Tribology Contact Characteristics at Interface”, Lubricants, Vol. 11, pp. 184.
[57]Godet, M., 1984, “The Third Particle Approach: A Mechanical View of Wear”, Wear, Vol. 100, pp. 437-452.
[58]Godet, M., 1990, “Third Particles in Tribology”, Wear, Vol. 136, pp. 29-45.
[59]Heshmat, H., Godet, M., Berthier, Y., 1994, “On the Role and Mechanism of Dry Triboparticulate Lubrication”, In Proceedings of the 49th STLE Annual Meeting, Pittsburgh, PN, USA, 1-5 May.
[60]Stachowiak, G.B., Stachowiak, G.W., 2001, “The Effects of Particle Characteristics on Three-Body Abrasive Wear”, Wear, Vol. 249, pp. 201-207.
[61]Ruling, C., Shaoxian, L., 2022, “Novel Three-Body Nano-Abrasive Wear Mechanism”, Friction, Vol. 10, pp. 677-687.
[62]Popov V.L., 2018, “Is Tribology Approaching Its Golden Age? Grand Challenges in Engineering Education and Tribological Research”, Frontiers of Mechanical Engineering, Vol.4:16, pp. 1-6.
[63]Greenwood, J.A., 2020, “Metal Transfer and Wear”, Frontiers of Mechanical Engineering, Vol. 6:62, pp. 1-6.
[64]Rigney, D.A., 1992, “The Role of Characterization in Understanding Debris Generation”, Tribology Series, Vol.21, pp.405-412.
[65]Samuels, L.E., Doyle, E.D., Turley, D.M., 1981, “Sliding Wear Mechanisms”, In Fundamentals of Friction and Wear od Materials, Amer. Soc. Metals, Metals Park, Ohio, pp. 13-41.
[66]Smith, R.A., 1980, “Interfaces of Wear and Fatigue” In Fundamentals of Tribology (N.P. Suh and N.Saka, eds.), MIT Press, Cambridge, MA, pp.605- 616.
[67]Koulocheris, D., Stathis, A., Costopoulos, Th., Gyparakis, G., 2013, “Comparative Study of the Impact of Corundum Particle Contaminants Size on Wear and Fatigue Life of Grease Lubricated Ball Bearings”, Modern Mechanical Engineering, Vol. 3, No.4, pp. 161-170.
[68]Vazhappilly, C.V., Manoj Kumar, V.K., Praveen Raj, C.R., Kamalesan P., 2013, “Experimental Analysis of Vibration of Ball Bearing Considering Solid Contaminants in Lubricants”, Journal of Engineering Research and Applications, Vol. 3, pp. 1576-1580.
[69]Shan, Z.W., Adesso, G., Cabot, A., Sherburne, M.P., Syed Asif, S.A., Warren, O.L., Chrzan, D.C., Minor, A.M., Alivisatos, A.P., 2008, “Ultrahigh Stress and Strain in Hierarchically Structured Hollow Nanoparticles”, Nature Materials, Vol. 7, pp. 947-952.
[70]Zhang, N., Deng, Q.A., Hong, Y., Xiong, L.M., Li, S., Strasberg, M., Yin, W.Q., Zou, Y.J., Taylor, C.R., Sawyer, G., Chen, Y.P., 2011, “Deformation Mechanisms in Silicon Nanoparticles”, Journal of Applied Physics, Vol. 109, 063534.
[71]Deneen, J., Mook, W.M., Minor, A., Gerberich, W.W., Barry Carter, C., 2006, “In Situ Deformation of Silicon Nanospheres”, Journal of Materials Science, Vol. 41, pp. 4477-4483.
[72]Xu, T., Jiazheng, Z., Kang, X., 1996, “The Ball-Bearing Effect of Diamond Nanoparticles as An Oil Additive”, Journal of Physics D: Applied Physics, Vol. 29, No. 11, pp. 2932-2937.
[73]Zhou, J., Wu, Z., Zhang, Z., Liu, W., Xue, Q., 2000, “Tribological Behavior and Lubricating Mechanism of Cu Nanoparticles in Oil”, Tribology Letters, Vol. 8, pp. 213-218.
[74]Trezona, R.I., Allsopp, D.N., Hutchings, I.M., 1999, “Transitions Between Two-Body and Three-Body Abrasive Wear: Influence of Test Conditions in the Microscale Abrasive Wear Test”, Wear, Vol. 225-229, pp. 205-214.
[75]Adachi, K., Hutchings, I.M., 2003, “Wear-Mode Mapping for the Micro-Scale Abrasion Test”, Wear, Vol. 255, pp. 23-29.
[76]Stempfle, P., Pantale, O., Djilali, T., Njiwa, R.K., Bourrat, X., Takadoum, J., 2010, “Evaluation of the Real Contact Area in Three-Body Dry Friction by Micro-Thermal Analysis”, Tribology International, Vol. 43, pp. 1794-1805.
[77]Ghaednia, H., Jackson, R.L., 2013, “The Effect of Nanoparticles on the Real Area of Contact Friction, and Wear”, ASME Journal of Tribology, Vol. 135, 041603.
[78]Croné, P., Gudmundson, P., Faleskog, J., 2022, “Analytical Prediction of Yield Stress and Strain Hardening in A Strain Gradient Plasticity Material Reinforced by Small Elastic Particles”, International Journal of Plasticity, Vol. 151, 103200.
[79]Umeda, A., Sugimura, J., Yamamoto, Y., 1998, “Characterization of Wear Particles and Their Relations with Sliding Conditions”, Wear, Vol. 216(2), pp. 220-228.
[80]Chen, W.W., Wang, Q.J., Kim W., 2009, “Transient Thermomechanical Analysis of Sliding Electrical Contacts of Elastoplastic Bodies, Thermal Softening, and Melting Inception”, ASME Journal of Tribology, Vol. 131(2), 021406.
[81]Zhang, X., Lin, B., Xi, H., 2013, “Validation of An Analytical Model for Grinding Temperatures in Surface Grinding by Cup Wheel with Numerical and Experimental Results”, International Journal of Heat and Mass Transfer, Vol. 58, pp. 29-42.
[82]Chern, S.Y., Chen, Y.Y., Liu, W.L., Horng, J.H., 2022, “Contact Characteristics at Interface in Three-Body Contact Conditions with Rough Surfaces and Foreign Particles”, Lubricants, Vol. 10, 164.
[83]Miftakhova, A., Chen, Y.Y., Horng, J.H., 2019, “Effect of Rolling on the Friction Coefficient in Three-Body Contact”, Advances in Mechanical Engineering, Vol. 11, 1687814019872303.
[84]Singh, Y., Rahim, E.A., Singh, N.K., Sharma, A., Singla, A., Palamanit, A., 2022, “Friction and Wear Characteristics of Chemically Modified Mahua (Madhuca Indica) Oil Based Lubricant with SiO2 Nanoparticles as Additives” Wear, Vol. 508-509, 204463.
[85]Boungomba, H., Moreau, P., Sadat, T., Dubois, R., Dubar, M., Dubar, L., 2023, “Influence of Oxide Polluted Lubricants on Friction: Trapping Mechanisms”, Tribology International, Vol. 179, 108164.
[86]Horng, J.H., Yu, C.C., Chen, Y.Y., 2021, “Tribological Characteristics and Load-Sharing of Point-Contact Interface in Three-Body Mixed Lubrication”, ASME Journal of Tribology, Vol. 144, 052201.
[87]Mir, A.H., 2015, “Improved Concrete Properties Using Quarry Dust as Replacement for Natural Sand”, International Journal of Engineering Research and Development, Vol. 11, 46-52.
[88]Shruti, V. C., Peréz-Guevara, F., Elizalde-Martínez, I., Kutralam-Muniasamy, G., 2020, “First Study of Its Kind on the Microplastic Contamination of Soft Drinks, Cold Tea and Energy Drinks - Future Research and Environmental Considerations”, Science of The Total Environment, Vol. 726, pp. 138580.
[89]Celik, G., Kennedy, R., Hackler, R., Ferrandon, M., Tennakoon, A., Patnaik, S., LaPointe, A., Ammal, S., Heyden, A., Perras, F., Pruski, M., Scott, S., Poeppelmeier, K., Sadow, A., Delferro, M., 2019, “Upcycling Single-Use Polyethylene into High-Quality Liquid Products”, ACS Central Science, Vol. 5(11), pp. 1795-1803.
[90]Choi, Y., Lee, C., Hwang, Y., Park, M., Lee, J., Choi, C., Jung, M., 2009, “Tribological Behavior of Copper Nanoparticles as Additives in Oil”, Current Applied Physics, Vol. 9, e124-e127.
[91]Alves, S.M., Barros, B.S., Trajano, M.F., Ribeiro, K.S.B., Moura, E., 2013, “Tribological Behavior of Vegetable Oil-Based Lubricants with Nanoparticles of Oxides in Boundary Lubrication conditions”, Tribology International, Vol. 65, pp. 28-36.
[92]Wu, C., Xiong, R., Ni, J., Yao, L., Li, X., 2020, “Effects of CuO Nanoparticles on Friction and Vibration Behaviors of Grease on Rolling Bearing”, Tribology International, Vol. 152, 106552.
[93]Kumar, S., Kumar, R., 2023, “Tribological Characteristics of Synthesized Hybrid Nanofluid Composed of CuO and TiO2 Nanoparticle Additives”, Wear, Vol. 518-519, 204623.
[94]Johnson, K.L., Greenwood, J.A., Poon, S.Y., 1972, “A Simple Theory of Asperity Contacts in Elastohydrodynamic Lubrication”, Wear, Vol. 19(1), pp. 91-108.
[95]Liu, Z., Gangopadhyay, A., 2016, “Friction Reduction in Lubricated Rough Contacts: Numerical and Experimental Studies”, ASME Journal of Tribology, Vol. 138(2), 021506.
[96]Chen, W., Engel, P., 1972, “Impact and Contact Stress Analysis in Multilayer Media”, International Journal of Solids and Structures, Vol. 8(11), pp. 1257-1281.
[97]Nijenbanning, G., Venner, C.H., Moes, H., 1994, “Film Thickness in Elastohydrodynamically Lubricated Elliptic Contacts”, Wear, Vol. 176(2), pp. 217-229.
[98]Masjedi, M., Khonsari, M.M., 2012, “Film Thickness and Asperity Load Formulas for Line-Contact Elastohydrodynamic Lubrication With Provision for Surface Roughness”, ASME Journal of Tribology, Vol. 134(1), 011503.
[99]Masjedi, M., Khonsari, M.M., 2014, “Mixed Elastohydrodynamic Lubrication Line-Contact Formulas with Different Surface Patterns”, Proceedings of the Institution of Mechanical Engineers, Part J: Journal of Engineering Tribology, Vol. 228(8), pp. 849–859.
[100]Masjedi, M., Khonsari, M.M., 2014, “Theoretical and Experimental Investigation of Traction Coefficient in Line-Contact EHL of Rough Surfaces”, Tribology International, Vol. 70(1), pp. 179-189.
[101]Patir, N., Cheng, H.S., 1978, “An Average Flow Model for Determining Effects of Three-Dimensional Roughness on Partial Hydrodynamic Lubrication,”, ASME Journal of Lubrication Technology, Vol. 100(1), pp. 12-17.
[102]Masjedi, M., Khonsari, M.M., 2015, “On the Effect of Surface Roughness in Point-Contact EHL: Formulas for Film Thickness and Asperity Load”, Tribology International, Vol. 82(A), pp. 228-244.
[103]Dobrica, M.B., Fillon, M., Maspeyroy, P., 2006, “Mixed Elastohydrodynamic Lubrication in a Partial Journal Bearing-Comparison Between Deterministic and Stochastic Models”, ASME Journal of Tribology, Vol. 128(4), pp. 778-788.
[104]Dobrica, M.B., Fillon, M., Maspeyroy, P., 2008, “Influence of Mixed-Lubrication and Rough Elastic-Plastic Contact on the Performance of Small Fluid Film Bearings”, STLE Tribology Transactions, Vol. 51(6), pp. 699-717.
[105]Zhu, D., Wang, Q.J., 2013, “Effect of Roughness Orientation on the Elastohydrodynamic Lubrication Film Thickness”, ASME Journal of Tribology, Vol. 135(3), 031501.
[106]Azam, A., Dorgham, A., Morina, A., Neville, A., Wilson, C.T., 2019, “A Simple Deterministic Plastoelastohydrodynamic Lubrication (PEHL) Model in Mixed Lubrication”, Tribology International, Vol. 131(1), pp. 520-529.
[107]Zapletal, T., Sperka, P., Krupka, I., Hartl, M., 2020, “On the Relation Between Friction Increase and Grease Thickener Entraining on a Border of Mixed EHL Lubrication”, Lubricants, Vol. 8(2), pp. 1-11.
[108]Battez, A.H., González, R., Viesca J.L., Fernández, J.E., FernándezJ.M.D., Machado, A., Chou, R., Riba, J., 2008, “CuO, ZrO2 and ZnO Nanoparticles as Antiwear Additive in Oil Lubricants”, Wear, vol. 265(3-4), pp. 422-428.
[109]Sepyani, K., Afrand, M., Hemmat, E.M., 2017, “An Experimental Evaluation of the Effect of ZnO Nanoparticles on the Rheological Behavior of Engine Oil”, Journal of Molecular Liquids, Vol. 236, pp. 198-204.
[110]Geng, Y., Al-Rashed, A.A.A.A., Mahmoudi, B., Alsagri, A.S., Shahsavar, A., Talebizadehsardari, P., 2019, “Characterization of the Nanoparticles, the Stability Analysis and the Evaluation of a New Hybrid Nano-Oil Thermal Conductivity”, Journal of Thermal Analysis and Calorimetry, Vol. 139, pp. 1553-1564.
[111]Hemmat, E.M., Bahiraei, M., Hajmohammad, M.H., Afrand M., 2017, “Rheological Characteristics of MgO/Oil Nanolubricants: Experimental Study and Neural Network Modelling”, International Communications in Heat and Mass Transfer, Vol. 86, pp. 245-252.
[112]Ahmadi, N.A., Hemmat, E.M., Afrand M., 2017, “Evaluation of Rheological Behavior of 10W40 Lubricant Containing Hybrid Nano-Material by Measuring Dynamic Viscosity”, Physica E: Low-Dimensional Systems and Nanostructures, Vol. 92, pp. 47-54.
[113]Asadi, A., Asadi, M., Rezaniakolaei, A., Rosendahl, L.A., Afrand, M., Wongwises, S., 2018, “Heat Transfer Efficiency of Al2O3-MWCNT/Thermal Oil Hybrid Nanofluid as a Cooling Fluid in Thermal and Energy Management Applications: An Experimental and Theoretical Investigation”, International Journal of Heat and Mass Transfer, Vol. 117, pp. 474–486.
[114]Ali, I., Basheer, A.A., Kucherova, A., Memetov, N., Pasko, T., Ovchinnikov, K., Tkachev, A., 2019, “Advances in Carbon Nanomaterials as Lubricants Modifiers”, Journal of Molecular Liquids, Vol. 279, pp. 251-266.
[115]Sunqing, Q., Junxiu, D., Guoxu, C., 1999, “A Review of Ultrafine Particles as Antiwear Additives and Friction Modifiers in Lubricating Oils”, Lubrication Science, Vol. 11, pp. 217-226.
[116]Rapoport, L., Leshchinsky, V., Lvovsky, M., Lapsker, I., Volovik, Y., Feldman, Y., Popovitz-Biro, R., Tenne, R., 2003, “Superior Tribological Properties of Powder Materials with Solid Lubricant Nanoparticles”, Wear , Vol. 255, pp. 794-800.
[117]Wornyoh, E.Y.A., Jasti, V.K., Higgs, C.F., 2007, “A Review of Dry Particulate Lubrication: Powder and Granular Materials”, ASME Journal of Tribology, Vol. 129, pp. 438-449.
[118]Aghbashlo, M., Tabatabaei, M., Khalife, E., Najafi, B., Mirsalim, S.M., Gharehghani, A., Mohammadi, P., Dadak, A., Shojaei, T.R., Khounani, Z., 2017, “A Novel Emulsion Fuel Containing Aqueous Nano Cerium Oxide Additive in Diesel-Biodiesel Blends to Im-Prove Diesel Engines Performance and Reduce Exhaust Emissions: Part II-Exergetic Analysis”, Fuel, Vol. 205, pp. 262-271.
[119]Asnida, M., Hisham, S., Awang, N.W., Amirruddin, A.K., Noor, M.M., Kadirgama, K., Ramasamy, D., Najafi, G., Tarlochan, F. 2018, “Copper (II) Oxide Nanoparticles as Additve in Engine Oil to Increase the Durability of Piston-Liner Contact”, Fuel, Vol. 212, pp. 656-667.
[120]Bhaumik, S., Maggirwar, R., Datta, S., Pathak, S.D., 2018, “Analyses of Anti-Wear and Extreme Pressure Properties of Castor Oil with Zinc Oxide Nano Friction Modifiers”, Applied Surface Science, Vol. 449, pp. 277-286.
[121]Nabhan, A., Rashed, A., Ghazay, N.M., Abdo, J., Haneef, M.D., 2021 “Tribological Properties of Al2O3 Nanoparticles as Lithium Grease Additives”, Lubricants, Vol. 9, 9.
[122]Chen, H., Wu, Z., Hai, W., Liu, L., Sun, W., 2021, “Tribo-Oxidation and Tribological Behaviour of ZrB2-20%volSiC Composites Coupled with WC and Al2O3 at High Temperatures”, Wear, Vol. 464-465, 203534.
[123]Singh, Y., Singh, N.K., Sharma, A., 2021, “Effect of SiO2 Nanoparticles on the Tribological Behavior of Balanites Aegytiaca (Desert date) Oil-Based Biolubricant”, J. Bio Tribo. Corros., Vol. 7, pp. 1-6.
[124]Wang, W., Yu, M., Ma, J., Jia, Y., 2023, “Tribological Properties of Nanoparticles in the Presence of MoDTC”, Lubricants, Vol. 11, 132.
[125]Horng, J.H., Chern, S.Y., Li, C.L., Chen, Y.Y., 2017, “Surface Temperature and Wear Particle Analysis of Vertical Motion Double-Nut Ball Screws”, Industrial Lubrication and Tribology, Vol. 69, pp. 952-962.
[126]Peña-Parás, L., Gao, H., Maldonado-Cortés, D., Vellore, A., García-Pineda, P., Montemayor, O.E., Nava, K.L., Martini, M., 2018, “Effects of Substrate Surface Roughness and Nano/Micro Particle Additive Size on Friction and Wear in Lubricated Sliding”, Tribology International, Vol. 119, pp. 88-98.
[127]Kumar, N., Saini, V., Bijwe, J., 2020, “Performance Properties of Lithium Greases with PTFE Particles as Additive: Controlling Parameter- Size or Shape?”, Tribology International, Vol. 148, 106302.
[128]Ghaednia, H., Jackson, R.L., Khodadadi, J.M., 2015, “Experimental Analysis of Stable CuO Nanoparticle Enhanced Lubricants”, Journal of Experimental Nanoscience, Vol. 10, pp. 1-18.
[129]Awang, N.W., Ramasamy, D., Kadirgama, K., Najafi, G., Sidik, N.A.C., 2019, “Study on Friction and Wear of Cellulose Nanocrystal (CNC) Nanoparticle as Lubricating Additive in Engine Oil”, International Journal of Heat and Mass Transfer, Vol. 131, pp. 1196-1204.
[130]Cortes, V., Sanchez, K., Gonzalez, R., Alcoutlabi, M., Ortega, J.A., 2020, “The Performance of SiO2 and TiO2 Nanoparticles as Lubricant Additives in Sunflower Oil” Lubricants, Vol. 8, 10.
[131]Ta, T.N., Chern, S.Y., Horng, J.H., 2021, “Tribological Behavior of Ionic Liquid with Nanoparticles”, Materials, Vol. 14, 6318.
[132]Abdel-Rehim, A.A., Akl, S., Elsoudy, S., 2021, “Investigation of the Tribological Behavior of Mineral Lubricant Using Copper Oxide Nano Additives”, Lubricants, Vol. 9, 16.
[133]Kanojia, R., Singh, Y., Mishra, P., Negi, P., 2021, “SiO2 Nanoparticles Effect to the Mahua Oil for Friction and Wear Characterization”, Materials Today: Proceedings, Vol. 46, pp.10492-10495.
[134]Whitworth, J., 1858, “A Paper on Plane Metallic Surfaces or True Planes”, Miscellaneous Papers on Mechanical Subjects, Longman, Brown, Green, Longmans, and Roberts: London, UK.
[135]Hou, Y., Chen, D., Zheng, L., 1985. “Effect of Surface Topography of Scraped Machine Tool Guideways on Their Tribological Behavior”, Tribology International., Vol. 18, pp. 125-129.
[136]OKUMA white paper, 2013, “Hand Scraping Sets the Foundation for CNC Machining Accuracy and Long-Term Stability”.
[137]Greenwood, J.A., Tripp, J.H., 1970, “The Contact of Two Nominally Flat Rough Surfaces”, Proceedings of the Institution of Mechanical Engineers, Vol. 185, pp. 625-633.
[138]Shi, W., Zhang, Z., 2022, “Contact Characteristic Parameters Modeling for the Assembled Structure with Bolted Joints”, Tribology International, Vol. 165, 107272.
[139]Wu, H.W., Chen, Y.Y., Horng, J.H., “The Analysis of Three-Body Contact Temperature Under the Different Third Particle Size, Density, and Value of Friction”, Micromachines, Vol. 8, 302.
[140]Xie, H., Jiang, B., He, J., Xia, X., Pan, F., 2016, “Lubrication Performance of MoS2 and SiO2 Nanoparticles as Lubricant Additives in Magnesium Alloy-Steel Contacts”, Tribology International, Vol. 93, pp. 63-70.
[141]Horng, J.H., Jeng, Y.R., Chen, C.L., 2004, “A Model for Temperature Rise of Polishing Process Considering Effects of Polishing Pad and Abrasive”, ASME Journal of Tribology, Vol. 126, pp. 422-429.
[142]李木元，2018，“點蝕磨耗在油潤滑情況下之特徵研究”，國立虎尾科技大學動力機械工程系碩士論文，國立虎尾科技大學動力機械工程系。
[143]CPC Corporation, “CPC Circulation Oil R68”, https://reurl.cc/Rzq1XZ
[144]Umbrello, D., Hua, J., Shivpuri, R., 2004, “Hardness-Based Flow Stress and Fracture Models for Numerical Simulation of Hard Machining AISI 52100 Bearing Steel”, Materials Science and Engineering: A, Vol. 374, pp. 90-100.
[145]Jang, J.S., Bouveret, B., Suhr, J., Gibson, R.F., 2012, “Combined Numerical/Experimental Investigation of Particle Diameter and Interphase Effects on Coefficient of Thermal Expansion and Young's Modulus of SiO2/Epoxy Nanocomposites”, Polym. Composites, Vol. 33, pp.1415-1423.
[146]Abyzov, A.M., 2019, “Aluminum Oxide and Alumina Ceramics (Review). Part 1. Properties of Al2O3 and Commercial Production of Dispersed Al2O3. Refract”, Refractories and Industrial Ceramics, Vol. 60, pp. 24-32.
[147]Mobil, “Mobil Vactra Oil NO. 2 導軌及滑道油”, https://reurl.cc/Ye0olx
[148]國立成功大學, “貴儀中心”, https://reurl.cc/eDMvyQ
[149]Spikes, H.A., 2006, “Sixty Years of EHL” Lubrication Science, Vol. 18(4), pp. 265-291.
[150]Yao, B., Zhou, X., Liu, M., Yu, J., Cao, J., Wang, L., 2018, “First-Principles Calculations on Phase Transformation and Elastic Properties of CuO Under Pressure” Journal of Computational Electronics, Vol. 17, pp. 1450-1456.
[151]Liang, X.M., Xing, Y.Z., Li, L.T., Yuan, W.K., Wang, G.F., 2021, “An experimental study on the relation between friction force and real contact area” Sci. Rep., Vol. 11, pp. 20366.