臺灣博碩士論文加值系統

燃燒界限(Upper Flammability Limit, UFL, Lower Flammability Limit, LFL)是用
來評估可燃性氣體或蒸氣產生火災爆炸危害的重要參數。在實際製程中，操作條
件並非都是在常壓下進行，然而文獻上的燃燒界限資料都是在常溫常壓下所得出
的資訊；因此，若是採用文獻上的資料進行製程上的操作，很有可能導致製程產
生火災爆炸的危害。但是目前文獻上於極低壓(負壓)下的燃燒界限數據極稀少，
故本研究將探討燃燒界限於極低壓(負壓)下之壓力效應。
本研究採用 5 升球形玻璃球，該儀器符合美國材料和試驗協會(ASTM E-681)
之規範進行設計及操作。實驗物質以丙烯、丙烷作為可燃性氣體，操作條件設於
室溫，而壓力條件以 0.5atm-0.07atm 作為初始壓力，藉由不同負壓條件來探討極
低壓對燃燒界限的影響，因 ASTM E-681 規範中最低負壓條件取至 0.13atm，因
此，本研究所定義之極低壓意指 0.13atm 之下的負壓條件。
根據本研究結果發現，隨著壓力降低，燃燒界限也隨之收窄，在低於 0.1atm
的壓力條件下，收窄的情況更為顯著，而且極低壓對 UFL 的影響遠大於 LFL，與
先前文獻研究結果一致，此研究對工業製程設計與降低可燃性氣體操作之風險是
有其必要性的。

Flammability limits, include Lower Flammability Limit(LFL) and Upper
Flammability Limit(UFL), are important parameters used to evaluate the fire and
explosion hazards caused by flammable gases or vapors. In actual manufacturing
process, experiments are not always performed under atmospheric pressure in contrast
with most of the experiments referring to the literature. Experiments conducted under
normal temperature and pressure might cause a fire and explosion. However, there are
few data on flammability limits under extreme sub- atmospheric pressure referring to
literature. Thus, this study discusses how extreme sub- atmospheric pressure affects
flammability limits.
Using 5-L spherical flask, our study is designed and tested accord with the request
of the American Society for Testing and Materials (ASTM E-681). During the
experiment, propane and propylene are used as flammable gas and the temperature is
kept at room temperature. Besides, in the previous research of our laboratory, the
flammability limits narrow especially at 0.5atm, so we set the initial pressure at 0.5atm0.07atm, and discuss the effect on flammability limits under different pressure.
The result shows that the flammability limits narrow as the initial pressure
decreases. The narrowing is more obvious below 0.1atm. Furthermore, the variation of
UFL with decreasing pressure is more significant than LFL. All in all, this study shows
the necessity of industry process design and risk reduction of flammable gases
operation.

摘要 i
Abstract ii
誌謝 iii
目錄 iv
表目錄 vii
圖目錄 viii
符號說明 x
第1章 緒論 1
1-1研究背景 1
1-2研究目的 2
第2章 文獻回顧 3
2-1燃燒界限(Flammability Limits) 3
2-2輻射熱損失 4
2-3完全燃燒(Complete combustion) 4
2-4不完全燃燒(Incomplete combustion) 4
2-5燃燒界限測試標準 5
2-5-1過壓測試法 5
2-5-2火焰目視觀察法 5
2-6測定燃燒界限的影響因子 7
2-6-1反應測試容器大小 7
2-6-2點火源之能量 8
2-6-3火焰傳播方向 8
2-6-4溫度 9
2-6-5壓力 10
2-7負壓研究相關文獻 12
2-7-1 H. F. Coward,&G. W. Jones之負壓研究[4] 12
2-7-2 H.Le, Y. Liu, S. Nayak&M.S.Mannan之負壓研究[23, 24] 13
2-7-3 C. J. Coronado等人之負壓研究[25] 16
2-8燃燒界限預測模式 17
2-8-1 預測燃燒界限經驗式 17
2-8-2 H. J. Liaw[3] 18
2-8-3 H. J. Liaw&Z.H. Li [7] 35
第3章 研究材料與方法 38
3-1實驗材料 38
3-2儀器設備 38
3-3實驗步驟 46
3-4燃燒界限判定標準 47
3-5計算燃燒界限之方法 48
第4章 結果與討論 49
4-1文獻值與實驗值之比較 49
4-2使用之參數 50
4-3火焰傳播行為之探討 53
4-4負壓效應(極低壓)之影響 57
4-4-1 丙烷 57
4-4-2 丙烯 60
4-4-3 丁烯 63
4-5 重合現象 66
4-6 預測模式估算之火焰溫度值 69
4-7 計算值與實驗值之比較 77
第5章 結論 78
第6章 參考文獻 79
附錄一 82

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