臺灣博碩士論文加值系統

本研究選用了覆盆子、蔓越莓和櫻桃作為天然染料來源，提取其中的花青素來製備染料敏化太陽能電池的光敏劑。花青素的提取採用了溶劑萃取法，使用了第三丁醇、乙醇和丙酮作為溶劑，並將這些溶劑與三種不同的天然染料依等比例混合，在不同溫度下進行萃取，以獲得花青素。在此過程中，對多個參數進行了調整和測試，最終確定了最佳的萃取條件。
在光陽極的製備過程中，使用了粒徑為25nm的二氧化鈦，採用刮刀塗佈法製備薄膜。隨後，將光陽極浸泡在萃取出的花青素染料中，並在黑暗環境下浸泡6小時。對於對電極，採用了濺鍍法，在ITO基板上鍍上一層約1nm厚的白金。之後，將這個對電極與浸泡了花青素染料的光陽極基板進行封裝。封裝後的電池進行了紫外-可見光光譜（UV-VIS）、太陽光模擬器（Solar Simulator）和入射光子-電子轉換效率（IPCE）的測量分析。
此研究結果獲得，覆盆子使用第三丁醇當萃取溶劑在40°C下進行萃取所製備出來的染料敏化太陽能電池的性能最好，開路電壓(Voc)為0.53、短路電流密度(Jsc)為1.52mA/〖cm〗^2、填充因子(F.F)為69.26%、效率為0.56%。光陽極浸泡在不同溫度萃取溶劑所組裝而成的染料敏化太陽能電池性能會有所不同，當萃取溫度到達50度時，能發現染料敏化太陽能電池的各個性能都有所降低的趨勢，其原因可能是因為溫度越高會導致花青素的結構被破壞。

This study selected raspberries, cranberries, and cherries as sources of natural dyes, extracting anthocyanins from them to produce sensitizers for dye-sensitized solar cells (DSSCs). The extraction of anthocyanins was performed using solvent extraction, with tert-butanol, ethanol, and acetone as solvents. These solvents were mixed in equal proportions with the three different natural dyes and subjected to extraction at various temperatures to obtain the anthocyanins. Throughout this process, multiple parameters were adjusted and tested to determine the optimal extraction conditions.
In the preparation of the photoanode, titanium dioxide nanoparticles with a particle size of 25 nanometers were used, and a doctor blade method was employed to create the thin films. Subsequently, the photoanode was immersed in the extracted anthocyanin dyes and soaked for 6 hours in a dark environment. For the counter electrode, a sputtering method was utilized to deposit a platinum layer approximately 1 nanometer thick onto an ITO substrate. The counter electrode was then assembled with the photoanode substrate that had been soaked in the anthocyanin dyes. The assembled cell was then subjected to ultraviolet-visible (UV-VIS) spectroscopy, solar simulator testing, and incident photon-to-electron conversion efficiency (IPCE) measurements.
 
The results of this study indicated that the dye-sensitized solar cells produced using raspberries extracted with tert-butanol at 40°C demonstrated the best performance, with an open-circuit voltage (Voc) of 0.53 V, a short-circuit current density (Jsc) of 1.52 mA/cm², a fill factor (F.F) of 69.26%, and an efficiency of 0.56%. It was observed that the performance of DSSCs assembled with photoanodes soaked in solvent extracted at different temperatures varied. When the extraction temperature reached 50°C, all performance metrics of the DSSCs showed a downward trend, likely due to the degradation of anthocyanin structure at higher temperatures.

摘要...i
Abstract...ii
誌謝...iv
目錄...v
表目錄...vii
圖目錄...viii
第一章 緒論...1
1.1 前言...1
1.2 太陽能電池簡介...3
1.3 研究動機...5
第二章 文獻探討與理論...6
2.1 太陽能電池發電原理...6
2.2 太陽光譜介紹...7
2.3 太陽能電池種類...9
2.3.1 晶板矽晶類太陽能電池...10
2.3.2 薄膜太陽能電池...10
2.3.3 新概念研發(有機太陽能電池)...11
2.4染料敏化太陽能電池工作原理...12
2.5 染料敏化太陽能電池結構...14
2.5.1透明導電玻璃基板...14
2.5.2染料...15
2.5.3光陽極...15
2.5.4 電解質...16
2.5.5對電極...17
2.6花青素...18
2.7 二氧化鈦...22
第三章 實驗步驟與儀器...24
3.1 實驗設備與材料...24
3.1.1 實驗藥品...24
3.1.2 實驗設備...26
3.2染料敏化太陽能電池之製備...27
3.2.1實驗步驟介紹...27
3.2.2清洗玻璃基板...28
3.2.3製備二氧化鈦漿料...29
3.2.4光陽極的製備...29
3.2.5天然染料的製備...30
3.2.6白金對電極的製備...33
3.2.7電解液製備...33
3.2.8電池封裝...33
3.2.9染料敏化太陽能電池封裝.35..
3.3分析儀器原理與運用...37
3.3.1入射光子-電子轉換效率(Incident Photon-Electron Conversion Efficiency)...37
3.3.2紫外光/可見光吸收光譜儀器(UV-Visible)...38
3.3.3太陽光模擬器(Solar Simulator)...39
第四章 結論與討論...42
4.1染料敏化太陽能電池之二氧化鈦薄膜厚度...42
4.2不同溶劑萃取染料之吸收光譜量測...43
4.3二氧化鈦吸收光譜量測...44
4.4染料敏化太陽能電池IPCE之測量...50
4.5染料敏化太陽能電池效率量測...52
第五章 結論...58
參考文獻...59

[1]Evans,S,(2023)Renewables Will Be World's Top Electricity Source within Three Years IEA Data Reveals;
[2]蔡明機，“合成有機染料以應用於染敏太陽能電池暨鋅紫質以應用於高分子太陽能電池”，國立暨南國際大學應用化學系研究所碩士學位論文。
[3]財經知識庫，2017，“太陽能轉換效率提升”5月。
[4]承躍能源股份有限公司，2023，“太陽能板尺寸怎麼看？一次搞懂太陽能板種類、結構與規格”12月。
[5]顧鴻濤著，2008，“太陽能電池元件導論:材料、元件、製程、系統”，全威圖書有限公司。
[6]周起達，2005，“以紫質及酞花青敏化之二氧化鈦染料敏化太陽能電池研究”，國立台灣科技大學化學工程系碩士學位論文。
[7]星陽能源，2021，“太陽能發電原理”。
[8]王政凱，2007“太陽能光譜介紹”，國立陽明交通大學。
[9]勢動科技，2015，“光譜儀的光學基礎”3月。
[10]Tawfik,M.,Tonnellier,X.,&Sansom,C.(2018).Light source selection for a solar simulator for thermal applications: A review Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews,90, 802-813
[11]W. Wettling., High efficiency silicon solar cells: State of the art and trends. Solar Energy Materials and Solar Cells,38 (1995)p.487-500
[12]F.C.Marques,A.D.SoaresCortes,P.R.Mei.Solar Cells Fabricated in Upgraded Metallurgical Silicon,Obtained Through Vacuum Degassing and Czochralski Growth.Silicon,11(2019), pp.77-83
[13]Schropp, R.E. and M. Zeman, Amorphous and microcrystalline silicon solar cells: modeling, materials and device technology. Vol. 8. 1998: Springer.
[14]Noufi, R., High-efficiency CdTe and CIGS Thin-film Solar Cells. 2006: National Renewable Energy Laboratory.
[15]湯東霖，2018，“應用新型有機染料用於染料敏化太陽能電池之研究”，國立聯合大學光電工程學系碩士學位論文。
[16]陳博楷，2017，“I. 染料敏化太陽能電池無碘半固態電解質之製備 II. 氧化鋅奈米片球體應用於染料敏化太陽能電池之研究”，國立台北科技大學有機高分子研究所碩士學位論文。
[17]AnsForce，2017“染料敏化太陽能電池”10月。
[18]Kumar, D.K., et al., Functionalized metal oxide nanoparticles for efficient dye-sensitized solar cells (DSSCs): A review. Materials Science for Energy Technologies, 2020. 3: p. 472-481.
[19]Tran, Q.-P., J.-S. Fang, and T.-S. Chin, Properties of fluorine-doped SnO2 thin films by a green sol–gel method. Materials Science in Semiconductor Processing, 2015. 40: p. 664-669.
[20]Peng Liu.,et,al.,. Effect of the chemical modifications of thiophene-based N3 dyes on the performance of dye-sensitized solar cells: A density functional theory study. 2013.:p8-14
[21]Kinoshita, T., et al., Wideband dye-sensitized solar cells employing a phosphine-coordinated ruthenium sensitizer. Nature Photonics, 2013. 7(7): p. 535-539.
[22]Giribabu, L., R.K. Kanaparthi, and V. Velkannan, Molecular engineering of sensitizers for dye‐sensitized solar cell applications. The Chemical Record, 2012. 12(3): p. 306-328.
[23]Sri, M.M., M. Buraidah, and L. Teo, Effect of 1-butyl-3-methylimidazolium iodide on the performance of dye-sensitized solar cell having PEO-PVA based gel polymer electrolyte. Materials Today: Proceedings, 2017. 4(4): p. 5161-5168.
[24]Wu, J., et al., Electrolytes in dye-sensitized solar cells. Chemical reviews, 2015. 115(5): p. 2136-2173.
[25]Zhang, J., et al., Honeycomb-like porous gel polymer electrolyte membrane for lithium ion batteries with enhanced safety. Scientific reports, 2014. 4(1): p. 6007.
[26]Fischer, A., et al., Crystal formation involving 1-methylbenzimidazole in iodide/triiodide electrolytes for dye-sensitized solar cells. Solar energy materials and solar cells, 2007. 91(12): p. 1062-1065.
[27]Xu, K., Nonaqueous liquid electrolytes for lithium-based rechargeable batteries. Chemical reviews, 2004. 104(10): p. 4303-4418.
[28]Wang, Y., Recent research progress on polymer electrolytes for dye-sensitized solar cells. Solar Energy Materials and Solar Cells, 2009. 93(8): p. 1167-1175.
[29]Li, B., et al., Review of recent progress in solid-state dye-sensitized solar cells. Solar energy materials and solar cells, 2006. 90(5): p. 549-573.
[30]Mozaffari, S., M.R. Nateghi, and M.B. Zarandi, An overview of the Challenges in the commercialization of dye sensitized solar cells. Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews, 2017. 71: p. 675-686.
[31]Narayan, M.R., Dye sensitized solar cells based on natural photosensitizers. Renewable and sustainable energy reviews, 2012. 16(1): p. 208-215.
[32]Ludin, N.A., et al., Review on the development of natural dye photosensitizer for dye-sensitized solar cells. Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews, 2014. 31: p. 386-396.
[33]Hao, S., et al., Natural dyes as photosensitizers for dye-sensitized solar cell. Solar energy, 2006. 80(2): p. 209-214.
[34]Omar, A., M.S. Ali, and N. Abd Rahim, Electron transport properties analysis of titanium dioxide dye-sensitized solar cells (TiO2-DSSCs) based natural dyes using electrochemical impedance spectroscopy concept: A review. Solar Energy, 2020. 207: p. 1088-1121.
[35]Kumara, N., et al., Efficiency enhancement of Ixora floral dye sensitized solar cell by diminishing the pigments interactions. Solar Energy, 2015. 117: p. 36-45.
[36]Wongcharee, K., V. Meeyoo, and S. Chavadej, Dye-sensitized solar cell using natural dyes extracted from rosella and blue pea flowers. Solar Energy Materials and Solar Cells, 2007. 91(7): p. 566-571.
[37]Hanaor, D.A. and C.C. Sorrell, Review of the anatase to rutile phase transformation. Journal of Materials science, 2011. 46: p. 855-874.
[38]Mi, Y. and Y. Weng, Band alignment and controllable electron migration between rutile and anatase TiO2. Scientific reports, 2015. 5(1): p. 11482.
[39]Barbé, C.J., et al., Nanocrystalline titanium oxide electrodes for photovoltaic applications. Journal of the American Ceramic Society, 1997. 80(12): p. 3157-3171.
[40]Beltran, A., L. Gracia, and J. Andres, Density functional theory study of the brookite surfaces and phase transitions between natural titania polymorphs. The Journal of Physical Chemistry B, 2006. 110(46): p. 23417-23423.
[41]Lu, H., et al., Synthesis of metal Bi loaded brookite/anatase TiO2 heterophase junction and its improved photocatalytic performance. Optical Materials, 2024. 152: p. 115520.
[42]Kumari, J., et al., The effect of TiO2 photo anode film thickness on photovoltaic properties of dye-sensitized solar cells. Ceylon Journal of Science, 2016. 45(1).
[43]Najihah, M., I. Noor, and T. Winie, Long-run performance of dye-sensitized solar cell using natural dye extracted from Costus woodsonii leaves. Optical Materials, 2022. 123: p. 111915.
[44]Baglio, V., et al., Influence of TiO2 film thickness on the electrochemical behaviour of dye-sensitized solar cells. International Journal of electrochemical science, 2011. 6(8): p. 3375-3384.
[45]Fincan, M., F. DeVito, and P. Dejmek, Pulsed electric field treatment for solid–liquid extraction of red beetroot pigment. Journal of food engineering, 2004. 64(3): p. 381-388.
[46]Ahliha, A., et al. Optical properties of anthocyanin dyes on TiO2 as photosensitizers for application of dye-sensitized solar cell (DSSC). in IOP Conference Series: Materials Science and Engineering. 2018. IOP Publishing.
[47]Joly, D., et al., A robust organic dye for dye sensitized solar cells based on iodine/iodide electrolytes combining high efficiency and outstanding stability. Scientific reports, 2014. 4(1): p. 4033.
[48]Ma, W., Y. Jiao, and S. Meng, Modeling charge recombination in dye-sensitized solar cells using first-principles electron dynamics: effects of structural modification. Physical Chemistry Chemical Physics, 2013. 15(40): p. 17187-17194.
[49]Lee, J.W., et al., Influence of polar solvents on photovoltaic performance of Monascus red dye-sensitized solar cell. Spectrochimica Acta Part A: Molecular and Biomolecular Spectroscopy, 2014. 126: p. 76-80.
[50]Wang, Y., et al., Influence of 4-tert-butylpyridine/guanidinium thiocyanate co-additives on band edge shift and recombination of dye-sensitized solar cells: experimental and theoretical aspects. Electrochimica Acta, 2015. 185: p. 69-75.