臺灣博碩士論文加值系統

研究背景：因新冠疫情的爆發，使第一線護理人員在工作環境面臨極大挑戰，導致人員倍感壓力，引發高度職業倦怠感，造成護理人力大量流失，如何降低臨床護理人員的職業倦怠，是醫療體系應著重的議題。
研究目的：探討新冠疫情下護理人員的職業倦怠程度以及基本屬性資料、工作壓力、復原力、社會支持與職業倦怠之相關性。
研究方法：本研究為橫斷式相關性研究設計，以北部某區域醫院120位護理人員為研究對象，收案期間為2023年4月至7月，研究工具包括個人基本屬性資料表、新冠病毒壓力量表、復原力量表、社會資本量表及職業倦怠量表。研究資料以SPSS中文版軟體進行統計分析，包含描述性及推論性統計。
研究結果：護理人員職業倦怠程度在情緒耗竭構面得分顯示處為高度職業倦怠程度(M=36.91, SD=4.83)；在個人成就感構面處於低度職業倦怠程度 (M=35.47, SD=6.44)；在去人性化構面得分，則顯示處於中度職業倦怠程度(M=7.69, SD=5.49)。護理人員之年齡、年資、婚姻、職級與照顧COVID確診者經驗對職業倦怠之情緒耗竭及個人成就感兩構面有顯著影響性。職業倦怠之情緒耗竭構面與復原力(r=-.33；p<0.001)及社會資本總分(r=-.31；p<0.001)呈負相關；職業倦怠之去人性化構面與工作壓力總分(r=.24；p<0.01)呈正相關、與復原力(r=-.20；p<0.05)及社會資本中的社會主動性(r=-.26；p<0.01)呈負相關；職業倦怠之個人成就感構面與復原力(r=.44；p<0.001)及社會資本總分(r=.31；p<0.001)呈正相關。在護理人員之職業倦怠預測因子結果部分，結果顯示「婚姻」與「復原力」能顯著預測職業倦怠之情緒耗竭構面；「照顧COVID確診者經驗」與「復原力」能顯著預測職業倦怠之個人成就感構面，解釋力分別為49.7%與45.6%，而「工作壓力」與「復原力」則能顯著預測職業倦怠之去人性化構面，解釋力僅有17.5%。
結論：護理人員在新冠疫情下感受到中至高程度的職業倦怠感受，復原力是影響護理人員產生職業倦怠感受的保護性因子，透過本研究之結果，能提供臨床管理者瞭解護理人員的職業倦怠程度與相關因素，以利後續規劃緩解護理人員職業倦怠感知政策依據。

Background: The COVID-19 pandemic has significantly impacted frontline nursing staff, creating immense challenges in their work environment. The heightened stress levels and professional burnout have led to a substantial loss of nursing personnel. Addressing the occupational burnout of clinical nursing staff is critical for the healthcare system.
Objective: The study aims to explore the level of professional burnout among nursing staff during the COVID-19 pandemic. Additionally, it also to exam the associations among demographic data, work stress, resilience, social capital, and professional burnout.
Methods: A cross-sectional correlational study was conducted with 120 nursing staff members at a regional hospital in Northern Taiwan between April and July 2023. The measurements included a personal demographic questionnaire, a COVID stress scale, a brief resilience scale, a social capital questionnaire, and the MBI-HSS Chinese version. The data were analyzed using SPSS software, which included both descriptive and inferential statistics.
Results: Among nursing staff, the level of professional burnout was notably high in the emotional exhaustion dimension (M=36.91, SD=4.83), relatively low in personal accomplishment (M=35.47, SD=6.44), and moderately experienced in depersonalization (M=7.69, SD=5.49). Factors such as age, years of service, marital status, job level, and experience in caring for COVID-19 patients significantly influenced emotional exhaustion and personal accomplishment. A negative correlation was observed between emotional exhaustion and both resilience (r=-.33; p<0.001) and total social capital (r=-.31; p<0.001). Depersonalization exhibited a positive correlation with work stress (r=.24; p<0.01), a negative correlation with resilience (r=-.20; p<0.05), and a negative correlation with social capital (r=-.26; p<0.01). Personal accomplishment demonstrated positive correlations with resilience (r=.44; p<0.001) and social capital (r=.31; p<0.001). In identifying factors contributing to professional burnout among nursing staff, it was found that "marital status" and "resilience" served as significant predictors for emotional exhaustion, explaining 49.7% of the variance. Similarly, "experience in caring for COVID-19 patients" and "resilience" emerged as predictors for personal accomplishment, explaining 45.6% of the variance. "Work stress" and "resilience" were significant predictors of depersonalization, with an explanatory power of only 17.5%.
Conclusion: The study revealed that nursing staff encountered moderate to high levels of professional burnout during the COVID-19 pandemic. Resilience emerged as a protective factor, influencing the occurrence of professional burnout among nursing staff. The findings of this study can provide clinical managers with an understanding of the levels and factors related to professional burnout among nursing staff, facilitating the planning of policies to alleviate their perception of professional burnout.

中文摘要..............................................................Ⅰ
ABSTRACT..............................................................Ⅱ
目錄..................................................................Ⅳ
表目錄................................................................Ⅶ
圖目錄................................................................Ⅷ
第一章 緒論.............................................................1
第一節 研究動機與重要性...................................................1
第二節 研究目的 .........................................................2
第三節 研究問題 .........................................................3
第四節 研究假設 .........................................................3
第二章 文獻探討 .........................................................4
第一節 職業倦怠 .........................................................4
第二節 新冠疫情下的工作壓力與職業倦怠 .......................................5
第三節 復原力與職業倦怠....................................................6
第四節 社會資本與職業倦怠 .................................................8
第三章 研究方法 .........................................................10
第一節 研究設計 .........................................................10
第二節 研究架構 .........................................................10
第三節 研究對象及場所 ....................................................10
第四節 研究工具 .........................................................11
第五節 研究步驟 .........................................................12
第六節 研究倫理 .........................................................13
第七節 資料處理與分析 ....................................................13
第四章 研究結果 .........................................................14
第一節 研究個案基本屬性資料 ...............................................14
第二節 新冠疫情下護理人員的職業倦怠程度 .....................................15
第三節 護理人員基本屬性資料對職業倦怠之影響 ..................................16
第四節 新冠疫情下護理人員的工作壓力與職業倦怠之相關性 .........................17
第五節 新冠疫情下護理人員的復原力與職業倦怠之相關性 ...........................18
第六節 新冠疫情下護理人員的社會資本與職業倦怠之相關性 .........................18
第七節 護理人員職業倦怠之預測因子 .........................................19
第五章 討論 ............................................................21
第一節 新冠疫情下護理人員的職業倦怠程度 ....................................21
第二節 護理人員基本屬性資料對職業倦怠之影響 .................................21
第三節 新冠疫情下護理人員的工作壓力與職業倦怠之相關性 .........................22
第四節 新冠疫情下護理人員的復原力與職業倦怠之相關性 ..........................23
第五節 新冠疫情下護理人員的社會資本與職業倦怠之相關性 .........................23
第六節 護理人員職業倦怠之預測因子 ..........................................24
第六章 結論與建議 .......................................................26
第一節 結論 ............................................................26
第二節 研究限制 .........................................................26
第三節 研究結果應用 ......................................................26
參考文獻 ...............................................................28
中文部分 ...............................................................28
西文部分 ...............................................................28
附錄 ..................................................................46
附錄一 IRB通過證明 .....................................................46
附錄二 MBI-HSS中文版量表 問卷使用之作者同意書 ..............................53
附錄三 Brief Resilience Scale 問卷使用之作者同意書 .......................55
附錄四 Social Capital Questionnaire 問卷使用之作者同意書 .................57
附錄五 問卷 ............................................................58

表目錄
表4-1-1護理人員基本屬性資料分析 ............................................14
表4-2-1護理人員職業倦怠總分與次量表得分情形 ..................................15
表4-3-1護理人員基本屬性資料對職業倦怠之影響性分析 .............................17
表4-4-1工作壓力變項與職業倦怠各構面之相關分析表 ...............................18
表4-5-1復原力變項與職業倦怠各構面之相關分析表 .................................18
表4-6-1社會資本變項與職業倦怠各構面之相關分析表 ...............................19
表4-7-1預測影響研究變項對職業倦怠之線性迴歸分析 ...............................20

圖目錄
圖3-2 研究架構概念圖 .......................................................10

中華民國護理師護士公會全國聯合會（2022，9月1日）。https://www.nurse.org.tw/publicUI/H/H10201.aspx?arg=8DA8F42F74F8A24077
林美妤（2022）・原住民宗教信仰、社會參與對復原力影響研究・﹝碩士論文。環球科技大學﹞臺灣博碩士論文知識加值系統。 https://hdl.handle.net/11296/vwa95x
曾筱媛（2022）・醫療機構護理人員離職及相關因素：全國性多年期資料研究・﹝碩士論文。中國醫藥大學﹞臺灣博碩士論文知識加值系統。 https://hdl.handle.net/11296/mxbgn6
葉宥萱（2022）・情緒復原力工作坊對一般大學生社交焦慮之效果研究・﹝碩士論文。輔仁大學﹞臺灣博碩士論文知識加值系統。 https://hdl.handle.net/11296/sxvr2s
Afshari, D., Nourollahi-Darabad, M., & Chinisaz, N. (2021). Demographic predictors of resilience among nurses during the COVID-19 pandemic. Work: A Journal of Prevention, Assessment & Rehabilitation, 68(2), 297-303. https://doi.org/10.3233/wor-203376
Arnetz, J. E., Goetz, C. M., Arnetz, B. B., & Arble, E. (2020). Nurse reports of stressful situations during the COVID-19 pandemic: qualitative analysis of survey responses. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health, 17(21). https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph17218126
Azemi, S., Dianat, I., Abdollahzade, F., Bazazan, A., & Afshari, D. (2022). Work-related stress, self-efficacy and mental health of hospital nurses. Work: A Journal of Prevention, Assessment & Rehabilitation, 72(3), 1007-1014. https://doi.org/10.3233/wor-210264
Azoulay, E., De Waele, J., Ferrer, R., Staudinger, T., Borkowska, M., Povoa, P., Iliopoulou, K., Artigas, A., Schaller, S. J., Hari, M. S., Pellegrini, M., Darmon, M., Kesecioglu, J., Cecconi, M., & ESICM (2020). Symptoms of burnout in intensive care unit specialists facing the COVID-19 outbreak. Annals of Intensive Care, 10(1), 110. https://doi.org/10.1186/s13613-020-00722-3
Bae, S. R., Hong, H. J., Chang, J. J., & Shin, S. H. (2021). The association between korean clinical nurses' workplace bullying, positive psychological capital, and social support on burnout. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health, 18(21). https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph182111583
Balay-Odao, E. M., Alquwez, N., Inocian, E. P., & Alotaibi, R. S. (2020). Hospital preparedness, resilience, and psychological burden among clinical nurses in addressing the COVID-19 crisis in riyadh, saudi arabia. Frontiers in Public Health, 8, 573932. https://doi.org/10.3389/fpubh.2020.573932
Barello, S., Palamenghi, L., & Graffigna, G. (2020). Burnout and somatic symptoms among frontline healthcare professionals at the peak of the Italian COVID-19 pandemic. Psychiatry Research, 290, 113129. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.psychres.2020.113129
Baskin, R. G., & Bartlett, R. (2021). Healthcare worker resilience during the COVID-19 pandemic: An integrative review. Journal of Nursing Management, 29(8), 2329-2342. https://doi.org/10.1111/jonm.13395
Belay, A. S., Guangul, M. M., Asmare, W. N., Bogale, S. K., & Manaye, G. A. (2021). Prevalence and associated factors of burnout syndrome among nurses in public hospitals, southwest Ethiopia. Ethiopian Journal of Health Sciences, 31(3), 543-552. https://doi.org/10.4314/ejhs.v31i3.11
Bellanti, F., Lo Buglio, A., Capuano, E., Dobrakowski, M., Kasperczyk, A., Kasperczyk, S., Ventriglio, A., & Vendemiale, G. (2021). Factors related to nurses' burnout during the first wave of coronavirus disease-19 in a university hospital in Italy. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health, 18(10). https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph18105051
Bennett, P., Noble, S., Johnston, S., Jones, D., & Hunter, R. (2020). COVID-19 confessions: a qualitative exploration of healthcare workers experiences of working with COVID-19. BMJ Open, 10(12), e043949. https://doi.org/10.1136/bmjopen-2020-043949
Bourdieu, P. (2011). The forms of capital.(1986). Cultural theory: An anthology, 1, 81-93.
Chen, R., Sun, C., Chen, J. J., Jen, H. J., Kang, X. L., Kao, C. C., & Chou, K. R. (2021). A large-scale survey on trauma, burnout, and posttraumatic growth among nurses during the COVID-19 pandemic. International Journal of Mental Health Nursing, 30(1), 102-116. https://doi.org/10.1111/inm.12796
Chen, X., Wang, P., Wegner, R., Gong, J., Fang, X., & Kaljee, L. (2015). Measuring social capital investment: scale development and examination of links to social capital and perceived stress. Social Indicators Research, 120(3), 669-687. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11205-014-0611-0
Chen, Y. C., Guo, Y. L., Chin, W. S., Cheng, N. Y., Ho, J. J., & Shiao, J. S. (2019). Patient-nurse ratio is related to nurses' intention to leave their job through mediating factors of burnout and job dissatisfaction. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health, 16(23). https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph16234801
Cheong, H. S., Kwon, K. T., Hwang, S., Kim, S. W., Chang, H. H., Park, S. Y., Kim, B., Lee, S., Park, J., Heo, S. T., Oh, W. S., Kim, Y., Park, K. H., Kang, C. K., Oh, N., Lim, S. J., Yun, S., & Son, J. W. (2022). Workload of healthcare workers during the COVID-19 outbreak in Korea: A nationwide survey. Journal of Korean Medical Science, 37(6), e49. https://doi.org/10.3346/jkms.2022.37.e49
Cunill, M., Aymerich, M., Serdà, B.-C., & Patiño-Masó, J. (2020). The impact of COVID-19 on spanish health professionals: A description of physical and psychological effects. International Journal of Mental Health Promotion, 22(3), 185--198. http://www.techscience.com/IJMHP/v22n3/39834
D'Emeh W, M., Yacoub, M. I., & Shahwan, B. S. (2021). Work-related stress and anxiety among frontline nurses during the COVID-19 pandemic: A cross-sectional study. Journal of Psychosocial Nursing and Mental Health Services, 59(8), 31-42. https://doi.org/10.3928/02793695-20210322-02
Dall'Ora, C., Ball, J., Reinius, M., & Griffiths, P. (2020). Burnout in nursing: a theoretical review. Human Resources for Health, 18(1), 41. https://doi.org/10.1186/s12960-020-00469-9
Danet Danet, A. (2021). Psychological impact of COVID-19 pandemic in Western frontline healthcare professionals. A systematic review. Medicina Clínica, 156(9), 449-458. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.medcle.2020.11.003
De Pinho, L. G., Sampaio, F., Sequeira, C., Teixeira, L., Fonseca, C., & Lopes, M. J. (2021). Portuguese nurses' stress, anxiety, and depression reduction strategies during the COVID-19 outbreak. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health, 18(7). https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph18073490
Edelwich, J., & Brodsky, A. (1980). Burn-out: Stages of disillusionment in the helping professions (Vol. 1). Human Sciences Press New York. https://www.ojp.gov/ncjrs/virtual-library/abstracts/burn-out-stages-disillusionment-helping-professions
Elhadi, M., Msherghi, A., Elgzairi, M., Alhashimi, A., Bouhuwaish, A., Biala, M., Abuelmeda, S., Khel, S., Khaled, A., Alsoufi, A., Elmabrouk, A., Alshiteewi, F. B., Hamed, T. B., Alhadi, B., Alhaddad, S., Elhadi, A., & Zaid, A. (2020). Burnout syndrome among hospital healthcare workers during the COVID-19 pandemic and civil war: A cross-sectional study. Frontiers in Psychiatry, 11, 579563. https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyt.2020.579563
Fawaz, M., & Samaha, A. (2020). The psychosocial effects of being quarantined following exposure to COVID-19: A qualitative study of lebanese health care workers. The International Journal of Social Psychiatry, 66(6), 560-565. https://doi.org/10.1177/0020764020932202
Freudenberger, H. J. (1974). Staff burn‐out. Journal of Social Issues, 30(1), 159-165. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1540-4560.1974.tb00706.x
Gächter, M., Savage, D. A., & Torgler, B. (2011). The relationship between stress, strain and social capital. Policing: An International Journal of Police Strategies & Management. https://doi.org/10.1108/13639511111157546
Galanis, P., Vraka, I., Fragkou, D., Bilali, A., & Kaitelidou, D. (2021). Nurses' burnout and associated risk factors during the COVID-19 pandemic: A systematic review and meta-analysis. Journal of Advanced Nursing, 77(8), 3286-3302. https://doi.org/10.1111/jan.14839
Galehdar, N., Kamran, A., Toulabi, T., & Heydari, H. (2020). Exploring nurses' experiences of psychological distress during care of patients with COVID-19: A qualitative study. BMC Psychiatry, 20(1), 489. https://doi.org/10.1186/s12888-020-02898-1
George, C. E., Inbaraj, L. R., Rajukutty, S., & de Witte, L. P. (2020). Challenges, experience and coping of health professionals in delivering healthcare in an urban slum in India during the first 40 days of COVID-19 crisis: A mixed method study. BMJ Open, 10(11), e042171. https://doi.org/10.1136/bmjopen-2020-042171
Gonzales, J. (2003). Cesar chavez: A case study of a resilient child's adaptation into adulthood. https://eric.ed.gov/?id=ED478347
Hajebi, A., Abbasinejad, M., Zafar, M., Hajebi, A., & Taremian, F. (2022). Mental health, burnout, and job stressors among healthcare workers during the COVID-19 pandemic in Iran: A cross-sectional survey. Frontiers in Psychiatry, 13, 891430. https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyt.2022.891430
Hall, L. H., Johnson, J., Watt, I., Tsipa, A., & O'Connor, D. B. (2016). Healthcare staff wellbeing, burnout, and patient safety: A systematic review. Plos One, 11(7), e0159015. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0159015
Hanifan, L. (1916). The rural community school center. The Annals of The American Academy of Political and Social Science, 67, 130-138. https://www.jstor.org/stable/1013498
Hetzel-Riggin, M. D., Swords, B. A., Tuang, H. L., Deck, J. M., & Spurgeon, N. S. (2020). Work engagement and resiliency impact the relationship between nursing stress and burnout. Psychological Reports, 123(5), 1835-1853. https://doi.org/10.1177/0033294119876076
Hofmeyer, A., & Marck, P. B. (2008). Building social capital in healthcare organizations: thinking ecologically for safer care. Nursing Outlook, 56(4), 145. e141-145. e149.
Hsu, C. P., Chang, C. W., Huang, H. C., & Chiang, C. Y. (2011). The relationships among social capital, organisational commitment and customer‐oriented prosocial behaviour of hospital nurses. Journal of Clinical Nursing, 20(9‐10), 1383-1392.
Hu, D., Kong, Y., Li, W., Han, Q., Zhang, X., Zhu, L. X., Wan, S. W., Liu, Z., Shen, Q., Yang, J., He, H. G., & Zhu, J. (2020). Frontline nurses' burnout, anxiety, depression, and fear statuses and their associated factors during the COVID-19 outbreak in Wuhan, China: A large-scale cross-sectional study. eClinicalMedicine, 24, 100424. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.eclinm.2020.100424
Huang, L., Wang, Y., Liu, J., Ye, P., Cheng, B., Xu, H., Qu, H., & Ning, G. (2020). Factors associated with resilience among medical staff in radiology departments during the outbreak of 2019 novel coronavirus disease (COVID-19): A cross-sectional study. Medical Science Monitor: International Medical Journal of Experimental and Clinical Research, 26, e925669. https://doi.org/10.12659/msm.925669
Huo, L., Zhou, Y., Li, S., Ning, Y., Zeng, L., Liu, Z., Qian, W., Yang, J., Zhou, X., Liu, T., & Zhang, X. Y. (2021). Burnout and its relationship with depressive symptoms in medical staff during the COVID-19 epidemic in China. Frontiers in Psychology, 12, 616369. https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2021.616369
Jalili, M., Niroomand, M., Hadavand, F., Zeinali, K., & Fotouhi, A. (2021). Burnout among healthcare professionals during COVID-19 pandemic: A cross-sectional study. International Archives of Occupational and Environmental Health, 94(6), 1345-1352. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00420-021-01695-x
Jamebozorgi, M. H., Karamoozian, A., Bardsiri, T. I., & Sheikhbardsiri, H. (2022). Nurses burnout, resilience, and its association with socio-demographic factors during COVID-19 pandemic. Frontiers in Psychiatry, 12, 803506. https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyt.2021.803506
Janssens, H., Braeckman, L., Vlerick, P., Van de Ven, B., De Clercq, B., & Clays, E. (2018). The relation between social capital and burnout: A longitudinal study. International Archives of Occupational and Environmental Health, 91(8), 1001-1009. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00420-018-1341-4
Jihn, C. H., Kim, B., & Kim, K. S. (2021). Predictors of burnout in hospital health workers during the COVID-19 outbreak in South Korea. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health, 18(21), 11720. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph182111720
Jiménez-Fernández, R., Corral-Liria, I., Trevissón-Redondo, B., Lopez-Lopez, D., Losa-Iglesias, M., & Becerro-de-Bengoa-Vallejo, R. (2022). Burnout, resilience and psychological flexibility in frontline nurses during the acute phase of the COVID-19 pandemic (2020) in Madrid, Spain. Journal of Nursing Management, 30(7), 2549–2556. https://doi.org/10.1111/jonm.13778
Jose, S., Dhandapani, M., & Cyriac, M. C. (2020). Burnout and resilience among frontline nurses during COVID-19 pandemic: A cross-sectional study in the emergency department of a tertiary care center, north India. Indian Journal of Critical Care Medicine: Peer-Reviewed, Official Publication of Indian Society of Critical Care Medicine, 24(11), 1081-1088. https://doi.org/10.5005/jp-journals-10071-23667
Kelly, L. A., Gee, P. M., & Butler, R. J. (2021). Impact of nurse burnout on organizational and position turnover. Nursing Outlook, 69(1), 96-102. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.outlook.2020.06.008
Khamisa, N., Oldenburg, B., Peltzer, K., & Ilic, D. (2015). Work related stress, burnout, job satisfaction and general health of nurses. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health, 12(1), 652-666. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph120100652
Kida, R., Togari, T., Yumoto, Y., & Ogata, Y. (2021). The association between workplace social capital and authentic leadership, structural empowerment and forms of communication as antecedent factors in hospital nurses: A cross-sectional multilevel approach. Journal of Nursing Management, 29(3), 508-517. https://doi.org/10.1111/jonm.13174
Kim, S. C., Quiban, C., Sloan, C., & Montejano, A. (2021). Predictors of poor mental health among nurses during COVID-19 pandemic. Nursing Open, 8(2), 900-907. https://doi.org/10.1002/nop2.697
Kim, S. C., Rankin, L., & Ferguson, J. (2022). Nurses' mental health from early COVID-19 pandemic to vaccination. Journal of Nursing Scholarship: An Official Publication of Sigma Theta Tau International Honor Society of Nursing / Sigma Theta Tau, 54(4), 485–492. https://doi.org/10.1111/jnu.12760
Kowalski, C., & Ernstmann, N. (2012). Commentary on Van Bogaert P Commentary on Kowalski C, Ommen O, Driller E, Ernstmann N, Wirtz M, Koehler T & Pfaff H (2010) Burnout in nurses - the relationship between social capital in hospitals and emotional exhaustion. Journal of Clinical Nursing 19, 1654-1663. Journal of Clinical Nursing20, 913-914. Journal of Clinical Nursing, 21(9-10), 1490–1491. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2702.2011.04051.x
Labrague, L. J., & De Los Santos, J. A. A. (2020). COVID-19 anxiety among front-line nurses: Predictive role of organisational support, personal resilience and social support. Journal of Nursing Management, 28(7), 1653-1661. https://doi.org/10.1111/jonm.13121
Labrague, L. J., & de Los Santos, J. A. A. (2021). Resilience as a mediator between compassion fatigue, nurses' work outcomes, and quality of care during the COVID-19 pandemic. Applied Nursing Research: ANR, 61, 151476. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.apnr.2021.151476
Lasater, K. B., Aiken, L. H., Sloane, D. M., French, R., Martin, B., Reneau, K., Alexander, M., & McHugh, M. D. (2021). Chronic hospital nurse understaffing meets COVID-19: An observational study. BMJ Quality & Safety, 30(8), 639-647. https://doi.org/10.1136/bmjqs-2020-011512
Lee, H.-F., & Yen, M.-F. (2017). Nurse burnout in Taiwan. Journal of Nursing and Women's Health, 2(1), 1-5.
Lee, H. F., Chien, T. W., & Yen, M. (2013). Examining factor structure of Maslach burnout inventory among nurses in Taiwan. Journal of Nursing Management, 21(4), 648-656. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2834.2012.01427.x
Lee, N., & Lee, H. J. (2020). South Korean nurses' experiences with patient care at a COVID-19-designated hospital: growth after the frontline battle against an infectious disease pandemic. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health, 17(23). https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph17239015
Lin, H., Li, Z., & Yan, M. (2022). Burn-out, emotional labour and psychological resilience among gastroenterology nurses during COVID-19: A cross-sectional study. BMJ Open, 12(12), e064909. https://doi.org/10.1136/bmjopen-2022-064909
Liu, Q., Luo, D., Haase, J. E., Guo, Q., Wang, X. Q., Liu, S., Xia, L., Liu, Z., Yang, J., & Yang, B. X. (2020). The experiences of health-care providers during the COVID-19 crisis in China: A qualitative study. The Lancet. Global Health, 8(6), e790–e798. https://doi.org/10.1016/S2214-109X(20)30204-7
Liu, Y., Aungsuroch, Y., Gunawan, J., & Zeng, D. (2021). Job stress, psychological capital, perceived social support, and occupational burnout among hospital nurses. Journal of Nursing Scholarship: An Official Publication of Sigma Theta Tau International Honor Society of Nursing / Sigma Theta Tau, 53(4), 511-518. https://doi.org/10.1111/jnu.12642
Lluch, C., Galiana, L., Doménech, P., & Sansó, N. (2022). The impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on burnout, compassion fatigue, and compassion satisfaction in healthcare personnel: A systematic review of the literature published during the first year of the pandemic. Healthcare (Basel, Switzerland), 10(2), 364. https://doi.org/10.3390/healthcare10020364
Lou, N. M., Montreuil, T., Feldman, L. S., Fried, G. M., Lavoie-Tremblay, M., Bhanji, F., Kennedy, H., Kaneva, P., & Harley, J. M. (2022). Nurses' and physicians' distress, burnout, and coping strategies during COVID-19: stress and impact on perceived performance and intentions to quit. The Journal of Continuing Education in The Health Professions, 42(1), e44-e52. https://doi.org/10.1097/ceh.0000000000000365
Lourdes, L. M., Beatriz, T. V., & Jesús, M. G. (2022). Predictors of burnout in female nurses during the COVID-19 pandemic. International Journal of Nursing Practice, 28(5), e13084. https://doi.org/10.1111/ijn.13084
Luthans, F., & Youssef, C. M. (2004). Human, social, and now positive psychological capital management: Investing in people for competitive advantage. Organizational Dynamics, 33(2), 143–160. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.orgdyn.2004.01.003
Luthar, S. S., & Cicchetti, D. (2000). The construct of resilience: implications for interventions and social policies. Development and Psychopathology, 12(4), 857-885. https://doi.org/10.1017/s0954579400004156
Luthar, S. S., Cicchetti, D., & Becker, B. (2000). The construct of resilience: a critical evaluation and guidelines for future work. Child Development, 71(3), 543-562. https://doi.org/10.1111/1467-8624.00164
Manzano García, G., & Ayala Calvo, J. C. (2021). The threat of COVID-19 and its influence on nursing staff burnout. Journal of Advanced Nursing, 77(2), 832-844. https://doi.org/10.1111/jan.14642
Marzo, R. R., ElSherif, M., Abdullah, M., Thew, H. Z., Chong, C., Soh, S. Y., Siau, C. S., Chauhan, S., & Lin, Y. (2022). Demographic and work-related factors associated with burnout, resilience, and quality of life among healthcare workers during the COVID-19 pandemic: A cross sectional study from Malaysia. Frontiers in Public Health, 10, 1021495. https://doi.org/10.3389/fpubh.2022.1021495
Martin, B., Kaminski-Ozturk, N., O'Hara, C., & Smiley, R. (2023). Examining the impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on burnout and stress among U.S. nurses. Journal of Nursing Regulation,14(1), 4–12. https://doi.org/10.1016/S2155-8256(23)00063-7
Mary Pappiya, E., Mubarak Al Baalharith, I., Arulappan, J., Missiriya Jalal, S., Venkatesan, K., Salem Al Grad, H., & Baraik S Alawad, A. (2023). Stress and burnout among frontline nurses during COVID-19 pandemic in a Middle Eastern Country. SAGE Open Nursing, 9, 23779608231185918. https://doi.org/10.1177/23779608231185918
Maslach, C. (1998). A multidimensional theory of burnout. Theories of Organizational Stress, 68-85. https:// doi.org/10.1093/OSO/9780198522799.003.0004
Maslach, C., & Jackson, S. E. (1981). The measurement of experienced burnout. Journal of Organizational Behavior, 2(2), 99-113. https://doi.org/10.1002/job.4030020205
Maslach, C., Schaufeli, W. B., & Leiter, M. P. (2001). Job burnout. Annual Review of Psychology, 52, 397–422. https://doi.org/10.1146/annurev.psych.52.1.397
Masten, A. S. (2018). Resilience theory and research on children and families: past, present, and promise. Journal of Family Theory & Review, 10(1), 12-31. https://doi.org/10.1111/jftr.12255
Mealer, M., Jones, J., & Moss, M. (2012). A qualitative study of resilience and posttraumatic stress disorder in United States icu nurses. Intensive Care Medicine, 38(9), 1445-1451. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00134-012-2600-6
Middleton, N., Andreou, P., Karanikola, M., Kouta, C., Kolokotroni, O., & Papastavrou, E. (2018). Investigation into the metric properties of the workplace social capital questionnaire and its association with self-rated health and psychological distress amongst Greek-Cypriot registered nurses: Cross-sectional descriptive study. BMC Public Health, 18(1), 1061. https://doi.org/10.1186/s12889-018-5959-7
Mo, Y., Deng, L., Zhang, L., Lang, Q., Liao, C., Wang, N., Qin, M., & Huang, H. (2020). Work stress among Chinese nurses to support Wuhan in fighting against COVID-19 epidemic. Journal of Nursing Management, 28(5), 1002-1009. https://doi.org/10.1111/jonm.13014
Molero Jurado, M. D. M., Martos Martínez, Á., Pérez-Fuentes, M. D. C., Castiñeira López, H., & Gázquez Linares, J. J. (2022). Job strain and burnout in Spanish nurses during the COVID-19: resilience as a protective factor in A cross-sectional study. Human Resources for Health, 20(1), 79. https://doi.org/10.1186/s12960-022-00776-3
Murat, M., Köse, S., & Savaşer, S. (2021). Determination of stress, depression and burnout levels of front-line nurses during the COVID-19 pandemic. International Journal of Mental Health Nursing, 30(2), 533–543. https://doi.org/10.1111/inm.12818
Niedhammer, I., Chastang, J. F., & David, S. (2008). Importance of psychosocial work factors on general health outcomes in the national French SUMER survey. Occupational Medicine, 58(1), 15-24. https://doi.org/10.1093/occmed/kqm115
Nyashanu, M., Pfende, F., & Ekpenyong, M. (2020). Exploring the challenges faced by frontline workers in health and social care amid the COVID-19 pandemic: experiences of frontline workers in the English Midlands region, UK. Journal of Interprofessional Care, 34(5), 655-661. https://doi.org/10.1080/13561820.2020.1792425
Onyx, J., & Bullen, P. (2000). Measuring social capital in five communities. The Journal of Applied Behavioral Science, 36(1), 23-42. https://doi.org/10.1177/0021886300361002
Pappa, S., Ntella, V., Giannakas, T., Giannakoulis, V. G., Papoutsi, E., & Katsaounou, P. (2020). Prevalence of depression, anxiety, and insomnia among healthcare workers during the COVID-19 pandemic: A systematic review and meta-analysis. Brain, Behavior, And Immunity, 88, 901-907. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.bbi.2020.05.026
Pattussi, M. P., Olinto, M. T. A., Canuto, R., da Silva Garcez, A., Paniz, V. M. V., & Kawachi, I. (2016). Workplace social capital, mental health and health behaviors among Brazilian female workers. Social Psychiatry and Psychiatric Epidemiology, 51(9), 1321-1330. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00127-016-1232-5
Perzynski, A. T., Caron, A., Margolius, D., & Sudano, J. J., Jr. (2019). Primary care practice workplace social capital: a potential secret sauce for improved staff well-being and patient experience. Journal of Patient Experience, 6(1), 72-80. https://doi.org/10.1177/2374373518777742
Phillips, K., Knowlton, M., & Riseden, J. (2022). Emergency department nursing burnout and resilience. Advanced Emergency Nursing Journal, 44(1), 54-62. https://doi.org/10.1097/tme.0000000000000391
Pinho, L., Correia, T., Sampaio, F., Sequeira, C., Teixeira, L., Lopes, M., & Fonseca, C. (2021). The use of mental health promotion strategies by nurses to reduce anxiety, stress, and depression during the COVID-19 outbreak: A prospective cohort study. Environmental Research, 195, 110828. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.envres.2021.110828
Pirdelkhosh, M., Mohsenipouya, H., Mousavinasab, N., Sangani, A., & Mamun, M. A. (2022). Happiness and moral courage among iranian nurses during the COVID-19 pandemic: The role of workplace social capital. Frontiers in Psychiatry, 13, 844901. https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyt.2022.844901
Putnam, R. D. (1995). Tuning in, tuning out: The strange disappearance of social capital in America. PS: Political Science & Politics, 28(4), 664-683. https://doi.org/10.2307/420517
Read, E. A. (2014). Workplace social capital in nursing: an evolutionary concept analysis. Journal of Advanced Nursing, 70(5), 997-1007. https://doi.org/10.1111/jan.12251
Raei, M., Shahrbaf, M. A., Salaree, M. M., Yaghoubi, M., & Parandeh, A. (2023). Prevalence and predictors of burnout among nurses during the COVID-19 pandemic: A survey in teaching hospitals. Work: A Journal of Prevention, Assessment, and Rehabilitation, 10.3233/WOR-220001. Advance online publication. https://doi.org/10.3233/WOR-220001
Richardson, G. E. (2002). The metatheory of resilience and resiliency. Journal of Clinical Psychology, 58(3), 307-321. https://doi.org/10.1002/jclp.10020
Rivas, N., López, M., Castro, M. J., Luis-Vian, S., Fernández-Castro, M., Cao, M. J., García, S., Velasco-Gonzalez, V., & Jiménez, J. M. (2021). Analysis of burnout syndrome and resilience in nurses throughout the COVID-19 pandemic: A cross-sectional study. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health, 18(19). https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph181910470
Safiye, T., Vukčević, B., Gutić, M., Milidrag, A., Dubljanin, D., Dubljanin, J., & Radmanović, B. (2022). Resilience, mentalizing and burnout syndrome among healthcare workers during the COVID-19 pandemic in Serbia. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health, 19(11). https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph19116577
Salari, N., Khazaie, H., Hosseinian-Far, A., Khaledi-Paveh, B., Kazeminia, M., Mohammadi, M., Shohaimi, S., Daneshkhah, A., & Eskandari, S. (2020). The prevalence of stress, anxiety and depression within front-line healthcare workers caring for COVID-19 patients: A systematic review and meta-regression. Human Resources for Health, 18(1), 100. https://doi.org/10.1186/s12960-020-00544-1
Sayilan, A. A., Kulakaç, N., & Uzun, S. (2021). Burnout levels and sleep quality of COVID-19 heroes. Perspectives in Psychiatric Care, 57(3), 1231–1236. https://doi.org/10.1111/ppc.12678
Schaufeli, W. B., & Buunk, B. P. (2002). Burnout: An overview of 25 years of research and theorizing. The Handbook of Work and Health Psychology, 2(1), 383-425. https://doi.org/10.1002/0470013400.ch19
Shin, J. I., & Lee, E. (2017). The influence of social capital on nurse-perceived evidence-based practice implementation in South Korea. Journal of Nursing Scholarship: An Official Publication of Sigma Theta Tau International Honor Society of Nursing / Sigma Theta Tau, 49(3), 267-276. https://doi.org/10.1111/jnu.12288
Shirom, A. (2003). Job-related burnout: A review. Handbook of Occupational Health Psychology, American Psychological Association, Washington DC, 245-264. http://doi.org/10.1037/10474-012
Sihvola, S., Kvist, T., & Nurmeksela, A. (2022). Nurse leaders' resilience and their role in supporting nurses' resilience during the COVID-19 pandemic: A scoping review. Journal of Nursing Management, 30(6), 1869-1880. https://doi.org/10.1111/jonm.13640
Sinsky, C. A., Brown, R. L., Stillman, M. J., & Linzer, M. (2021). COVID-related stress and work intentions in a sample of US health care Workers. Mayo Clinic Proceedings. Innovations, Quality & Outcomes, 5(6), 1165-1173. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.mayocpiqo.2021.08.007
Smith, B. W., Dalen, J., Wiggins, K., Tooley, E., Christopher, P., & Bernard, J. (2008). The brief resilience scale: assessing the ability to bounce back. International Journal of Behavioral Medicine, 15(3), 194-200. https://doi.org/10.1080/10705500802222972
Son, Y. J., Lee, H., & Jang, S. J. (2022). Work stress and perceived organisational support on young Korean nurses' care for COVID-19 patients. Collegian: Journal of The Royal College of Nursing, Australia, 29(5), 748-754. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.colegn.2022.05.009
Sull, A., Harland, N., & Moore, A. (2015). Resilience of health-care workers in the UK; A cross-sectional survey. Journal of Occupational Medicine and Toxicology, 10, 20. https://doi.org/10.1186/s12995-015-0061-x
Taylor, S., Landry, C. A., Paluszek, M. M., Fergus, T. A., McKay, D., & Asmundson, G. J. G. (2020). Development and initial validation of the COVID stress scales. Journal of Anxiety Disorders, 72, 102232. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.janxdis.2020.102232
Thomas, A. O., Bakas, T., Miller, E., Johnson, K., & Tubbs-Cooley, H. L. (2022). Burnout and turnover among NICU nurses. MCN. The American Journal of Maternal Child Nursing, 47(1), 33-39. https://doi.org/10.1097/nmc.0000000000000780
Vieira, L. S., Machado, W. L., Dal Pai, D., Magnago, T., Azzolin, K. O., & Tavares, J. P. (2022). Burnout and resilience in intensive care nursing professionals in the face of COVID-19: A multicenter study. Revista Latino-Americana de Enfermagem, 30, e3589. https://doi.org/10.1590/1518-8345.5778.3589
Vitale, E., Galatola, V., & Mea, R. (2020). Exploring within and between gender differences in burnout levels in Italian nurses engaged in the COVID-19 health emergency: A cohort observational study. Minerva Psichiatrica, 162-170.
Wang, B., Lu, Q., Sun, F., & Zhang, R. (2021). The relationship between sleep quality and psychological distress and job burnout among Chinese psychiatric nurses. Industrial Health, 59(6), 427-435. https://doi.org/10.2486/indhealth.2020-0249
West, C. P., Dyrbye, L. N., Sinsky, C., Trockel, M., Tutty, M., Nedelec, L., Carlasare, L. E., & Shanafelt, T. D. (2020). Resilience and burnout among physicians and the general US working population. JAMA Network Open, 3(7), e209385. https://doi.org/10.1001/jamanetworkopen.2020.9385
World Health Organization (2019). The international statistical classification of diseases and related health problems 11th revision, ICD-11. https://icd.who.int/browse11/l-m/en
Wu, Y., Wang, J., Liu, J., Zheng, J., Liu, K., Baggs, J. G., Liu, X., & You, L. (2020). The impact of work environment on workplace violence, burnout and work attitudes for hospital nurses: A structural equation modelling analysis. Journal of Nursing Management, 28(3), 495-503.
Zhang, H., Sun, L., & Zhang, Q. (2022). How workplace social capital affects turnover intention: the mediating role of job satisfaction and burnout. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health, 19(15). https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph19159587
Zhang, Y., Wang, C., Pan, W., Zheng, J., Gao, J., Huang, X., Cai, S., Zhai, Y., Latour, J. M., & Zhu, C. (2020). Stress, burnout, and coping strategies of frontline nurses during the COVID-19 epidemic in Wuhan and Shanghai, China. Frontiers in Psychiatry, 11, 565520. https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyt.2020.565520