臺灣博碩士論文加值系統

本論文提出一個四埠多向諧振式直流電能轉換電路，提供太陽能充電埠、直流匯流排埠、車用電池埠、電池儲能埠之間的相互電能轉換。本轉換器可取代傳統多級轉換器，有效減少電器體積並提升轉換效率，改善傳統太陽能供電系統因多級轉換所造成的功率損耗。本轉換器整合主動橋式之CLLLC與LLC諧振轉換電路，搭配交錯直流升壓轉換電路執行太陽能最大功率追蹤取得電能，轉換器以全橋式之相移配合諧振調頻控制技術，將太陽能功率傳送到直流匯流排埠及其他具電氣隔離的車用電池埠、電池儲能庫埠。全橋式CLLLC轉換器不僅將太陽能功率傳送到各電能埠之外，亦能讓各電能埠之間進行高效率的功率轉換且功率開關具有零電壓切換與零電流切換之軟切功能。本文使用數位信號處理器TMS320F28系列晶片作為系統控制核心。
本論文完成一額定功率3 kW、太陽能充電埠電壓170V、直流匯流排埠電壓400 V、車用電池埠電壓330~460 V、電池儲能庫埠電壓48 ~55V之直流轉換器設計，並驗證所提之理論分析與設計方法的正確性。經實驗結果證實，各模式滿載轉換效率皆可達90%以上，並於太陽能充電埠對直流匯流排模式中最高效率達到97.02%。

This thesis proposes a Quartet-Port Muti-Direction Resonant DC Power Conversion Circuit facilitating mutual energy conversion among a solar charging port, a DC bus port, a vehicle battery port, and an energy storage battery port. This converter can replace traditional multi-stage converters, effectively reducing the size of electrical devices and enhancing conversion efficiency, thereby addressing power losses caused by multiple stages in conventional solar power systems. The converter integrates an active bridge CLLLC and LLC resonant conversion circuits, along with an interleaved DC-DC boost converter for maximum power point tracking (MPPT) to harness solar energy. Utilizing a full-bridge phase shift with resonant frequency modulation control technology, the converter transfers solar power to the DC bus port and other electrically isolated vehicle battery and storage battery ports. The full-bridge CLLLC converter not only transmits solar power to each energy port but also enables high-efficiency power conversion between the ports, featuring zero voltage switching (ZVS) and zero current switching (ZCS) soft-switching functions for power switches. A digital signal processor (DSP) from the TMS320F28 series is employed as the system control core.
This thesis completes the design of a DC converter with a rated power of 3 kW, a solar charging port voltage of 170V, a DC bus port voltage of 400V, a vehicle battery port voltage of 330-460V, and an energy storage battery port voltage of 48-55V, and verifies the correctness of the proposed theoretical analysis and design method. Experimental results confirm that the full-load conversion efficiency in each mode exceeds 90%, with a maximum efficiency of 97.02% achieved in the solar charging port to DC bus mode.

摘要……………i
Abstract……………ii
誌謝……………iii
目錄……………iv
表目錄……………v
圖目錄……………vi
第一章 緒論……………1
1.1 研究背景與動機……………1
1.2 文獻探討……………2
1.3 論文大綱……………6
第二章 四埠轉換器介紹……………7
2.1四電能埠諧振式轉換器電路架構介紹……………7
2.2 電路動作原理分析……………9
2.3 電壓增益特性分析……………23
2.4 太陽能模組特性介紹………………30
第三章 電路參數設計與模擬驗證………………32
3.1 轉換器電氣規格制定………………32
3.2 諧振元件參數設計……………33
3.3 電路元件選用………………41
3.4 電路模擬與分析……………45
第四章 數位應用控制設計……………51
4.1數位控制器設計與模擬……………51
4.2 太陽能數位控制法……………58
4.3 周邊硬體電路設計……………60
第五章 實驗結果分析……………63
轉換器元件參數與量測儀器………………63
5.1 太陽能充電埠對直流匯流排埠S2D模式之關鍵波形量測……………64
5.2 太陽能充電埠對車用電池埠S2V模式之關鍵波形量測……………65
5.3 太陽能充電埠對電池儲能庫埠S2B模式之關鍵波形量測……………68
5.4 直流匯流排埠對車用電池埠D2V模式之關鍵波形量測……………71
5.5 車用電池埠對直流匯流排埠V2D之關鍵波型量測……………76
5.6直流匯流排埠對電池儲能庫埠D2B模式之關鍵波形量測……………80
5.7 車用電池埠對電池儲能庫埠V2B模式之關鍵波形量測……………85
5.8 太陽能最大功率追蹤之性能測試……………89
5.9 效率分析……………91
第六章 結論與未來展望……………98
6.1 結論……………98
6.2 未來展望………………98
參考文獻 …………………99
附錄一 2C3L諧振轉換器之電壓增益推導……………102
Extended Abstract……………106

[1] 歐盟宣布禁售燃油汽車,[Online]Available:https://news.cnyes.com/news/id/4990426
[2] 電動車相關法規,
[Online]https://law.moj.gov.tw/LawClass/LawSearchContent.aspx?pcode= J0030018 &kw=%e9%9b%bb%e5%8b%95%e8%bb%8a
[3] J. Hassan, C. Bai, H. Seok, J. W. Lim, S. H. Ahn, and M. Kim, "Highly Efficient Current-Fed Half-Bridge Resonant Converter for Pulse Power Applications," IEEE Transactions on Power Electronics, vol. 37, no. 3, pp. 3192-3204, March 2022.
[4] Y. A. Fahmy and M. Preindl, "Switching Permutations and State-Space Modeling of the Dual Active Half Bridge Converter," IECON 2022 – 48th Annual Conference of the IEEE Industrial Electronics Society, Brussels, Belgium, 2022,
[5] B. V. Sadangi, P. Chaturvedi, S. K. Patro, and S. Nema, "Soft Starting Algorithm to minimize the transient inductor current and transient capacitor voltage in series resonant Dual Active Bridge Converter," 2022 IEEE 2nd International Conference on Sustainable Energy and Future Electric Transportation (SeFeT), Hyderabad, India, 2022, pp. 1-6,
[6] R. K. Singh and Y. Pal, "Operation and Control of Dual Active Bridge Bi-directional DC-DC Converter Using Dual Phase Shift Control Technique," 2022 1st International Conference on Sustainable Technology for Power and Energy Systems (STPES), SRINAGAR, India, 2022, pp. 1-5,
[7] B. Rahrovi, R. T. Mehrjardi, and M. Ehsani, "On the Analysis and Design of High-Frequency Transformers for Dual and Triple Active Bridge Converters in More Electric Aircraft," 2021 IEEE Texas Power and Energy Conference (TPEC), College Station, TX, USA, 2021, pp. 1-6,
[8] M. T. Iqbal, A. I. Maswood, M. S. U. Khan, and Y. Zeng, "Improved Bilinear Discrete-Time Modeling of the Single-Phase Dual active Bridge DC-DC Converter," 2021 IEEE Energy Conversion Congress and Exposition (ECCE), Vancouver, BC, Canada, 2021, pp. 3372-3377,
[9] D. Atkar, P. Chaturvedi, F. Pellitteri, P. Nachankar, and S. Chaitanya, "DC Bias Abatement in Dual Active Bridge Converter using Covalent Active and Passive Components," 2022 IEEE 16th International Conference on Compatibility, Power Electronics, and Power Engineering (CPE-POWERENG), Birmingham, United Kingdom, 2022, pp. 1-6,
[10] D. C. Pandey, P. K. Behera, and M. Pattnaik, "Steady-State Analysis of Dual Active Bridge Converter with Single Phase Shift and Dual Phase Shift Modulation," 2023 IEEE International Students' Conference on Electrical, Electronics and Computer Science (SCEECS), Bhopal, India, 2023, pp. 1-6,
[11] H. Naseem and J. Seok, "Triple-Phase Shift Power-Level Controller (TPSPC) For Single-Phase Dual Active Bridge (DAB) DC/DC Converter," 2022 IEEE Energy Conversion Congress and Exposition (ECCE), Detroit, MI, USA, 2022, pp. 01-05,
[12] P. P. Gupta, N. Kumar, and U. Nangia, "Design and Analysis of LLC Resonant Converter and CCCV Topology for Battery Charging," 2022 2nd Asian Conference on Innovation in Technology (ASIANCON), Ravet, India, 2022, pp. 1-5,
[13] S. K and G. K. P, "Performance Analysis for LLC Resonant Converter in Electric Vehicle Applications," 2023 International Conference on Recent Trends in Electronics and Communication (ICRTEC), Mysore, India, 2023, pp. 1-6,
[14] Z. Chen, W. Shi, and K. Wang, "Research on New Wide-input LLC Resonant Converter," 2023 IEEE 6th International Electrical and Energy Conference (CIEEC), Hefei, China, 2023, pp. 2145-2149,
[15] C. Liu, S. Liu, D. Zhu, X. Yan, and X. Zou, "A Composite Current-Fed LLC Resonant Converter for Wide Input Voltage," 2022 4th International Conference on Smart Power & Internet Energy Systems (SPIES), Beijing, China, 2022, pp. 774-779,
[16] H. Lu, D. Zhang, C. Qu, J. Li, C. Wu, and G. Zhou, "Modeling of secondary LLC resonant converter based on full frequency range extended describing function method," 2024 IEEE Applied Power Electronics Conference and Exposition (APEC), Long Beach, CA, USA, 2024, pp. 2040-2046
[17] S. Kumar and A. Kumar, "Design Analysis of LLC Resonant Converter with ZVS Implementation," 2023 IEEE Renewable Energy and Sustainable E-Mobility Conference (RESEM), Bhopal, India, 2023, pp. 1-5,
[18] J. -H. Teng, S. S. Chen, Z. X. Chou, and B. -H. Liu, "Novel Half-Bridge LLC Resonant Converter With Variable Resonant Inductor," IEEE Transactions on Industry Applications, vol. 59, no. 6, pp. 6952-6962,
[19] X. Li, J. Huang, Y. Ma, X. Wang, J. Yang, and X. Wu, "Unified Modeling, Analysis, and Design of Isolated Bidirectional CLLC Resonant DC–DC Converters," IEEE Journal of Emerging and Selected Topics in Power Electronics, vol. 10, no. 2, pp. 2305-2318, April 2022,
[20] G. A. Mudiyanselage, N. Keshmiri, and A. Emadi, "A Review of DC-DC Resonant Converter Topologies and Control Techniques for Electric Vehicle Applications," IEEE Open Journal of Power Electronics, vol. 4, pp. 945-964, 2023,
[21] L. Pei et al., "A Time-Domain-Model-Based Digital Synchronous Rectification Algorithm for CLLC Resonant Converters Utilizing a Hybrid Modulation," IEEE Transactions on Power Electronics, vol. 37, no. 3, pp. 2815-2829, March 2022,
[22] A. Chandwani, A. Mallik and A. Aktruk, "Parasitic Component Inclusive Optimum Phase-Frequency Contour Enabled Synchronous Rectification of Asymmetric CLLC Resonant Converter," IEEE Open Journal of Power Electronics, vol. 4, pp. 91-106, 2023,
[23] N. Chen et al., "Synchronous Rectification Based on Resonant Inductor Voltage for CLLC Bidirectional Converter," IEEE Transactions on Power Electronics, vol. 37, no. 1, pp. 547-561, Jan. 2022,
[24] J. Min and M. Ordonez, "Bidirectional Resonant CLLC Charger for Wide Battery Voltage Range: Asymmetric Parameters Methodology," IEEE Transactions on Power Electronics, vol. 36, no. 6, pp. 6662-6673, June 2021,
[25] H. Wang, C. Cheng, and S. Xie, "Study on a Modified CLLC Converter Paralleling a Resonant Branch With the Transformer for Wide Voltage Range Applications," IEEE Access, vol. 12, pp. 32788-32800, 2024,
[26] Y. Wang, F. Wang, F. Zhuo, J. Tian, K. Yu, and R. Song, "Synchronous Rectification Strategy of CLLC Resonant Converter Based on Accurate Time-Domain Model," IEEE Journal of Emerging and Selected Topics in Power Electronics, vol. 12, no. 1, pp. 516-530, Feb. 2024,
[27] C. H. Jo, G. Li, and D. H. Kim, "Design Methodology for Bidirectional Resonant Converter With Dual Resonant Frequencies for Wide Voltage Range,"IEEE Transactions on Power Electronics, vol. 39, no. 2, pp. 2372-2384, Feb. 2024,
[28] Y. Wang, F. Wang, F. Zhuo, K. Yu, J. Tian, and R. Song, "Analysis of High Performance Synchronous Rectified CLLC Resonant Converter With Reactive Power Optimization," IEEE Transactions on Power Electronics, vol. 38, no. 12, pp. 15253-15271, Dec. 2023,
[29] M. Rezayati, F. Tahami, J. L. Schanen, and B. Sarrazin, "Generalized State-Plane Analysis of Bidirectional CLLC Resonant Converter," IEEE Transactions on Power Electronics, vol. 37, no. 5, pp. 5773-5785, May 2022,
[30] J. Wu, X. Yan, X. Sun, X. Su, H. Du, and X. Wang, "A Series Resonant Three-Port DC–DC Converter With Decoupling Function and Magnetic Integration," IEEE Transactions on Power Electronics, vol. 37, no. 12, pp. 14720-14737, Dec. 2022,
[31] N. Keshmiri, G. A. Mudiyanselage, S. Chakkalakkal, K. Kozielski, G. Pietrini and A. Emadi, "Design and Control Methodology of a Three-Port Resonant Converter for Electric Vehicles," IEEE Open Journal of the Industrial Electronics Society, vol. 3, pp. 650-662, 2022,
[32] P. Wang, X. Lu, W. Wang, and D. Xu, "Hardware Decoupling and Autonomous Control of SeriesResonance-Based Three-Port Converters in DC MicroBuss," IEEE Transactions on Industry Applications, vol. 55, no. 4, pp. 3901-3914, 2019.
[33] X. Tang, H. Wu, W. Hua, Z. Yu, and Y. Xing, "Three-Port Bidirectional Series-Resonant Converter With First-Harmonic-Synchronized PWM," IEEE Journal of Emerging and Selected Topics in Power Electronics, vol. 9, no. 2, pp. 1410-1419, April 2021.
[34] H. Wu, K. Sun, Y. Li, and Y. Xing, "Fixed-Frequency PWM-Controlled Bidirectional Current-Fed Soft-Switching Series-Resonant Converter for Energy Storage Applications," IEEE Transactions on Industrial Electronics, vol. 64, no. 8, pp. 6190-6201, Aug. 2017.
[35] X. Yan, C. Liu, S. Liu, X. Guo, and X. Zou, "An Improved Interleaved Buck/Boost Integrated CLLLC Three-Port DC-DC Converter for Wide Input Range," 2021 IEEE 2nd China International Youth Conference on Electrical Engineering (CIYCEE), 2021, pp. 1-7.
[36] K. Wang, W. Liu, and F. Wu, "Topology-Level Power Decoupling Three-Port Isolated Current-Fed Resonant DC-DC Converter," IEEE Transactions on Industrial Electronics, vol. 69, no. 5, pp. 4859-4868, May 2022,
[37] Y. Dong, Y. Wang, F. Wang, and S. Wang, "Zero Input Current Ripple LLC Resonant Converter with Integrated Interleaved Boost Converter," 2021 IEEE International Conference on Computer Science, Electronic Information Engineering and Intelligent Control Technology (CEI), Fuzhou, China, 2021, pp. 602-606,
[38]https://product.tdk.com/system/files/dam/doc/product/ferrite/ferrite/ferrite-core/data_sheet/80/db/fer/pq_65_60_dg.pdf
[ 39] “Mn-Zn Ferrite Material Characteristics” TDK Electronics Inc.,2018.
[ 40] “MAGNETIC POWDER CORES”,Ver 13,CSC.
[ 41]https://www.tesla.com/ownersmanual/modelx/zh_tw_us/GUID-E414862C-CFA1-4A0B-9548-BE21C32CAA58.html