臺灣博碩士論文加值系統

本研究以磺胺甲噁唑(Sulfamethoxazole, SMX)進行O3, UV/O3, O3/H2O2, O3/Na2S2O8, UV/H2O2, UV/Na2S2O8, UV/O3/H2O2及UV/O3/Na2S2O8系統氧化實驗，藉由改變pH值與氧化劑濃度找尋降解與礦化SMX最佳化之條件，於實驗後分析O3殘留濃度與H2O2殘留濃度。UV/O3, UV/Na2S2O8及UV/O3/Na2S2O8系統在pH 7及9進行模擬海水鹽度實驗，以添加1%及3.5%鹽度模擬海水對SMX降解效率與礦化效率的影響。
研究結果顯示高級氧化處理系統在pH 5時有最佳的礦化效率，其SMX礦化效率依序為UV/O3/Na2S2O8 > UV/O3 > UV/O3/H2O2 > O3/H2O2 > O3/Na2S2O8 > O3 > UV/Na2S2O8 > UV/H2O2，UV/O3/Na2S2O8系統有著最佳的降解效率及礦化效率為97%及98%，並經擬一階動力學模擬計算UV/O3/Na2S2O8系統於pH 5有最大的反應速率常數0.0925 min-1。
本研究在pH 5對O3/H2O2與UV/O3/H2O2進行過氧化氫濃度效應實驗，藉此找出最佳過氧化氫添加量；添加2.5 mM H2O2後，O3/H2O2及UV/O3/H2O2系統皆有最佳的礦化效率，因此在Na2S2O8濃度上將使用2.5 mM，並比較氧化劑之間的效率。
模擬1%及3.5%鹽度對SMX降解效率與礦化效率之影響，1%鹽度下有助於提升礦化效率，尤其UV/Na2S2O8系統在鹼性環境下礦化效率從33%提升到64%，但隨著添加鹽度的比例增加，礦化效率將會比無添加及添加1%的效果來的更差。
由活性物種補捉劑實驗得知，SMX在UV/O3系統的反應活性物種為氫氧自由基(Hydroxyl Radical, HO•)，而在UV/O3/Na2S2O8系統的反應活性物種為HO•與陰離子硫酸自由基(Sulfate Radical, SO4-•)，且在pH 9時HO•與SO4-•比pH 5及7多。

This study evaluates the degradation efficiency and mineralization efficiency of Sulfamethoxazole (SMX) by O3, UV/O3, O3/H2O2, O3/Na2S2O8, UV/H2O2, UV/Na2S2O8, UV/O3/H2O2 and UV/O3/Na2S2O8 oxidation systems through varying oxidant concentration and pH; also, analysis the residual ozone concentration and residual hydrogen peroxide concentration while finished experiments. 1 wt% and 3.5 wt% salt was added in UV/O3, UV/Na2S2O8 and UV/O3/Na2S2O8 process at pH 7 and pH 9 to simulated as seawater condition to investigate the influence of degradation efficiency and mineralization efficiency.
The advanced oxidation processes (AOPs) showed better mineralization efficiency at pH 5, the mineralization rate of SMX is UV/O3/Na2S2O8 > UV/O3 > UV/O3/H2O2 > O3/H2O2 > O3/Na2S2O8 > O3 > UV/Na2S2O8 > UV/H2O2, and UV/O3/Na2S2O8 showed the best degradation efficiency and mineralization efficiency are 97% and 98%. The pseudo-first-order rate constant in the UV/O3/Na2S2O8 system at pH 5 was 0.0925 min-1.
The optimum hydrogen peroxide concentration at pH 5 was obtained based on the performance of O3/H2O2 and UV/O3/H2O2 systems in 2.5 mM H2O2 concentration; besides, the same Na2S2O8 concentration was used to compare the efficiency between H2O2 and Na2S2O8.
1 wt% and 3.5 wt% salinity were set up in UV/O3/Na2S2O8 process at pH 7 and pH 9 to simulated as seawater condition to investigate the effect of degradation efficiency and mineralization efficiency of SMX. 1 wt% salinity showed better mineralization efficiency from 33% to 64% in alkaline conditions; however, the mineralization efficiency will decrease with the increase salinity.
Hydroxyl radicals (HO•) played a major role in the UV/O3 system and the major active species were hydroxyl radicals and sulfate radicals (SO4-•) in the UV/O3/Na2S2O8 system from the experimental results of active species; besides, the concentration of hydroxyl radicals and sulfate radicals were higher in alkaline conditions.

摘要 I
Abstract III
致謝 V
目錄 VI
表目錄 IX
圖目錄 X
第一章 緒論 1
1-1 研究動機 1
1-2 研究目的及內容 2
第二章 文獻回顧 3
2-1 抗生素 3
2-2 磺胺劑之簡介 4
2-3 高級氧化處理系統 6
2-3.1 臭氧基本性質及反應機制 7
2-3.2 臭氧自解連鎖機制 9
2-3.3 紫外線光反應原理 13
2-3.4 過氧化氫基本性質及氧化原理 14
2-3.5 過硫酸鈉基本性質及氧化原理 14
2-4 臭氧結合紫外光、過氧化氫及過硫酸鹽系統 15
2-4.1 UV/O3系統原理 15
2-4.2 O3/H2O2系統原理 16
2-4.3 O3/Persulfate系統原理 18
2-5 紫外光結合過氧化氫及過硫酸鹽系統 20
2-5.1 UV/H2O2系統原理 20
2-5.2 UV/Persulfate系統原理 22
2-6 UV/O3結合H2O2及Persulfate系統 24
2-6.1 UV/O3/H2O2系統原理 24
2-6.2 UV/O3/Persulfate系統原理 26
2-7 模擬海水鹽度氧化系統 28
第三章 實驗方法 32
3-1 藥品及儀器 32
3-2 研究架構 35
3-3 分析方法 36
3-3.1 SMX濃度分析 36
3-3.2 TOC總有機碳濃度分析 37
3-3.3 O3流量分析 38
3-3.4 殘留O3濃度分析 39
3-3.5 殘留H2O2濃度分析 40
3-4 實驗流程與操作變因 41
3-4.1 O3系統流程 41
3-4.2 UV/O3系統流程 41
3-4.3 UV/O3/Ox與O3/Ox系統流程 42
3-4.4 UV/Ox系統流程 43
3-5 高級氧化系統對SMX降解與礦化效率之實驗 44
3-5.1 UV直接光解SMX實驗 45
3-5.2 O3直接氧化SMX實驗 45
3-5.3 UV/O3氧化SMX實驗 46
3-5.4 O3/H2O2氧化SMX實驗 46
3-5.5 O3/Na2S2O8氧化SMX實驗 47
3-5.6 UV/H2O2氧化SMX實驗 48
3-5.7 UV/Na2S2O8氧化SMX實驗 48
3-5.8 UV/O3/H2O2氧化SMX實驗 48
3-5.9 UV/O3/Na2S2O8氧化SMX實驗 49
3-5.10 再現性實驗 50
3-5.11 活性物種捕捉劑氧化SMX實驗 50
3-5.12 模擬海水鹽度進行SMX氧化實驗 51
3-5.13 反應動力學模擬 52
3-5.14 單位電能數據分析 52
第四章 結果與討論 53
4-1 UV直接光解SMX實驗數據分析 53
4-2 O3氧化SMX實驗數據分析 54
4-3 UV/O3氧化SMX實驗數據分析 57
4-4 O3/H2O2氧化SMX實驗數據分析 59
4-4.1 O3/H2O2系統之H2O2劑量效應對SMX數據分析 59
4-4.2 O3/H2O2系統之pH值效應對SMX數據分析 62
4-5 O3/Na2S2O8氧化SMX實驗數據分析 68
4-6 UV/H2O2氧化SMX實驗數據分析 70
4-7 UV/Na2S2O8氧化SMX實驗數據分析 72
4-8 UV/O3/H2O2氧化SMX實驗數據分析 74
4-8.1 UV/O3/H2O2系統之H2O2劑量效應對SMX數據分析 74
4-8.2 UV/O3/H2O2系統之pH值效應對SMX數據分析 77
4-9 UV/O3/Na2S2O8氧化SMX實驗數據分析 80
4-10 反應動力學模擬SMX數據分析 82
4-11 能量消耗及成本數據分析 88
4-12 活性物種捕捉劑氧化SMX實驗數據分析 93
4-12.1 O3殘留濃度添加IPA與TBA之影響分析 93
4-12.2 UV/O3系統活性物種捕捉劑實驗對SMX數據分析 94
4-12.3 UV/O3/Na2S2O8系統活性物種捕捉劑實驗對SMX數據分析 96
4-13 模擬海水鹽度氧化SMX實驗數據分析 98
第五章 結論與建議 111
5-1 結論 111
5-2 建議 113
參考文獻 114

Adak, A., Das, I., Mondal, B., Koner, S., Datta, P., and Blaney, L. (2019). Degradation of 2, 4-dichlorophenoxyacetic acid by UV 253.7 and UV-H2O2: Reaction kinetics and effects of interfering substances. Emerging Contaminants, 5, 53-60.

Ahuja, S. (2014). Water reclamation and sustainability (1st ed.). Elsevier science, 265-316.

Amr, S. S. A., Aziz, H. A., Adlan, M. N., and Bashir, M. J. K. (2013). Pretreatment of stabilized leachate using ozone/persulfate oxidation Process. Chemical Engineering Journal, 221, 492-499.

Andreozzi, R., Caprio, V., Insola, A., and Marotta, R. (1999). Advanced oxidation processes (AOP) for water purification and recovery. Catalysis Today, 53, 51-59.

Anes, B., Ricardo, J. N., Silva, B. D., Oliveira, C., and Camoes, M. F. (2019). Seawater pH measurements with a combination glass electrode and high ionic strength TRIS-TRIS HCl reference buffers - An uncertainty evaluation approach. Talanta, 193, 118-122.

Arslan, A., Topkaya, E. Bingol, D., and Veli, S. (2017). Removal of anionic surfactant sodium dodecyl sulfate from aqueous solutions by O3/UV/H2O2 advanced oxidation process: Process optimization with response surface methodology approach. Sustainable Environment Research, 28, 65-71.

Beltran, F. J., Encinar, J. M., and Alonso, M. A. (1998). Nitroaromatic hydrocarbon ozonation in water. 2. Combined ozonation with hydrogen peroxide or UV radiation. Industrial and Engineering Chemistry Research, 37, 32-40.

Ben, Y., Fu, C., Hu, M., Liu, L., Wong, H. M., and Zheng, C. (2019). Human health risk assessment of antibiotic resistance associated with antibiotic residues in the environment: A review. Environmental Research, 169, 483-493.
s
Bensalah, N., Chair, K., and Bedoui, A. (2017). Efficient degradation of tannic acid in water by UV/H2O2 process. Sustainable Environment Research, 28, 1-11.

Bolton, J. R., Bircher, K. G., Tumas, W., and Tolman, C. A. (2001). Figures-of-merit for the technical development and application of advanced oxidation technologies for both electric-and solar-driven systems. Pure Applied Chemistry, 73, 627-637.

Campos-Martin, J. M., Blanco-Brieva, G., and Fierro, J. L. G. (2006). Hydrogen peroxide synthesis: an outlook beyond the anthraquinone process. Hydrogen Peroxide Synthesis Angewandte, 45, 6962-6984.

Chen, Z., Fang, J., Fan, C., and Shang, C. (2016). Oxidative degradation of N-Nitrosopyrrolidine by the ozone/UV process: kinetics and pathways. Chemosphere, 150, 731-739.

Chen, C., Feng, H., and Deng, Y. (2019). Re-evaluation of sulfate radical based-advanced oxidation processes (SR-AOPs) for treatment of raw municipal landfill leachate. Water Research, 153, 100-107.

Dai, Q., Chen, L., Chen, W., and Chen, J. (2015). Degradation and kinetics of phenoxyacetic acid in aqueous solution by ozonation. Separation and Purification Technology, 142, 287-292.

Daneshvar, N., Behnajady, M. A., and Zorriyeh Asghar, Y. (2007). Photooxidative degradation of 4-nitrophenol (4-NP) in UV/H2O2 process: Influence of operational parameters and reaction mechanism. Journal of Hazardous Materials, 139, 275-279.

Dantas, R. F., Contreras, S., Sans, C., and Esplugas, S. (2008). Sulfamethoxazole abatement by means of ozonation. Journal of Hazardous Materials, 150, 790-794.

Deng, Y., and Ezyske, C. M. (2011). Sulfate radical-advanced oxidation process (SR-AOP) for simultaneous removal of refractory organic contaminants and ammonia in landfill leachate. Water Research, 45, 6189-6194.

Deng, Y., and Zhao, R. (2015). Advanced oxidation processes (AOPs) in wastewater treatment. Current Pollution Reports, 1, 167-176.

Ferre-Aracil, J., Cardona, S. C., and Navarro-Laboulais, J. (2014). Determination and validation of Henry’s constant for ozone in phosphate buffers using different analytical methodologies. Ozone: Science and Engineering, 37, 106-118.

Franson, M. A. H. (1992). APHA method 4500-O3: standard methods for the examination of water and wastewater. American Public Health Association/American Water Works Association/Water Environment Federation, 18th Ed., 426-429.

Furman, O. S., Teel, A. L., and Watts, R. J. (2010). Mechanism of base activation of persulfate. Environmental Scence and Technology, 44, 6423-6428.

Gao, S., Zhao, Z., Xu, Y., Tian, J., Qi, H., and Lin, W. (2014). Oxidation of sulfamethoxazole (SMX) by chlorine, ozone and permanganate-a comparative study. Journal of Hazardous Materials, 274, 258-269.

Ghodbane, H., and Hamdaoui, O. (2010). Decolorization of antraquinonic dye, C.I. Acid Blue 25, in aqueous solution by direct UV irradiation, UV/H2O2 and UV/Fe(II) processes. Chemical Engineering Journal, 160, 226-231.

Gholikandi, G. B., Zakizadeh, N., and Masihi, H. (2018). Application of peroxymonosulfate-ozone advanced oxidation process for simultaneous waste-activated sludge stabilization and dewatering purposes: A comparative study. Journal of Environmental Management, 206, 523-531.

Gilbert, E. (1987). Biodegradability of ozonation products as a function of COD and DOC elimination by example of substituted aromatic substances. Water Research, 21, 1273-1278.

Hoigne, J., and Bader, H. (1976). The role of hydroxyl radical reactions in ozonation processes in aqueous solutions. Water Research, 10, 377-386.

Homem, V., and Santos, L. (2011). Degradation and removal methods of antibiotics from aqueous matrices-a review. Journal of Environmental Management, 92, 2304-2347.

Huang, Y., Sheng, B., Wang, Z., Liu, Q., Yuan, R., Xiao, D., and Liu, J. (2018). Deciphering the degradation/chlorination mechanisms of maleic acid in the Fe(II)/peroxymonosulfate process: An often overlooked effect of chloride. Water Research, 145, 453-463.

Izadifard, M., Achari, G., and Langford, C. H. (2017). Degradation of sulfolane using activated persulfate with UV and UV-Ozone. Water Research, 125, 325-331.

Jabesa, A., and Ghosh, P. (2016). Removal of diethyl phthalate from water by ozone microbubbles in a pilot plant. Journal of Environmental Management, 180, 476-484.

Joseph, C. G., Li, G., Bono, A., and Krishnaiah, D. (2009). Sonophotocatalysis in advanced oxidation process: a short review. Ultrasonics Sonochemistry, 16, 583-589.

Legrini, O., Oliveros, E., and Braun, A. M. (1993). Photochemical processes for water treatment. Chemical Reviews, 93, 671-698.

Li, H., Wan, J., Ma, Y., and Wang, Y. (2016a). Reaction pathway and oxidation mechanisms of dibutyl phthalate by persulfate activated with zero-valent iron. Science of the Total Environment, 562, 889-897.

Li, D., Chen, D., Yao, Y., Lin, J., Gong, F., Wang, L., Luo, L., Huang, Z., and Zhang, L. (2016b). Strong enhancement of dye removal through addition of sulfite to persulfate activated by a supported ferric citrate catalyst. Chemical Engineering Journal, 288, 806-812.

Liang, C., Wang, Z. S., and Bruell, C. J. (2007). Influence of pH on persulfate oxidation of TCE at ambient temperatures. Chemosphere, 66, 106-113.

Lin, C. C., and Tsai, C. W. (2019). Degradation of isopropyl alcohol using UV and persulfate in a large reactor. Separation and Purification Technology, 209, 88-93.

Liu, X., Caleb, J., and Meng, X. Z. (2017). Usage, residue, and human health risk of antibiotics in Chinese aquaculture: a review. Environmental Pollution, 223, 161-169.

Liu, Y., Guo, H., Zhang, Y., Cheng, X., Zhou, P., Zhang, G., Wang, J., Tang, P., Ke, T., and Li, W. (2018). Heterogeneous activation of persulfate for rhodamine B degradation with 3D flower sphere-like BiOI/Fe3O4 microspheres under visible light irradiation. Separation and Purification Technology, 192, 88-98.

Lu, X. F., Ma, H. R., Zhang, Q., and Du, K. (2012). Degradation of methyl orange by UV, O3 and UV/O3 systems: analysis of the degradation effects and mineralization mechanism. Research on Chemical Intermediates, 39, 4189-4203.

Lucas, M. S., Peres, J. A., and Li, G. (2010). Treatment of winery wastewater by ozone-based advanced oxidation processes (O3, O3/UV and O3/UV/H2O2) in a pilot-scale bubble column reactor and process economics. Separation and Purification Technology, 72, 235-241.

Luo, L., Wu, D., Dai, D., Yang, Z., Chen, L., Liu, Q., He, J., and Yao, Y. (2017). Synergistic effects of persistent free radicals and visible radiation on peroxymonosulfate activation by ferric citrate for the decomposition of organic contaminants. Applied Catalysis B: Environmental, 205, 404-411.

Marc, P. T., Veronica, G. M., Banos, M. A., Gimenez, J., and Esplugas, S. (2004). Degradation of chlorophenols by means of advanced oxidation processes: a general review. Applied Catalysis B: Environmental, 47, 219-256.

Meng, W., Hu, R., Yang, J., Du, Y., Li, J., and Wang, H. (2016). Influence of lanthanum-doping on photocatalytic properties of BiFeO3 for phenol degradation. Chinese Journal of Catalysis, 37, 1283-1292.

Miao, F. H., Cao, M., Xu, D. Y., Ren, H. Y., Zhao, M. X., Huang, Z. X., and Ruan, W. Q. (2015). Degradation of phenazone in aqueous solution with ozone: influencing factors and degradation pathways. Chemosphere, 119, 326-333.

Mokrini, A., Ousse, D., and Esplugas S. (1997). Oxidation of aromatic compounds with UV radiation/ozoneihydrogen peroxide. Water Science and Technology, 35, 95-102.

Oh, B. S., Jung, Y. J., Oh, Y. J., Yoo, Y. S., and Kang, J. W. (2006). Application of ozone, UV and ozone/UV processes to reduce diethyl phthalate and its estrogenic activity. Science of the Total Environment, 367, 681-693.

Oh, W. D., Dong, Z., and Lim, T. T. (2016). Generation of sulfate radical through heterogeneous catalysis for organic contaminants removal: current development, challenges and prospects. Applied Catalysis B: Environmental, 194, 169-201.

Pelaez, M., Nolan, N. T., Pillai, S. C., Seery, M. K., Falaras, P., Kontos, A. G., Dunlop, P. S. M., Hamilton, J. W. J., Byrne, J. A., Shea, K. O., Entezari, M. H., and Dionysiou, D. D. (2012). A review on the visible light active titanium dioxide photocatalysts for environmental applications. Applied Catalysis B: Environmental, 125, 331-349.

Peyton, G. R., and Glaze, W. H. (1988). Destruction of pollutants in water with ozone in combination with ultraviolet radiation. 3. photolysis of aqueous ozone. Environmental Science and Technology, 22, 761-767.

Qiao, R. P., Li, N., Qi, X. H., Wang Q. S., and Zhuang, Y. Y. (2005). Degradation of microcystin-RR by UV radiation in the presence of hydrogen peroxide. Toxicon, 45, 745-752.

Saien, J., Ojaghloo, Z., Soleymani, A. R., and Rasoulifardb, M. H. (2011). Homogeneous and heterogeneous AOPs for rapid degradation of Triton X-100 in aqueous media via UV light, nano titania hydrogen peroxide and potassium persulfate. Chemical Engineering Journal 167, 172-182.

Santana, M. H. P., Silva, L. M. D., Freitas, A. C., Boodts, J. F. C., Fernandes, K. C., and Faria, L. A. D. (2009). Application of electrochemically generated ozone to the discoloration and degradation of solutions containing the dye Reactive Orange 122. Journal of Hazardous Materials, 164, 10-17.

Sarmah, A. K., Meyer, M. T., and Boxall, A. B. A. (2006). A global perspective on the use, sales, exposure pathways, occurrence, fate and effects of veterinary antibiotics (VAs) in the environment. Chemosphere, 65, 725-759.

Sellers, R. M. (1980). Spectrophotometric determination of hydrogen peroxide using potassium titanium(IV) oxalate. Analyst, 105, 950-954.

Sharma, S. P., and Ruparelia, J. P. (2017). Synergistic effect of O3/UV/PS process for oxidation of reactive dyes: effects of operating parameters. International Journal of Advanced Research in Engineering and Technology, 8, 49-57.

Shimizu, A., Takada, H., Koike, T., Takeshita, A., Saha, M., Rinawati, Nakada, N., Murata, A., Suzuki, T., Suzuki, S., Chiem, N. H., Tuyen, B. C., Viet, P. H., Siringan, M. A., Kwan, C., Zakaria, M. P., and Reungsang, A. (2013). Ubiquitous occurrence of sulfonamides in tropical Asian waters. Science of the Total Environment, 452-453, 108-115.

Sotelo, J. L., Beltran, F. J., Benitez, F. J., and Beltran-Heredia, J. (1989). Henry’s law constant for the ozone-water syatem. Water Research, 23, 1239-1246.

Stets, S., Amaral, B. D., Schneider, J. T., Barros, I. R. D., Liz, M. V. D., Ribeiro, R. R., Nagata, N., and Peralta-Zamora, P. (2018). Antituberculosis drugs degradation by UV-based advanced oxidation processes. Journal of Photochemistry and Photobiology A: Chemistry, 353, 26-33.

Waclawek, S., Lutze, H. V., Grubel, K., Padil, V. V. T., Cernik, M., and Dionysiou, D. D. (2017). Chemistry of persulfates in water and wastewater treatment: a review. Chemical Engineering Journal, 330, 44-62.

Wang, J., Zhou, T., Mao, J., and Wu, X. (2015). Comparative study of sulfamethazine degradation in visible light induced photo-Fenton and photo-Fenton-like systems. Journal of Environmental Chemical Engineering, 3, 2393-2400.

Wang, W. L., Wu, Q. Y., Huang, N., Wang, T., and Hu, H. Y. (2016). Synergistic effect between UV and chlorine (UV/chlorine) on the degradation of carbamazepine: Influence factors and Radical Species. Water Research, 98, 190-198.

Wang, Z., Shao, Y., Gao, N., and An, N. (2018). Degradation kinetic of dibutyl phthalate (DBP) by sulfate radical-and hydroxyl radical-based advanced oxidation process in UV/persulfate system. Separation and Purification Technology, 195, 92-100.

Wu, C. H., and Ng, H. Y. (2008). Degradation of C.I. Reactive Red 2 (RR2) using ozone-based systems: comparisons of decolorization efficiency and power consumption. Journal of Hazardous Materials, 152, 120-127.

Wu, J. T., Wu, C. H., Liu, C. Y., and Huang, W. J. (2015). Photodegradation of sulfonamide antimicrobial compounds (sulfadiazine, sulfamethizole, sulfamethoxazole and sulfathiazole) in various UV/oxidant systems. Water Science and Technology, 71(3), 412-418.

Wu, C. H., Wu, J. T., and Lin, Y. H. (2016). Mineralization of sulfamethizole in photo-Fenton and photo-Fenton-like systems. Water Science and Technology, 73(4), 746-750.

Xing, Z. P., Sun, D. Z., Yu, X. J., Zou, J. L., and Zhou, W. (2014). Treatment of antibiotic fermentation-based pharmaceutical wastewater using anaerobic and aerobic moving bed biofilm reactors combined with ozone/hydrogen peroxide process. Environmental Progress and Sustainable Energy, 33, 170-177.

Xu, Y., Wu, Y., Zhang, W., Fan, X., Wang, Y., and Zhang, H. (2018). Performance of artificial sweetener sucralose mineralization via UV/O3 process: Kinetics, toxicity and intermediates. Chemical Engineering Journal, 353, 626-634.

Yang, C. C., Huang, C. L., Cheng, T. C., and Lai, H. T. (2015). Inhibitory effect of salinity on the photocatalytic degradation of three sulfonamide antibiotics. International Biodeterioration And Biodegradation, 102, 1-10.

Yu, X. Y., Bao, Z. C., and Barker, J. R. (2004). Free radical reactions involving Cl•, Cl2-•, and SO4-• in the 248 nm photolysis of aqueous solutions containing S2O82- and Cl. The Journal of Physical Chemistry A, 108, 295-308.

Yu, Y. H., Ma, J., and Hou, Y. J. (2006). Degradation of 2, 4-dichlorophenoxyacetic acid in water by ozone-hydrogen peroxide process. Journal of Enuironmend Scietlces, 18, 1043-1049.

Yu, M., Teel, A. L., and Watts, R. J. (2016). Activation of peroxymonosulfate by subsurface minerals. Journal of Contaminant Hydrology, 191, 33-43.

Yue, P. L. (1993). Modelling of kinetics and reactor for water purification by photo-oxidation. Chemical Engineering Science, 48, 1-11.

Zangeneh, H., Zinatizadeh, A. A. L., and Feizy M. (2014). A comparative study on the performance of different advanced oxidation processes (UV/O3/H2O2) treating linear alkyl benzene (LAB) production plant’s wastewater. Journal of Industrial and Engineering Chemistry, 20, 1453-1461.

Zhou, X., Liu, D., Zhang, Y., Chen, J., Chu, H., and Qian, Y. (2018). Degradation mechanism and kinetic modeling for UV/peroxydisulfate treatment of penicillin antibiotics. Chemical Engineering Journal, 341, 93-101.

范姜仁茂，(2001) 預臭氧程序提升綜合性工業廢水生物可分解性之研究，國立中央大學，碩士論文。

林永璋，(2003) 以臭氧/紫外光程序去除乙二胺四乙酸之研究，國立中山大學，碩士論文。

林郁真、林正芳、康佩群、余宗賢、傅素鄉、蔡宇庭、林志安，(2008) 水中醫藥類及其代謝之殘留化學物質之檢測技術建立研究(2/4)，行政院環境保護署環境檢驗所。

楊幸僖，(2012) 臭氧結合紫外光/過氧化氫程序降解水中環境荷爾蒙類物烷基苯酚之研究，國立中央大學，碩士論文。

黃薾嫻，(2018) 臭氧結合紫外光、過氧化氫及過硫酸鈉程序降解水中磺胺劑之研究，國立高雄應用科技大學，碩士論文。