臺灣博碩士論文加值系統

近年，全球面臨化石燃料耗竭與氣候變遷加劇，迫使各國致力開發綠色潔淨的再生能源。對此，本研究進行「微波焙燒水浸生質廢棄物以產製生質燃料」的技術開發，選用每年台灣農作物採收後直接被廢棄之香蕉假莖(Banana Pseudostem, BP)、可可果殼(Cocoa Shell, CS)、及檳榔(Areca catechu, AC)廢棄物作為生質原料，利用反應曲面法之Box-Behnken Design(BBD)進行實驗進行設計與分析，探討應用低耗能且高效率的微波焙燒技術產製生質燃料的可行性。同時，為了減緩生質物中易導致鍋爐結渣、結垢之鹼金屬(Alkali metals)─鉀元素，故本研究「以去離子水浸漬生質廢棄物」，以調理生質物內含的鹼金屬和鹼土金屬(Alkali and alkaline earth metals, AAEMs)，以進一步優化生物炭的品質。
本研究利用BBD實驗設計，確認單獨焙燒（焙燒溫度(200-300 ℃)、反應時間(5-15 min)、及含水率(5-15%)）及浸漬後焙燒（浸漬溫度(25-95 ℃)、反應時間(3-20 hr)、及液固比(10-80：1)）藉由熱值作為品質參數，評估產製生物炭之最適參數組合，同時全面性探討本技術的能源、環境、成本效益。研究結果發現，三種生質廢棄物於單獨焙燒下均在高溫具最佳熱值（香蕉假莖在300 ℃-15 min-5%、可可果殼及檳榔廢棄物在300 ℃-15 min-15%，熱值分別達22、21、20 MJ/kg），且隨著焙燒溫度提升，生物炭的揮發份降低、固定碳增加、及灰分略增(7%-18%)。此外，單獨浸漬三種生質廢棄物之AAEMs的去除率均有提升，其中各生質物的灰分降低(1-5%)，且對於易降產物低效能之鉀元素的最佳去除率可達98%-99%，並結合浸漬焙燒三種生質廢棄物，雖未明顯提升熱值，但各產物其灰分含量可大幅降低(2-8%)。經由熱重分析結果，發現不論單獨焙燒及浸漬後焙燒，生物炭的熱穩定性均明顯提高，且浸漬後焙燒產製生物炭的點燃溫度均有提升。經由元素分析，發現浸漬後焙燒生物炭的元素碳增加、氧降低、而硫僅有微量檢出，其O/C比及H/C比趨近泥煤的特性。另一方面，各生質廢棄物在實驗室規模進行浸漬後焙燒，能源投報率(EROI為6-20)均大於社會可持續發展的最低標準(EROI為3)，而溫室氣體排放(GHG)與單獨燃燒煙煤相比可降低82%-95%，處理1噸廢棄物的成本可盈餘約$ 1,460-3,206元，在模擬實廠規模下，每處理1噸廢棄物的成本可盈餘約$ 3,533-3,848元。綜上所述，本研究以「微波焙燒水浸生質廢棄物以產製生質燃料」為一種可行技術，可去化且資源化各種農業廢棄物，以產製生物炭的同時兼具能源、環境、及成本效益，以實踐廢棄物永續再利用的目的。

In recent years, the world is facing problems such as the depletion of fossil fuels and the intensification of climate change, forcing countries to devote themselves to the development of green, clean and renewable energy. In this regard, this research carried out the technical development of "Microwave-assisted torrefaction of water leached waste biomass for producing biochar". Using the banana pseudostem, cocoa shell and Areca catechu wastes that are discarded directly after Taiwan's crops are harvested as biomass raw. The Box-Behnken design (BBD) method in the response surface method was used for experimental design and analysis to explore the feasibility of using low-energy and high-efficiency microwave-assisted torrefaction technology to produce biofuels. At the same time, in order to slow down the alkali metal-potassium element in the biomass that is easy to cause boiler slagging and scaling, The study " leached of biomass wastes with deionized water" adjusted the content of alkali metals regulate the alkali and alkaline earth metals (AAEM) further optimize the quality of biochar.
In this study, using Box-Behnken design torrefaction key operating parameters include temperature (200-300 °C), reaction time (5-15 minutes) and water content (5-15%) and water leached temperature (25-95 °C), reaction time (3-20 hours) and liquid-solid ratio (10-80:1) to evaluate the most suitable parameter combination for biochar production, and comprehensively discuss energy, environment and cost effectiveness. Results show the higher heating value (HHV) of the three biomass wastes is the best under high temperature torrefaction, and with the increase of torrefaction temperature, the volatile matter content of biochar decreases, the fixed carbon increases, and the ash content increases slightly (7%-18%). AAEM removal rate of biomass waste is improved by leach, the ash content of each biomass is reduced (1-5%), and the removal rate of potassium element can reach 98%-99%. Combining leaching and torrefaction of biomass, although the HHV is not significantly increased, the ash content of each product can be greatly reduced (2-8%). The results of thermogravimetric analysis showed that the thermal stability of biochar was significantly improved regardless of torrefaction alone or torrefaction after leaching, and the ignition temperature of biochar produced by torrefaction after leaching increased. According to the elemental analysis results, it was found that the leached torrefaction biochar had more carbon elements, less oxygen, and only a small amount of sulfur was detected, and its O/C ratio and H/C ratio were close to the characteristics of peat. On the other hand, biomass waste is leach and torrefaction on a laboratory scale, and the energy return on investment (EROI is 6-20) is greater than the minimum standard for social sustainable development(EROI is 3). Compared with burning coal, greenhouse gas emissions(GHG) can be reduced by 82%-95%. The cost of treating 1 ton of biowaste can be a surplus of about $1,460-3,206. Assuming the scale of the factory, the cost of treating 1 ton of biowaste can be a surplus of about $3,533-3,848. This study takes "Microwave-assisted torrefaction of water leached waste biomass for producing biochar" as a feasible technology, which can remove and recycle various agricultural wastes, so as to produce biochar while maintaining energy and environmental and cost effectiveness, in order to practice the purpose of sustainable reuse of biomass waste.

摘要 I
Abstract II
致謝 IV
目錄 V
表目錄 VII
圖目錄 VIII
第一章 前言 1
1.1 研究源起 1
1.2 研究目的 2
第二章 文獻回顧 3
2.1 生質能源發展與現況 3
2.2 生質物種類特性及處理現況 4
2.2.1 生質物種類及特性 4
2.2.2 生質物轉換能源技術 7
2.2.3 焙燒原理及應用 8
2.2.4 焙燒反應動力機制 9
2.3 微波加熱原理及應用 11
2.3.1 微波原理 11
2.3.2 微波之應用 11
2.4 預處理原理及應用 12
2.4.1 水浸 13
2.4.2 酸浸 14
2.5 生質燃料品質特性 14
2.5.1 燃料標準 14
2.5.2 燃燒特性 17
2.6 實驗設計 17
2.6.1 反應曲面法 18
2.6.2 Box-Behnken 設計 19
第三章 研究材料與方法 21
3.1 研究架構 21
3.2 實驗材料與設備 22
3.2.1 材料來源及特性 22
3.2.2 實驗設備及藥品 22
3.3 實驗設計及方法 24
3.3.1 焙燒及浸漬實驗設計 24
3.3.2 實驗步驟 25
3.4 分析方法 26
3.4.1 產物特性分析 26
3.4.2 產物效益評估 30
第四章 結果與討論 31
4.1 微波焙燒生質物之前後特性評估 31
4.1.1 熱值分析 31
4.1.2 質量產率、能量產率及能量密度分析 33
4.1.3 近似分析 34
4.1.4 優化條件 36
4.1.5 熱重分析 43
4.1.6 小結 45
4.2 浸漬焙燒生質物之前後特性評估 46
4.2.1 金屬分析 46
4.2.2 近似分析 48
4.2.3 熱值分析 51
4.2.4 質量產率、能量產率及能量密度分析 52
4.2.5 熱重分析 54
4.2.6 小結 56
4.3 生物炭物化特性分析 57
4.3.1 元素分析 57
4.3.2 表面化學結構組成分析 58
4.3.3 表面形貌分析 62
4.3.4 燃燒特性分析 64
4.3.5 焙燒反應動力機制 66
4.3.6 小結 68
4.4 生物炭再利用成效評估 69
4.4.1 能源效益 69
4.4.2 環境衝擊減緩評估 80
4.4.3 成本效益評估 81
4.4.4 小結 84
第五章 結論與建議 85
5.1 結論 85
5.2 建議 86
參考文獻 87

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