臺灣博碩士論文加值系統

大規模多輸入多輸出系統(Massive Multiple-Input Multiple-Output; M-MIMO)被認為是當今 5G和先進無線通信系統中 擁有舉足輕重的關鍵技術之一。但是，相對地隨著天線數量需求逐漸提高 時，其複雜度提升成為一個棘手問題。對於上行鏈路大規模MIMO檢測，如傳統的迫零法 (Zero-Forcing; ZF) 偵測器或最小均方差(Minimum Mean Square Error; MMSE)偵測器，由於它們的高複雜度所以很難直接應用於大規模MIMO系統的接收器設計中。為了降低偵測器的高複雜度，例如 :高斯-賽德爾(Gauss-Seidel; GS)和連續過鬆弛（Successive Over-Relaxation;SOR)偵測演算法，可以透過疊代方法以較低的複雜度實現接近MMSE性能的接收器。不過上述偵測方法雖然可以降低複雜度，但其誤碼率(Bit Error Rate; BER)性能通常不盡人意。所以本文提出了一種高效能 的兩級多用戶偵測器(Multiuser Detector; MUD)，借助加速過鬆弛(Accelerated Over-Relaxation; AOR)疊代算法和切比雪夫加速(Chebyshev acceleration)的遞迴歸特性，用於大規模多輸入多輸出正交分頻多工系統(Massive Multiple-Input Multiple-Output Orthogonal Frequency-Division Multiplexing; M-MIMO OFDM)系統的上行鏈路，以達到BER性能和複雜度 之間，魚與熊掌更好的取捨平衡 。接收器的第一級由基於加速過鬆弛的估測器組成，旨在生成鬆弛因子 (relaxationfactor)、加速參數(acceleration factor)和傳輸訊號的粗略初始估測。第二級採用切比雪夫加速法進行偵測，透過高效的遞迴歸疊代估測產生更精確的訊號。因此，我們稱這種提出的方法為切比雪夫加速過鬆弛(Chebyshev Accelerated Over-Relaxation; CAOR)偵測。透過模擬結果顯示，與目前研究者所提出的方法相比較之下，本文所提出的接收器應用在多用戶大規模多輸入多輸出系統(Multiuser Massive Multiple-Input Multiple-Output; MU M-MIMO)的上行鏈路環境中，具有更優越的性能且幾乎無須犧牲多餘的運算複雜度。一般而言，與AOR 相比CAOR方法可以改善約90%左右的BER性能，同時複雜度僅增加約5%左右。

The massive multiple-input multiple-output systems (M-MIMO) is considered one promising key technique in 5G and advanced wireless communication systems nowadays. However, its high complexity becomes a problem when a large number of antennas. For uplink large-scale MIMO detection, such as conventional zero-forcing (ZF) and minimum mean square error (MMSE), they are difficult to have application in the massive MIMO due to their high complexity. To reduce the high complexity of detection, for instance, Gauss-Seidel (GS) and successive over-relaxation (SOR) detection algorithms, they can achieve MMSE performance with lower complexity through the iterative method. Although the above detection method can reduce the complexity, their performance is usually unsatisfactory. This thesis presents an effective two-stage multiuser detector (MUD) with the assistance of the AOR iterative algorithm and Chebyshev acceleration for the uplink of M-MIMO OFDM Systems to get a better balance between performance and complexity. The first stage of the receiver consists of an accelerated over-relaxation (AOR)-based estimator and is intended to yield a rough initial estimate of the relaxation factor, the acceleration factor, and transmitted symbols. In the second stage, the Chebyshev acceleration method is used for detection, and a more precise signal is produced through efficient iterative estimation. Also, we call this proposed scheme Chebyshev accelerated over-relaxation (CAOR) detection. Conducted simulations show that the devel-oped receiver, with a modest computational load, can provide superior performance compared with previous works, especially for the MU M-MIMO uplink environments. In general, compare with AOR, the CAOR method can improve BER performance by about 90%, meanwhile, the complexity only increases by about 5%.

中文摘要............................................................... i
英文摘要............................................................... iii
誌謝................................................................... v
目錄................................................................... vi
表目錄................................................................. viii
圖目錄................................................................. ix
符號說明............................................................... xi
第一章 緒論............................................................ 1
1.1 前言............................................................. 1
1.2 動機............................................................. 2
第二章 無線通訊系統 (Wireless Communication Systems).................... 3
2.1 單輸入單輸出 (Single-Input Single-Output; SISO)................... 3
2.1.1 室內通道模型 (Indoor Channel Models)........................ 3
2.1.2 室外通道模型 (Outdoor Channel Models)....................... 5
2.2 多輸入多輸出 (Multiple-Input Multiple-Output; MIMO)............... 9
2.2.1 空間相關性 (Spatial Correlation)............................ 9
2.2.2 多用戶輸入輸出 (Multiuser MIMO).............................. 11
2.2.3 大規模多輸入輸出 (Massive Multiple-Input Multiple-Output).... 13
第三章 正交分頻多工 (Orthogonal Frequency-Division Multiplexing; OFDM)... 14
3.1 正交分頻多工 (Orthogonal Frequency-Division Multiplexing; OFDM).... 14
3.2 OFDM 傳輸方法 (OFDM Transmission Scheme)........................... 14
3.3 正交性 (Orthogonality)............................................. 16
3.4 OFDM調變及解調 (OFDM Modulation and Demodulation).................. 17
3.5 OFDM保護間隔 (OFDM Guard Interval)................................. 18
3.5.1 多重路徑通道對OFDM的影響 (Effect of Multipath Channel on OFDM Symbols)... 18
3.5.2 循環前綴 (Cyclic Prefix; CP)................................. 20
3.5.3 循環後綴 (Cyclic Suffix; CS)................................. 22
3.5.4 零值填充 (Zero Padding; ZP).................................. 22
3.6 導頻結構 (Pilot Structure)......................................... 24
3.6.1 Block Type.................................................. 24
3.6.2 Comb Type................................................... 25
3.6.3 Lattice Type................................................ 25
3.7 通道估測 (Channel Estimation)...................................... 25
3.7.1 最小平方法通道估測 (LS Channel Estimation).................... 26
3.7.2 最小均方差通道估測 (MMSE Channel Estimation).................. 26
第四章 線性訊號偵測器 (Linear Signal Detector)............................ 28
4.1 傳統的線性訊號偵測器 (Conventional Linear Signal Detector).......... 28
4.2 低複雜度線性偵測器 (Low Complexity Linear Detector)................. 28
4.2.1 雅可比 (Jacobi; JA).......................................... 28
4.2.2 高斯-賽德爾 (Gauss-Seidel; GS)............................... 28
4.2.3 諾伊曼級數 (Neumann-Series ; NS)............................. 29
4.2.4 連續過鬆弛 (Successive Over-Relaxation; SOR)................. 29
4.2.5 修改的連續過鬆弛 (Modified Successive Over-Relaxation; modified SOR)... 30
4.2.6 對稱連續過鬆弛(Symmetric Successive Over-Relaxation; SSOR)... 30
4.2.7 加速過鬆弛(Accelerated Over-Relaxation; AOR)................. 30
4.3 切比雪夫加速 (Chebyshev Aceleration)............................... 30
第五章 研究內容與方法 (Research and Method)............................... 33
5.1 系統模型 (System Model)............................................ 33
5.1.1 上行鏈路的多用戶MIMO OFDMA系統 (Uplink Multiuser MIMO OFDMA Systems)... 33
5.1.2 通道模型 (Channel Model)..................................... 33
5.2 切比雪夫加速過鬆弛 (Chebyshev Accelerated Over-Relaxation; CAOR).... 33
5.2.1 加速過鬆弛方法 (AOR Method)................................... 33
5.2.2 加速過鬆弛收斂分析 (AOR Convergence Analysis)................. 34
5.2.3 提出的CAOR方法 (Proposed CAOR Method)......................... 35
5.2.4 計算複雜度 (Computational Complexity)......................... 36
第六章 模擬結果與討論 (Simulation Results and Discussions)............... 38
第七章 結論 (Conclusions)............................................... 53
7.1 論文總結 (Summary of Thesis)...................................... 53
7.2 未來研究 (Future Works)........................................... 53
參考文獻 (References)............................................ 54
附錄一 名詞縮寫對照 (Abbreviations)...................................... 57
附錄二 名詞索引 (Index).................................................. 59
附錄三 發表清單 (Publication List)....................................... 61
Extended Abstract................................................ 62

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