臺灣博碩士論文加值系統

隨煉鋼產業快速發展產生大量工業副產品，世界各國正面臨處置廢棄物之議題，若能以工業副產品循環再利用，透過工業副產品取代水泥，不僅可有效去化工業副產品，更能避免廢棄物處置問題造成環境汙染和減少溫室氣體排放，並大幅減少水泥使用量，以達到節能減碳及有效利用工業副產品全面資源化的永續循環經濟目標。本研究以不鏽鋼還原碴使用研磨細度(F)為3000 cm2/g，以不同取代量(RM) 5%、10%、15%及20%；爐石粉以不同取代量(RM) 0%、10%及20%，選用不同水膠比(W/B) 0.4、0.5、0.6，以爐石粉與不鏽鋼還原碴取代水泥製成水泥漿體與水泥砂漿，探討耐高溫性質與工程性質之影響，評估以爐石粉與還原碴取代水泥可行性評估，將工業副產品作充分有效的資源利用。
研究結果顯示，以不鏽鋼還原碴與爐石粉取代部分水泥，能使流度與坍度有提升之趨勢，整體工作性就會越佳；凝結時間隨爐石粉與還原碴取代量提升而增加。水泥漿體經高溫作用後，以爐石粉20%取代水泥之試體具有較佳耐高溫性力。力學性質隨還原碴取代量增加而有降低之趨勢；隨爐石粉取代量增加而提升，以爐石粉20%與還原碴5%配比具有較佳力學性質。各組超音波波速皆達到4500m/s以上與電阻值皆大於20 kΩ-cm，顯示爐石粉能使試體有較佳之耐久性；爐石粉20%與還原碴5%試體具有較佳抗硫酸鹽侵蝕能力，重量損失率為-2.32%。熱壓膨脹試驗均符合ASTM C151 規定之膨脹量要小於0.8%之要求，顯示試體具有較佳體積穩定性。

With the rapid development of the steelmaking industry, many industrial byproducts are produced, and various countries are facing waste disposal issues. If these industrial byproducts can be recycled by using them in place of cement, they can be utilized effectively to prevent environmental pollution and reduce greenhouse gas emissions induced by waste disposal. In addition, cement consumption can be greatly reduced to attain the goals for energy savings and carbon reduction and to promote a sustainable circular economy for the overall recycling of industrial byproducts. This study uses SSRS fineness(F) to 3000cm2/g, with different substitution amounts (RM) 5%, 10%, 15% and 20%; GGBFS with different substitution amounts (RM) 0%, 10% and 20%, using different water-binder ratios (W / B) 0.4, 0.5, 0.6, replacing cement with GGBFS and SSRS to make cement paste and mortar, discussing the effects of high temperature resistance and engineering properties The assessment replaces cement feasibility with GGBFS and SSRS, and uses industrial by-products for full and effective resource utilization.
The research results show that the increase in the replacement amount of SSRS and GGBFS will increase the fluidity and slump, and the overall workability will be better; the setting time will increase with the replacement of GGBFS and SSRS. After the cement paste is subjected to high temperature, the sample with 20% of GGBFS can maintain a certain strength, which shows that the ratio of added furnace stone powder has better high temperature resistance. The mechanical properties have a tendency to decrease with the increase of the replacement amount of reduced plutonium. The mechanical properties increase with the replacement amount of furnace stone powder. The ratio of 20% of GGBFS to 5% of SSRS has better mechanical properties. The ultrasonic wave velocity of each group reached above 4500 m/s and the resistance value was greater than 20 kΩ-cm, showing that the addition of GGBFS can make the specimen have good compactness and low permeability and can make the specimen have better durability; The test specimens with 20% GGBFS and 5% SSRS have better resistance to sulfate attack, and the weight loss rate is -2.23%. The auto-expansion test conforms to the requirements of ASTM C151 for the auto-expansion amount to be less than 0.8%, which shows that the test specimen has better volume stability.

摘要 i
ABSTRACT ii
誌謝 iv
目錄 v
表目錄 ix
圖目錄 xii
符號說明 xvi
第一章 緒論 1
1-1 研究動機 1
1-2 研究目的 2
1-3 研究內容 2
1-4 研究流程 3
第二章 文獻回顧 5
2-1 電弧爐煉鋼爐碴 5
2-1-1 電弧爐煉鋼製程 5
2-1-2 不鏽鋼還原碴基本性質 5
2-1-3 不鏽鋼還原碴之體積膨脹因素 6
2-1-4 不鏽鋼還原碴之安定化 6
2-1-5 不鏽鋼還原碴應用於水泥相關研究 9
2-2 一貫作業煉鋼爐碴 10
2-2-1 一貫作業煉鋼製程 10
2-2-2 爐石粉基本性質 10
2-2-3 爐石粉反應過程 11
2-3 波特蘭水泥 12
2-3-1 水泥製程與基本性質 12
2-3-2 水泥水化反應 13
2-3-3 水泥漿體之孔隙結構生成物 16
2-3-4 高溫作用對水泥材料之影響 18
2-4 卜作嵐材料 20
第三章 試驗計畫 25
3-1 試驗材料 25
3-2 試驗變數 26
3-2-1 水泥漿體之研究 26
3-2-2 水泥砂漿之研究 26
3-3 試驗項目及設備 27
3-3-1 新拌性質 27
3-3-2 硬固性質 27
3-3-3 耐久性質 30
3-3-4 耐高溫性質 31
3-3-5 微觀分析 33
第四章 水泥漿體結果與分析 42
4-1 硬固性質 42
4-1-1 抗壓強度 42
4-1-2 超音波波速 44
4-2 耐高溫性質 45
4-2-1 燒失量 45
4-2-2高溫作用後抗壓強度變化 47
4-2-3 高溫作用後超音波波速變化 49
4-2-4 Painet.net圖像分析 52
4-3 微觀分析 53
4-3-1 SEM分析 53
4-3-2 EDS 分析 55
第五章 水泥砂漿結果與分析 80
5-1 新拌性質 80
5-1-1 坍度 80
5-1-2 流度 81
5-1-3 凝結時間 83
5-2 硬固性質 84
5-2-1 抗壓強度 84
5-2-2 抗彎強度 88
5-2-3 抗拉強度 90
5-2-4 超音波波速 93
5-2-5 吸水率試驗 96
5-3 耐久性質 98
5-3-1 四極式電阻 98
5-3-2 耐硫酸鹽侵蝕 101
5-3-3 熱壓膨脹試驗 104
第六章 結論與建議 140
6-1 結論 140
6-1-1 水泥漿體 140
6-1-2 水泥砂漿 141
6-2 建議 143
參考文獻 144
作者簡歷 150

1.Adina Bosoaga ,Ondrej Masek, John E.Oakey,2009,“CO2 Capture Technologies for Cement Industry”,Energy Procedia 1(1),pp.133-140.
2.羅名宏，2014，爐石基鹼膠凝材料高溫殘餘工程性質之研究，國立高雄應用科技大學土木工程與防災科技研究所，碩士論文。
3.廖盈如，2013，不鏽鋼還原碴應用於預拌土壤材料之工程性質研究，國立高雄應用科技大學土木工程與防災科技研究所，碩士論文。
4.曹哲豪，2018，不鏽鋼還原碴製成環保水泥砂漿膨脹行為之研究，國立高雄科技大學土木工程科技研究所，碩士論文。
5.H. X. Zhang ,Huai wei,2011,“An overview for the utilization of wastes from stainless steel industries. Resources”,Conservation and Recycling 55(8), pp.745–754.
6.沈永年，孫德和，黃盈峰，2012，“添加爐石對預拌土壤材料工作性質之影響”中華道路，頁61-71。
7.經濟部工業局，2017，電弧爐還原碴安定化技術手冊，臺北。
8.曾仕文，2012，電弧爐還原碴應用於控制性低強度材料及其安定化成效評估研究，國立中央大學土木工程學系，碩士論文。
9.林柏彰，2012，還原爐碴取代水泥性質之研究，國立台北科技大學土木與防災研究所，碩士論文。
10.吳悅婷，2015，添加不銹鋼還原碴自充填混凝土工程性質預測模式之探討，國立高雄應用科技大學土木工程與防災科技研究所，碩士論文。
11.鐘文煥，2010，爐碴細粒料應用於製作鹼活化還原碴混凝土可行性研究，國立中央大學土木工程學系，碩士論文。
12.Q.Wang,2017,“The soundness of steel slag with different free CaO and MgO contents,”Construction and Building Materials 151, pp. 138-146.
13.孫德和，2004，不銹鋼爐碴在混凝土材料之應用研究，國立高雄應用科技大學土木工程系暨防災科技研究所，碩士論文。
14.江奇成，2005，電弧爐煉鋼還原渣與鑄件廢料摻用於混凝土再生材之模式研究，國立台灣科技大學營建工程系，博士論文。
15.廖培丞，2013，氧化碴在自充填混凝土之應用研究，國立高雄應用科技大學土木工程科技研究所，碩士論文。
16.C.J. Shi, J.S. Qian, 2000,“High performance cementing materials from industrial slags – a review“,Resources, Conservation and Recycling 29(3), pp.195-207.
17.L. Muhmood, S. Vitta, D. Venkateswaran,2009,“Cementitious and pozzolanic behavior of electric arc furnace steel slags”,Cement and Concrete Research 39(2),pp.102-109.
18.S.I. Abu-Eishah,A.S.El-Dieb,M.S.Bedir,2012,“Performance of concrete mixtures made with electric arc furnace (EAF) steel slag aggregate produced in the Arabian Gulf region”,Construction and Building Materials 34 (5), pp.249-256.
19.S. Saxena,A.R. Tembhurkar,2018,“Impact of use of steel slag as coarse aggregate and wastewater on fresh and hardened properties of concrete”,Construction and Building Materials 165,pp.126-137.
20.N.H. Roslan, M. Ismail, Z. Abdul-Majid, S. Ghoreishiamiri, B. Muhammad,2016, “Performance of steel slag and steel sludge in concrete”,Construction and Building Materials 104, pp. 16-24.
21.S.I. Abu-Eishah, A.S. El-Dieb, M.S. Bedir,2012,“Performance of concrete mixtures made with electric arc furnace (EAF) steel slag aggregate produced in the Arabian Gulf region”,Construction and Building Materials 34(5),pp. 249-256.
22.曾雅玟，2018，還原碴再利用於膠結材料及膨脹行為改善之研究，國立成功大學資源工程學系研究所，碩士論文。
23.周佳晏，2013，不銹鋼還原碴應用於自充填混凝土之工程性質研究，國立高雄應用科技大學土木工程科技研究所，碩士論文。
24.Stefanie A. Campos, Maria F. C. Rafael, Antônio E. B. Cabral,2018,“Evaluation of steel slag of Companhia Siderúrgica do Pecém replacing fine aggregate on mortars”,Procedia Structural Integrity 11, pp.145-152.
25.Yongchang Guo,Jianhe Xie,Wen yu Zheng ,Jianglin Li,2018,“Effects of steel slag as fine aggregate on static and impact behaviours of concrete, Construction and Building Material 192, ,pp. 194-201.
26.Yeong-Nain Sheen, Li-Jeng Huang, Her-Yung Wang,Duc-Hien Le,2014, “Experimental study and strength formulation of soil-based controlled low-strength material containing stainless steel reducing slag”,Construction and Building Materials 54, pp. 1-9.
27.Yeong-Nain Sheen, Her-Yung Wang ,Te-Ho Sun,2013,“A study of engineering properties of cement mortar with stainless steel oxidizing slag and reducing slag resource materials”,Construction and Building Materials 40, pp. 239-245.
28.行政院公共工程委員會，2017，公共工程高爐石混凝土使用手冊。
29.黃兆龍，2007，卜作嵐混凝土使用手冊，財團法人中興工程顧問社，台北。
30.陳靜婷，2016，脫硫渣與爐石粉對水泥砂漿性質之影響，國立高雄應用科技大學土木工程與防災科技研究所，碩士論文。
31.黃兆龍，2006，混凝土性質與行為，詹氏書局。
32.B.K. Marsh , R.L.Day ,1987, “ Pozzlamic and cementitious reactions of fly ash in blended cement pastes ” ,Cement and Concrete Research 18(3) ,pp.301-310.
33.Sidney Mindess, J. Francis Young and David Darwin,2003,“Concrete”, second Edition.
34.顏聰，2006，土木材料，國家圖書館。
35.羅永麟，2008，添加爐石及飛灰之混凝土微結構與性質研究，國立中興大學土木工程學系，碩士論文。
36.黃兆龍，2012，新編混凝土材料品質控制試驗，詹氏書局。
37.J. S. S. A.-A. L. B. M. B. H. Maciej Zajac,2018,“Impact of microstructure on the performance of composite cements: Why higher total porosity can result in higher strength,”Cement and Concrete Composites 90, pp. 178-192.
38.沈得縣，1991，高爐熟料與飛灰波所蘭反應機理及對水泥漿體巨微觀性質影響之研究，國立台灣工業技術學院，博士論文。
39.A. K. Mohameda,2018,“An atomistic building block description of C-S-H - Towards a realistic C-S-H,”Cement and Concrete Research 107, pp. 221-235.
40.R. A. Patel,2018,“Effective diffusivity of cement pastes from virtual microstructures:Role of gel porosity and capillary pore percolation”, Construction and Building Materials 165, pp. 833-845.
41.M. Abid, X. Hou, W. Zheng, R.R. Hussain,2017,“High temperature and residual properties of reactive powder concrete–A review,”Construction and Building Materials 147,pp.339–351.
42.A.N.Noumowe,R.Siddique,G.Debicki,2009,Permeabilityofhigh-performanceconcrete subjected to elevated temperature(600℃),”Construction and Building Materials 23(5),pp.1855–1861.
43.AMuhammed Yasin Durgun,Ahmet Hayrullah Sevinç,2019,“High temperature resistance of concretes with GGBFS, waste glass powder, and colemanite ore wastes after different cooling conditions,”Construction and Building Materials 196(30),pp.66-81
44.蘇泰明，2003，飛灰水泥砂漿高溫養護後影像分析之研究，國立高雄應用科技大學土木工程科技研究所，碩士論文。
45.留銘駿，2012，石材貼覆混凝土梁試體火害承載行為研究，逢甲大學土木工程所，碩士論文。
46.Q. Zhang, G. Ye, E. Koenders,2013,“Investigation of the structure of heated Portland cement paste by using various techniques,”Construction and Building Materials 38, pp.1040–1050.
47.Eskinder Desta Shumuye a, Jun Zhao, Zike Wang,2019,“Effect of fire exposure on physico-mechanical and microstructuralproperties of concrete containing high volume slag cement,”Construction and Building Materials 213,pp.447–458.
48.Zijian Jia, Chun Chen, Jinjie Shi, Yamei Zhang, Zhengming Sun, Peigen Zhang, 2019,“The microstructural change of C-S-H at elevated temperature in Portlandcement/GGBFS blended system,”Cement and Concrete Research 123 ,105773.
49.H.Y. Wang,2008,“The effects of elevated temperature on cement paste containing GGBFS,” Cement and Concrete Composites 30 , pp.992–999.
50.Yunyao Wang, Zhonghe Shui,Xu Gao, Rui Yu,Yun Huang, Shukai Cheng,2019, “Understanding the chloride binding and diffusion behaviors of marine concrete based on Portland limestone cement-alumina enriched pozzolans ”,Construction and BuildingMaterials 198, pp.207-217.
51.Axel Schöler,Barbara Lothenbach,FrankWinnefeld,MaciejZajac,2015,“Hydration of quaternary Portland cement blends containing blast-furnace slag, siliceous fly ash and limestone powder ”, Cement and Concrete Composites 55,pp.374-382.
52.Van ToanPham,PhalkongMeng,Phuong TrinhBui,YukoOgawa,KenjiKawai,2020, “Effects of Shirasu natural pozzolan and limestone powder on the strength and aggressive chemical resistance of concrete”, Construction and Building Materials 239,117679.