臺灣博碩士論文加值系統

抗生素（環丙沙星（CIP）-布洛芬（IBP））由於化學穩定性高、生物降解性弱、難降解等特性，無法透過傳統處理技術完全代謝，並透過尿液和糞便釋放到水環境中。 殘留的抗生素作用對環境和人體健康有害。 因此，為了實現聯合國2030年永續發展目標（SDGs）的具體目標6（清潔水和衛生設施），需要考慮採用高級氧化製程（AOPs）在排入水生環境之前去除抗生素殘留，並修改沸石咪唑酯骨架67 (ZIF-67) – 金屬有機骨架(MOFs) 的一個子類，被認為和開發為用於在水環境中去除抗生素的非均相催化活化。 因此，本研究的目的是（i）從 ZIF-67 合成 N@ZIF-67、Mn-ZIF-67@GO 和 GQDs@ZIF-67，（ii）評估 CIP、IBP 降解中的異質催化性能影響因素過一硫酸鹽（PMS）活化和電化學氧化過程，（iii）闡明可能的機制－降解途徑－催化劑的穩定性

Antibiotics (Ciprofloxacin (CIP) - Ibuprofen (IBP)) can not be entirely metabolized by the traditional treatment technology due to the high chemical stability - weakly biodegraded – recalcitrant characterizations, which are released into the aqueous environment via urine and feces. The residual antibiotics effect harmful to the environment and human health. Therefore, for the achievement of target 6 (clean water and sanitation) of sustainable development goals (SDGs) – the United Nations 2030 Agenda, advanced oxidation processes (AOPs) are considered to remove antibiotics residues before discharging into an aquatic environment, and modification of zeolitic imidazolate framework-67 (ZIF-67) – a subclass of metal-organic frameworks (MOFs) is considered and developed as heterogeneous catalytic activation for antibiotics removal in an aqueous environment. Hence, this study aims to (i) synthesize N@ZIF-67, Mn-ZIF-67@GO, and GQDs@ZIF-67 from ZIF-67, (ii) evaluate heterogeneous catalytic performance–effect factors in CIP, IBP degradation via peroxymonosulfate (PMS) activation and electrochemical oxidation process, (iii) elucidate the possible mechanism – degradation pathways – stability of catalyst

CHINESE ABSTRACT………………..………………………………………….…. i
ENGLISH ABSTRACT………………..……………………………………………. ii
ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS..…………..……………………………………………. iv
TABLE OF CONTENTS………………..……………………………………………v
FIGURE INDEX………………………………………………………………..…....ix
TABLE INDEX……………………………………………………………………..xiv
ABBREVIATION…………………………………………………………………..xvi
CHAPTER 1. INTRODUCTION………………………….………………………1
1.1. Motivation……………………………………………………………………….1
1.2. Objective………………………………………………………………………...5
1.3. Scope..…………………………………………………………………………...5
CHAPTER 2. LITERATURE REVIEW………………………………………….6
2.1. Synthesis methods, structure, properties, and applications of ZIF-67…………..6
2.1.1. Synthesis methods………………………………………………………...6
2.1.2. Structure, properties………………………………………………………10
2.1.3. Applications………………………………………………………………11
2.2. Overview antibiotics…………………………………………………………….14
2.2.1. Sources, properties, effects, and removal technologies of CIP…………...28
2.2.1.1. Sources, properties, and effects of CIP…………..…………………28
2.2.1.2. Removal technologies of CIP……………………………………….33
2.2.2. Sources, properties, effects, and removal technologies of IBP……………36
2.2.2.1. Sources, properties, and effects of IBP……………………………..36
2.2.2.2. Removal technologies of IBP………………………………………38
2.3. Overview graphene quantum dots (GQDs)……………………………………...41
2.4. Overview graphene oxide (GO)…………………………………………………42
2.5. Peroxymonosulfate (PMS) activation process…………………………………..44
2.6. Electrochemical oxidation (EO) process…………………………………….......45
CHAPTER 3. METHODOLOGY………………………….……………………...49
3.1. Overview research……………………………………………………………….49
3.2. Instruments for characterization………………………………………………....50
3.3. Research contents…………………………………………………………….….51
3.3.1. Phase 1: Enhanced peroxymonosulfate (PMS) activation via nitrogen doping zeolitic imidazolate framework-67(N@ZIF-67) for ciprofloxacin(CIP) degradation.51
3.3.1.1. Chemicals……………………………………………………………….51
3.3.1.2. Synthesis process………………………………………………………..51
3.3.1.3. Experiments……………………………………………………………..52
3.3.1.4. Chemical analysis……………………………………………………….54
3.3.2. Phase 2: Ciprofloxacin removal via electrochemical oxidation with graphene quantum dots (GQDs) doping ZIF-67 (GQDs@ZIF-67) electrodes.............................54
3.3.2.1. Chemicals………………………………………………………………..54
3.3.2.2. Synthesis process………………………………………………………..55
3.3.2.3. Experiments……………………………………………………………..56
3.3.2.4. Chemical analysis……………………………………………………….57
3.3.3. Phase 3: Ibuprofen (IBP) degradation through peroxymonosulfate (PMS) activation by the linkage of metal-organic frameworks (MOFs) and graphene oxide
(GO)………………………………………………………………………………….58
3.3.3.1. Chemicals……………………………………………………………….58
3.3.3.2. Synthesis process………………………………………………..………58
3.3.3.3. Experiments……………………………………………………………..59
3.3.3.4. Chemical analysis……………………………………………………….59
CHAPTER 4. RESULTS AND DISCUSSION.........................................................61
4.1. Phase 1: Enhanced peroxymonosulfate (PMS) activation via nitrogen doping zeolitic imidazolate framework-67(N@ZIF-67) for ciprofloxacin(CIP) degradation.61
4.1.1. Characterization of materials……………………………………………….....61
4.1.2. Performance of N@ZIF-67................................................................................66
4.1.2.1. Adsorption performance of N@ZIF-67....................................................66
4.1.2.2. Catalytic performance of N@ZIF-67 for PMS activation………………70
4.1.2.2.1. Effect of various reaction systems on CIP removal………………70
4.1.2.2.2. Effect of various pH on CIP removal by N@ZIF-67/PMS system71
4.1.2.2.3. Effect of reaction parameters on CIP removal by N@ZIF-67/PMS system....................................................................................................................73
4.1.2.2.4. Effect of real water………………………………………………..75
4.1.2.2.5. Stability and reusability of the catalyst…………………………….79
4.1.3. Mechanism of PMS activation by catalyst…………………………………….80
4.1.4. Conclusion……………………………………………………………………..83
4.2. Phase 2: Ciprofloxacin removal via electrochemical oxidation with graphene quantum dots (GQDs) doping ZIF-67 (GQDs@ZIF-67) electrodes............................85
4.2.1. Characterization of materials………………………………………………......85
4.2.2. Performance of GQDs@ZIF-67.........................................................................88
4.2.2.1. Effect of the various electrolyte………....................................................88
4.2.2.2. Effect of electrolyte dosage……………………………..………………96
4.2.2.3. Effect of the various applied potential…………………..………………97
4.2.2.4. Effect of various pH on CIP removal by EO system……………………99
4.2.2.5. Effect of the various temperature............................................................101
4.2.2.6. Stability and reusability………………………………………………..103
4.2.3. Mechanism of electrochemical oxidation system…………………………….104
4.2.4. Possible degradation pathways of pollutant by electrochemical oxidation system……………………………………………………………………………….108
4.2.5. Conclusion…………………………………………………………………....111
4.3. Phase 3: Ibuprofen (IBP) degradation through peroxymonosulfate (PMS) activation by the linkage of metal-organic frameworks (MOFs) and graphene oxide (GO)…………………………………………………………………………………112
4.3.1. Characterization of materials…………………………………………...….....112
4.3.2. Performance of Mn-ZIF-67@GO.....................................................................118
4.3.2.1. Effect of the various catalysts…….........................................................118
4.3.2.2. Effect of reaction parameters…………………………..………………120
4.3.2.3. Effect of the various pHs..……………………………..………………122
4.3.2.4. Effect of temperature…………………………….…………………….123
4.3.2.5. Effect of real water…………………………….………………………125
4.3.2.6. Mobility of composite/PMS toward various pollutants………………..129
4.3.2.7. Stability and reusability………………………….…………………….131
4.3.2.8. Possible degradation pathways of Ibuprofen.………………………….133
4.3.3. Mechanism of Mn-ZIF-67@GO/PMS.............................................................142
4.3.4. Conclusion……………………........................................................................148
REFERENCES……………………………………………………………………..150

CURRICULUM VITAE……………………………………………………………162

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