臺灣博碩士論文加值系統

海運在成本及載運量有著相當的優勢，其佔運輸業比例高達70-80%。港口為貨物傳輸到世界各地的重要節點，然而，港內通常是一個半封閉的水域環境，海流速度較慢，易造成污染物的累積。台灣為一個島國，也是國際海運上一個重要的樞紐，因此對於港區的污染管控相當重要。本研究於2021年3月至4月期間採集台灣七大商港區26個表層沉積物(每一港口設置港外1測站，港內2–5個測站)，並進行基本特性分析及16種多環芳香烴碳氫化合物(polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon hydrocarbons, PAHs)、10種鄰苯二甲酸酯類(phthalates, PAEs)及2種烷基酚(alkylphenols, APs)等持久性有機污染物。其中，PAHs、PAEs、APs是以氣相層析/質譜儀(Gas Chromatography–Mass Spectrometry, GC/MS)進行定性定量分析。本研究目的主要為評估港區沉積物持久性有機污染物種類、濃度、組成分布、潛在來源及生態風險。
分析結果顯示，各港區沉積物總PAHs (∑PAHs)濃度介於7.6–573 ug/kg dw之間。各港區∑PAHs濃度分佈依序為基隆港(280.5 ug/kg dw)> 花蓮港(218.5)> 高雄港(189)> 台中港(100.5)> 蘇澳港(90.1)> 安平港(51.9)> 台北港(48.2)。PAHs環數組成主要以高環數為主(佔∑PAHs 63–86%)。由PAH特徵比值分析結果顯示，各港區PAHs以燃燒及石油混合來源為主。沉積物中總PAEs (∑PAEs)濃度介於208–1098 ug/kg dw之間，以基隆港區最高(1098 ug/kg dw)，其次依序為安平港(1030 ug/kg dw )> 高雄港(934.8)> 台中港(723.7)> 台北港(407.4)> 花蓮港(327.9)> 蘇澳港(208.2)。DEHP為最主要組成(平均分別佔∑PAEs 51.7%)。壬基酚(NP)及辛基酚(OP)濃度分別介於527–1135 ug/kg dw及3.13–33.5 ug/kg dw之間，皆以安平港區最高。各港區總APs (∑APs)濃度分佈依序為安平港(1169 ug/kg dw)> 高雄港(241.1)> 台中港(162.1)> 基隆港(108.9)> 台北港(91.7)> 花蓮港(74.4)> 蘇澳港(55.8)。
綜合而言，基隆港區沉積物含有較高之PAHs及PAEs，安平港區沉積物含有較高APs。本研究結果提供有機污染物濃度及種類分布之基礎資訊，也可供未來港區沉積物管理政策及污染防治策略擬定之基礎參考背景資料。

Shipping has considerable advantages in cost and carrying capacity, accounting for 70-80% of the transportation industry. Ports are important node for the transport of goods to all parts of the world. However, ports are usually semi-closed water environments and having low current speed, which facilitates accumulation of pollutants. Taiwan is an island country and an important hub for international shipping, so it is very important to control pollution in its port areas. In this study, 26 surface sediments were collected from seven major commercial ports in Taiwan (one station outside the port and 2–5 stations inside the port) from March to April 2021, and basic characteristics were analyzed. Also, 16 kinds of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon hydrocarbons (PAHs), 10 kinds of phthalates (PAEs) and 2 kinds of alkylphenols (APs) and other persistent organic pollutants were analyzed. Among them, PAHs, PAEs, APs were qualitatively and quantitatively analyzed by gas chromatography/mass spectrometer (GC/MS). The main purpose of this study was to assess the types, concentrations, composition distribution, potential sources and ecological risks of POPs in the sediments. Results showed the concentration of total PAHs (∑PAHs) in the sediments ranging from 7.6 to 573 ug/kg dw. The distribution of ∑PAHs in each port area were as follows: Keelung Port (280.5 ug/kg dw) > Hualien Port (218.5) > Kaohsiung Port (189) > Taichung Port (100.5) > Suao Port (90.1) > Anping Port (51.9) > Taipei Port (48.2). PAHs were mainly composed of high number of rings (63–86% of ∑PAHs). Results of PAH characteristic ratio analysis showed that combustion and oil mixture were the main sources in the ports. The concentration of total PAEs (∑PAEs) in the sediments ranged from 208 to 1098 ug/kg dw, highest in Keelung Port (1098 ug/kg dw), followed by Anping Port (1030) > Kaohsiung Port (934.8) > Taichung Port (723.7) > Taipei Port (407.4) > Hualien Port (327.9) > Suao Port (208.2). DEHP was the most important components (51.7% of ∑PAEs on average, respectively). The concentrations of nonylphenol (NP) and octylphenol (OP) ranged between 527–1135 and 3.13–33.5 ug/kg dw, respectively, and were highest in Anping Port . The distribution of total APs (∑APs) concentration in each port area were as follows: Anping Port (1169 ug/kg dw) > Kaohsiung Port (241.1) > Taichung Port (162.1) > Keelung Port (108.9) > Taipei Port (91.7) > Hualien Port (74.4) > Suao Port (55.8). In general, the sediments in the Keelung Port area contain relatively high levels of PAHs and PAEs and the sediments in the Anping Port area contain relatively high levels of APs. The results of this study provide basic information on the concentration and species distribution of organic pollutants, and can also provide background for the formulation of future sediment management policies and pollution prevention strategies in ports.

摘要 i
Abstract iii
目錄 v
圖目錄 xi
表目錄 xvii
第一章 前言 1
1.1研究緣起 1
1.2研究目的 2
第二章 文獻回顧 3
2.1研究區域環境背景 3
2.1.1各港區地理位置 3
2.3沉積物中多環芳香烴 7
2.3.1沉積物中多環芳香烴化合物特性 7
2.3.2沉積物中多環芳香烴化合物分布 8
2.3.3毒性當量 9
2.3.3多環芳香烴化合物特徵比值 11
2.4沉積物中鄰苯二甲酸酯類與烷基苯酚 12
2.4.1沉積物中鄰苯二甲酸酯類來源 12
2.4.2沉積物中鄰苯二甲酸酯類分布 13
第三章 材料與方法 17
3.1研究架構 17
3.2樣品收集 19
3.3實驗藥品與設備 29
3.3.1標準品 29
3.3.2實驗藥品 30
3.3.3實驗設備 30
3.4基本性質分析 31
3.4.1總有機碳 31
3.4.2固定性 (FS)揮發性 (VS)固體含量 32
3.4.3粒徑 33
3.6多環芳香烴、鄰苯二甲酸酯及烷基苯酚分析 33
3.6.1樣品前處理 33
3.6.2定性及定量 34
3.6.3檢量線 35
第四章 品保品管 37
4.1檢量線 37
4.1.1多環芳香烴、鄰苯二甲酸酯類及烷基苯酚 37
4.2方法空白樣品 38
4.3樣品查核分析 38
4.4準確度 41
4.5偵測極限 43
4.5.1多環芳香烴、鄰苯二甲酸酯類及烷基苯酚 43
4.6例行性校正 46
4.6.1氣相層析儀 (GC/MS) 46
第五章 結果與討論 53
5.1基隆港區 53
5.1.1基本性質分析 53
5.1.2多環芳香烴濃度分布 58
5.1.3鄰苯二甲酸酯類濃度分布 65
5.1.4烷基苯酚濃度分布 69
5.2台北港區 70
5.2.1基本性質分析 70
5.2.2多環芳香烴濃度分布 74
5.2.3鄰苯二甲酸酯類濃度分布 81
5.2.4烷基苯酚濃度分布 85
5.3台中港區 86
5.3.1基本性質分析 86
5.3.2多環芳香烴濃度分布 91
5.3.3鄰苯二甲酸酯類濃度分布 98
5.3.4烷基苯酚濃度分布 103
5.4安平港區 104
5.4.1基本性質分析 104
5.4.2多環芳香烴濃度分布 109
5.4.3鄰苯二甲酸酯類濃度分布 116
5.4.4烷基苯酚濃度分布 121
5.5高雄港區 122
5.5.1基本性質分析 122
5.5.2多環芳香烴濃度分布 127
5.5.3鄰苯二甲酸酯類濃度分布 135
5.5.4烷基苯酚濃度分布 140
5.6蘇澳港區 141
5.6.1基本性質分析 141
5.6.2多環芳香烴濃度分布 145
5.6.3鄰苯二甲酸酯類濃度分布 152
5.6.4烷基苯酚濃度分布 157
5.7花蓮港區 158
5.7.1基本性質分析 158
5.7.2多環芳香烴濃度分布 162
5.7.3鄰苯二甲酸酯類濃度分布 169
5.7.4烷基苯酚濃度分布 174
5.8台灣七大商港區 175
5.8.1基本性質分析 175
5.8.2多環芳香烴濃度分布 180
5.8.3鄰苯二甲酸酯類濃度分布 188
5.8.4烷基苯酚濃度分布 192
第六章 結論與建議 195
6.1結論 195
6.2建議 196
參考文獻 197
附 錄 一 209
附 錄 二 215

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