臺灣博碩士論文加值系統

隨著人口快速成長及掩埋場容量的逐漸飽和，廢水處理單元中活性污泥定期排放的廢棄污泥去化，逐漸成為各國共同重視的議題，且污泥具有極高的含水率，在近年污泥清運及處理費用大增的情況下，對廠商是極大的負荷，若不當處置將造成環境二次污染，因此如何將廢棄污泥進行適當且有效的處理，以減量並提升其再利用之價值，成為非常重要的研究議題。本研究選擇法定可回收再利用的食品污泥（R-0902）及紡織污泥（R-0906），以微波輔助加熱的方式，分別在不同溫度與反應時間下進行濕式焙燒，找出二種污泥各自的最佳焙燒條件，實驗成果並與傳統電熱乾式焙燒結果進行比較。接著，為了改善污泥低熱值及高灰份的特性，並同時去化台灣每年大量產出的農林業廢棄物，本研究以二種污泥各自的最佳焙燒條件下，添加不同比例的生質廢棄物（包含甘蔗渣、稻殼、芭樂枝、釋迦皮、夏威夷果殼、開心果殼）進行共焙燒，並測試不同種類與濃度的添加劑（HNO3、NaOH、Na2CO3、LiCl、H2O2）對焙燒後固體產物的特性影響，分析項目包含近似組成、熱值、質量及能量產率、能量密度，並以熱重分析（TGA）結果評估產物的熱穩定性、污泥降解機制、及計算產物的點燃與燃燼溫度，成品並與現今台電燃煤採購品質規範進行比較，後續分析污泥焙燒後的能源效益及環境衝擊，以評估合製成生質燃料進行再利用的工程應用性；污泥焙燒前後的上層液也透過pH值、蛋白質及碳水化合物含量變化分析，以評估其導回活性污泥池作為營養原再利用的可行性。
研究結果顯示，將污泥進行微波輔助濕式焙燒後，食品及紡織污泥最佳的條件分別為150℃-20 min及180℃-20 min，所得固體產物熱值分別可從13.0 - 15.5 MJ/kg提升至18.7 - 18.9 MJ/kg（提升22% - 44%），能量產率則分別為95%及98%。在此條件下，將二種污泥分別添加夏威夷果殼共焙燒，在各自的最佳添加比例下，（食品污泥:生質物=25:75 db%，紡織污泥:生質物=30:70 db%），食品污泥的熱值可提升至19.6 MJ/kg，紡織污泥的熱值提升至19.7 MJ/kg。接著以最好的污泥與生質物混合比例，進一步添加五種不同種類與濃度的添加劑進行共焙燒，結果發現二種污泥均以添加夏威夷果殼和1.0% H2O2（0.29 N）共焙燒，固體產物可最高的固定碳含量（食品污泥由原泥1%增加到29% - 30%；紡織污泥由原泥2%增加到14% - 41%），灰分比例降低，熱值分別可提升至20.4 MJ/kg及20.8 MJ/kg。經熱重分析結果，確認焙燒後產物的熱穩定性明顯提高，且點燃溫度及燃燼溫度均提高，表示作為生質燃料的燃燒效率及安全性較高。由液體產物分析得知，而污泥經微波輔助濕式焙燒後，食品污泥及紡織污泥上澄液中的蛋白質濃度分別提升12及5倍，碳水化合物濃度分別提升49及15倍，具有迴流至活性污泥槽作為營養鹽再利用的價值。
由微觀結構（FTIR和SEM）的分析得知，隨著焙燒強度及碳化程度增加，二種污泥焙燒後會加劇O-H、C-O、C=O等官能基的分解，表面形貌從原泥的粗糙大顆粒轉為表面平滑具微孔洞的結構。由動力分析結果發現，隨著焙燒溫度提升，二種污泥單獨焙燒後套用一階反應模式計算所得的活化能與頻率因子均增大，燃料比增加，點燃溫度與燃盡溫度也增加，且隨著後續混合生質物及添加劑進行共焙燒，此這些值增加的情況更明顯，與熱重分析確認產物熱穩定增加的結果相吻合，同時也代表固體產物的燃料品質與安全性有所提升。
二種污泥在分別添加釋迦皮及夏威夷果殼和1.0% H2O2進行共焙燒，所得固體產物的品質可達到台電對國內外一般亞煙煤的採購規範。在成本效益分析方面，當實廠每日處理1噸紡織污泥的總固體含量為4.9%，利用本技術焙燒後，將生物炭製成生質燃料販售與耗費成本可達損益平衡。此外，當原污泥的總固體含量從10%提升至20%時，若想攤平建置模槽成本僅需0.21-0.63年。經生命週期環境週期評估，發現紡織污泥在實驗室規模共焙燒處理後，會造成0.1323 g CO2 eq/kg的溫室氣體排放。

In recent years, the world 's population increases rapidly and the landfill 's capacity has become saturated. The waste sludge discharged from the activated sludge units in the wastewater processing plants has been degraded, which has also gradually attract remarkable attention in the worldwide. Thus, due to the sludge has high moisture content, which caused the high costs of transportation and disposal, that is a great challenge for plants. If it may not be effectively disposed it will lead to secondary pollution of the environment. Therefore, the important research is proper and effective treatment of the waste sludge, which achieves effective volume-reduction and increases the value of reuse. In this study, the legally recyclable food sludge (R-0902) and textile sludge (R-0906) were carried out by using microwave-assisted wet torrefaction at different temperatures (120 to 180 ℃) and reaction time (10 to 30 min). After determining the suitable torrefaction condition, the experiment production were compared with the results of conventional electrothermal dry torrefaction. In addition, the sludge was co-torrefied accordingly with six largely produced lignocellulose biowaste [including Sugarcane bagasse, Rice straw, Psidium guajava branches, Annona squamosa peel, Macadamia husk, and Pistachio husk] at different blending ratios and with five additives [including HNO3, NaOH, Na2CO3, LiCl, H2O2] at different adding kinds and concentrations in order to upgrading the biochar for fuel production as well as decreasing the disposal amount of biowaste. Further, the biochar's characteristics was analyzed by proximate analyses, heating values, mass yield, energy yield, and energy density. Thermogravimetric analyses (TGA) and derivative thermogravimetric analysis (DTG) confirmed the decomposition, the degradation mechanism, and ignition and combustion temperatures of the biochars. Moreover, the biochars is compared with the burning coal of Taiwan Power Company, which explore the energy efficiency, environmental impact, and the engineering applicability. On the other hand, this study analyses the effects of the liquid before and after the sludge wet torrefied for evaluating the feasibility of liquid returning to the activated sludge units as a nutrient for reuse.
Results showed that the optimal microwave assisted wet torrefaction conditions of food sludge and textile sludge was 150 ℃-20 min and 180 ℃-20 min, respectively, the higher heating value (HHV) of the biochar increased to 22% and 44% ,and energy yields of the biochar increased to 95% and 98%, respectively, compared to the raw sludge. The biochar produced from the two kind of sludge [including food sludge and textile sludge] blending with Macadamia husk [food sludge/biomass 25/75, db%; textile sludge/biomass 30/70, db%] presented the highest HHV (19.6 MJ/kg and 19.7 MJ/kg). Then, the optimal microwave assisted wet co-torrefaction conditions of the two kind of sludge blending with biomass, and further to blend with five additives at different adding kinds and concentrations for co-torrefaction. Results showed that the optimal co-torrefaction conditions of the two kind of sludge [including food sludge and textile sludge] was blending with Macadamia husk and 0.29 N H2O2, the fixed carbon content of the biochar increased from 1% to 30% and from 2% to 41%, presented the highest HHV (20.4 MJ/kg and 20.8 MJ/kg, respectively, and significantly decreased ash content, compared to the raw sludge. Thermogravimetric analysis (TGA) confirmed the decomposition and thermal stability of the biochar was significantly improved, and ignition and combustion temperatures of the biochars all increased, indicating that increasing combustion efficiency, and safety of the biofuelfuel. The liquid product analysis showed that the protein concentration increased 12 and 5 times, respectively, and the carbohydrate concentration increased 49 and 15 times, respectively. The results that the valuable of liquid returning to the activated sludge units as a nutrient for reuse.
The analysis of microstructure [including FTIR and SEM] showed that the intensity of O-H、C-O、C=O was weakened with the increase in torrefaction temperature and reaction time, temperature, indicating that functional groups of the biochar was partially decomposed. After torrefaction treatment, the surface morphology structure of biochar from roughly large particles to flat and pore structures, compared to the raw sludge. The degradation of the sludge and biowaste followed first-order kinetics; the activation energy, frequency factor, fuel ratio, and ignition and combustion temperatures of the biochars all increased with blending biomass and additives in co-torrefaction, indicating increasing thermal stability, combustion efficiency, and safety of the biofuelfuel.
The quality of biochars from the two kind of sludge blending with Macadamia husk, Annona squamosa pee ,and 1.0% H2O2 (0.29 N H2O2) in co-torrefaction, which can reach the general sub-bituminous coal of purchased criteria fromTaiwan Power Company. The cost-benefit showed that used this torrefied technology, the biochar is made into biofuels for sale and costs can reach break-even point , when the plant processes 1 ton of textile sludge per day and the total solids content of the sludge was 4.9%. In addition, it takes only 0.21-0.63 years to balance the cost of the constructed cavity when the total solids content of the raw sludge increased from 10% to 20%. Life cycle environmental cycle assessment found that the textile sludge would cause 0.1323 g CO2 eq/kg of greenhouse gas emissions after co-torrefaction at the laboratory scale.

摘要
Abstract
誌謝
目錄
表目錄
圖目錄
第一章、前言
1.1 研究源起
1.2 研究目的
第二章、文獻回顧
2.1 污泥種類及處理現況
2.1.1 污泥種類及特性
2.1.2 國內外污泥處置
2.2 焙燒原理與關鍵操作因子
2.2.1 乾式焙燒
2.2.2 濕式焙燒
2.3 微波加熱原理與應用
2.3.1 微波加熱原理
2.3.2 微波輔助濕式焙燒
2.4 焙燒反應與動力機制
2.4.1 動力機制
2.4.2 活化能
2.5 燃料品質特性參數
2.5.1 燃料比
2.5.2 點燃/燃燼溫度
第三章、研究材料與方法
3.1 研究架構
3.2 實驗材料與藥品
3.2.1 污泥種類及特性
3.2.2 生質廢棄物來源
3.2.3實驗儀器
3.2.4 實驗材料及藥品
3.3 實驗設計及步驟
3.3.1 微波輔助濕式焙燒污泥之處理因子測試
3.3.2 污泥與生質物共焙燒之固液比試驗
3.3.3 污泥與添加劑共焙燒之濃度測試
3.4 分析方法
3.4.1 pH值測定
3.4.2 SV30測定
3.4.3 總固體物、揮發性固體物、固定性固體物物分析
3.4.4 近似分析
3.4.5 熱值分析
3.4.6 熱穩定性分析
3.4.7 上澄營養源釋出含量
3.4.8 元素分析
3.4.9 化學結構組成分析
3.4.10 重金屬分析
3.4.11 表面特性鑑定
3.4.12 點燃溫度及燃燼溫度分析
3.5 實驗數據品質管制
第四章、結果與討論
4.1微波輔助濕式焙燒污泥前後特性變化
4.1.1 固體物特性分析
4.1.2 液體特性分析
4.1.3 表面結構微觀分析
4.1.4 小結
4.2 微波輔助濕式共焙燒生質物之污泥前後成效評估
4.2.1 固體物特性分析
4.2.2 液體特性分析
4.2.3 表面結構微觀分析
4.2.4 小結
4.3 添加劑對微波輔助濕式共焙燒生質物的成效影響
4.3.1 固體物特性分析
4.3.2 液體特性分析
4.3.3 表面結構微觀分析
4.3.4 小結
4.4 焙燒反應及動力機制分析
4.4.1 燃燒動力分析
4.4.2 燃料比
4.4.3 點燃溫度及燃燼溫度分析
4.4.4 小結
4.5 焙燒再利用成效評估
4.5.1 製成生質燃料品質規範
4.5.2 製成生質燃料成本分析
4.5.3 生命週期環境衝擊
4.5.4 小結
第五章、結論與建議
5.1 結論
5.2 建議
參考文獻
附錄
附錄A、微波輔助濕式焙燒數據
附錄B、電熱乾式焙燒數據

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