臺灣博碩士論文加值系統

供暖製冷是人類生活的基本需求，但需耗費大量能源，並且是碳排放的主要來源。個人熱管理(Personal Thermal Management, PTM)專注於調節人體與周圍環境的溫度，而不是浪費能源用於維持建築物內部空間和非生物體的溫度。織物是人體與環境之間的熱傳導途徑，利用天然太陽熱源的被動式加熱織物是有效的PTM策略，可達成節能減碳及減緩氣候變遷目的。然而，開發具被動加熱功能的織物技術，實現高效的個人熱管理仍然是一項挑戰。氧化鎢（WOx）和矽化鎢（WSix）因具光譜選擇特性及優異熱穩定性，廣泛使用於太陽光譜選擇性吸收膜。本研究在織物上披覆WOx和WSix多層功能性膜，將織物的舒適性和光熱轉換技術結合在一起，製備具被動加熱性和耐久性能的加熱功能性織物。實驗利用反應式磁控濺鍍系統在玻璃、聚丙烯 (Polypropylene, PP)、聚酯 (Polyester, PET)及矽基板上製備濺鍍不同矽、氧含量的WSix、WOx膜，探討不同成分WSix、WOx膜的結構及光學性質，依光學設計於PP、PET上沉積製備W/WSix/WO3及W/WOx/WO3層功能性膜，製備WSix和WOx被動式太陽加熱功能性織物。X光繞射分析(XRD)顯示隨著鍍矽功率增加，WSix的晶體結構由Tetragonal-W5Si3相轉變為Tetragonal-WSi2相；而氧通量增加使WOx晶體結構由Cubic-W及Orthorhombic-WO2混和相，變成Monoclinic-WO3相。使用橢圓偏光儀(Ellipsometer)量測折射率以及消光係數，並利用光學模擬軟體Essential Macleod進行疊層吸收體膜層厚度設計，有助於獲得優異的光學性能。進一步使用紫外光/可見光/近紅外光光譜儀(UV/Vis/NIR)以及傅立葉轉換紅外光譜(FT-IR)量測其光學性質。在PP布料上，W/WSix/WO3/SiO2的光熱轉換效率（α/ε）為1.77，W/WOx/WO3/SiO2的α/ε為1.72；而在PET布料上，W/WSix/WO3/SiO2的光熱轉換效率α/ε為1.54，W/WOx/WO3/SiO2的α/ε為1.52，兩者加熱性能相近。牢固性測驗顯示，W/WSix/WO3/SiO2的牢固性優於W/WOx/WO3/SiO2， PP布料上的牢固性優於PET布料。透氣性測試中，沉積疊層吸收體不會影響其透氣性，可有效改善戶外工作者的舒適度。

Heating and cooling are basic human needs but consume a significant amount of energy and are major sources of carbon emissions. Personal Thermal Management (PTM) focuses on regulating the temperature of the human body and its surrounding environment rather than wasting energy to maintain the temperature of the interior space of buildings and non-living objects. Fabric serves as the heat conduction pathway between the human body and the environment. Utilizing passive heating fabrics that harness natural solar heat is an effective PTM strategy, aiming to achieve energy savings, carbon reduction, and climate change mitigation. However, developing fabrics with passive heating capabilities to achieve efficient personal thermal management remains a challenge. Tungsten oxide (WOx) and tungsten silicide (WSix) are widely used in solar spectrum selective absorption films due to their spectral selectivity and excellent thermal stability.
This study involves coating fabrics with multi-layer functional films of WOx and WSix, combining the comfort of fabrics with photothermal conversion technology to create fabrics with passive heating and durability properties. Experiments used a reactive magnetron sputtering system to deposit WSix and WOx films with different silicon and oxygen contents on glass, polypropylene (PP) fabric, polyester (PET) fabric, and silicon substrates. The structure and optical properties of WSix and WOx films with different compositions were investigated. Based on optical design, W/WSix/WO3 and W/WOx/WO3 layer functional films were deposited on PP and PET to fabricate WSix and WOx passive solar heating functional fabrics.
X-ray diffraction (XRD) analysis showed that as the silicon sputtering power increased, the crystal structure of WSix transformed from W5Si3-Tetragonal phase to WSi2-Tetragonal phase. Increasing the oxygen flux caused the crystal structure of WOx to change from a mixed phase of W-Cubic and WO2-Orthorhombic to WO3-Monoclinic phase. An ellipsometer was used to measure the refractive index and extinction coefficient, and the optical simulation software Essential Macleod was used to design the thickness of the multilayer absorber films, helping to achieve excellent optical performance. Further measurements of the optical properties were conducted using a UV/Vis/NIR spectrophotometer and Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy (FT-IR).
On PP fabric, the photothermal conversion efficiency (α/ε) of W/WSix/WO3/SiO2 was 1.77, while that of W/WOx/WO3/SiO2 was 1.72. On PET fabric, the photothermal conversion efficiency of W/WSix/WO3/SiO2 was 1.54, and that of W/WOx/WO3/SiO2was 1.52, indicating similar heating performance between the two. Durability tests showed that W/WSix/WO3/SiO2 had better stability than W/WOx/WO3/SiO2, and the stability on PP fabric was higher than that on PET fabric. In breathability tests, the highest breathability was found in fabrics with W/WOx/WO3/SiO2 coatings, followed by pure fabrics, and lastly, fabrics with W/WSix/WO3/SiO2 coatings.

摘要...i
ABSTRACT...iii
誌謝...v
目錄...vi
表目錄...x
圖目錄...xii
第一章、緒論...1
1.1 前言...1
1.2 研究動機...3
第二章、文獻探討...5
2.1 個人熱管理織物...5
2.2 布料表面改質...6
2.3 太陽能選擇性吸收體...6
2.3.1 太陽光譜...7
2.3.2 黑體輻射...8
2.3.3 太陽能選擇性吸收體之光學性質...10
2.4 太陽能選擇性吸收膜之種類...11
2.5 鍍膜材料...14
2.5.1 過渡族金屬...14
2.5.2 矽化鎢...15
2.5.3 氧化鎢...18
2.5.4 氧化矽...19
第三章、實驗步驟及儀器介紹...20
3.1實驗材料...20
3.1.1 靶材...20
3.1.2 基板...20
3.1.3 化學藥品...21
3.1.4 氣體...21
3.2實驗儀器與分析儀器...22
3.2.1 反應式磁控濺鍍系統 (Reactive Magnetron Sputter System)...22
3.2.2 場發射掃描式電子顯微鏡 (FE-SEM, Field Emission Scanning Electron Microscope)...23
3.2.3 X光繞射分析儀 (XRD, X-ray Diffraction)...24
3.2.4 紫外光/可見光/近紅外光光譜儀 (UV/Vis/NIR Spectrophotometer)...25
3.2.5 傅立葉轉換紅外線 (FTIR, Fourier Transform Infrared Spectroscopy)...26
3.2.6 橢圓偏光儀 (Ellipsometer)...27
3.2.7 薄膜光學軟體...28
3.3實驗製程...28
3.3.1 基板前處理...28
3.3.2 W、WOx、WSix、SiO2薄膜製備...29
3.3.3 W/WSix/WO3多層功能性膜沉積製備...33
3.3.4 W/WOx/WO3多層功能性膜沉積製備...34
3.3.5 熱穩定測試...35
3.3.6 牢固性測試...35
3.3.7 透氣性測試...36
3.4實驗流程...36
第四章、結果與討論...37
4.1 單層膜之製備及性質探討...37
4.1.1 WSix之結構分析...37
4.1.2 W與WOx之結構分析...43
4.1.3 WSix之光學性質分析...44
4.1.4 W與WOx之光學性質分析...46
4.1.5 SiO2之光學性質分析...47
4.2 太陽能選擇性吸收體組合膜層...48
4.2.1 堆疊膜層參數選定...48
4.2.2 W/WSix/WO3/SiO2 光學性質...48
4.2.2.1 W/WSix/WO3/SiO2單層膜光學性質...48
4.2.2.2 W/WSix/WO3之膜層厚度...49
4.2.2.3 W/W20Si150/W50O12之光學性質...51
4.2.2.4 W/W20Si150/W50O12/SiO2的光學性質...54
4.2.3 W/WOx/WO3/SiO2 光學性質...57
4.2.3.1 W/WOx/WO3/SiO2單層膜光學性質...57
4.2.3.2 W/WOx/WO3之膜層厚度...58
4.2.3.3 W/W50O2/W50O12之光學性質...59
4.2.3.4 W/W50O2/W50O12/SiO2的光學性質...61
4.3 被動式加熱織物穩定性能探討...64
4.3.1 W/W20Si150/W50O12/SiO2的牢固性...64
4.3.1.1 PP/W/W20Si150/W50O12/SiO2的牢固性...64
4.3.1.2 PET/W/W20Si150/W50O12/SiO2的牢固性...68
4.3.2 W/W50O2/W50O12/SiO2的牢固性...73
4.3.2.1 PP/W/W50O2/W50O12/SiO2的牢固性...73
4.3.2.2 PET/W/W50O2/W50O12/SiO2的牢固性...77
4.4 透氣性分析...83
4.4.1 W/W20Si150/W50O12/SiO2的透氣性...83
4.4.1.1 PP/W/W20Si150/W50O12/SiO2的透氣性...83
4.4.1.2 PET/W/W20Si150/W50O12/SiO2的透氣性...84
4.4.2 W/W50O2/W50O12/SiO2的透氣性...86
4.4.2.1 PP/W/W50O2/W50O12/SiO2的透氣性...86
4.4.2.2 PET/W/W50O2/W50O12/SiO2的透氣性...87
第五章、結論...90
參考文獻...91
EXTENDED ABSTRACT...101

[1]Shaoning Zeng et al. ,Hierarchical-morphology metafabric for scalable passive daytime radiative cooling, Science 373, 2021, 692-696. https://www.science.org/doi/10.1126/science.abi5484
[2]Litao Tang, Bin Lyu, Dangge Gao, Zhangting Jia, Jianzhong Ma,A wearable textile with superb thermal functionalities and durability towards personal thermal management,Chemical Engineering Journal, 465, 2023, 142829, ISSN 1385-8947.
https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S1385894723015607
[3]Yangyang Xu, Veerabhadran Ramanathan, David G. Victor, Global warming will happen faster than we think, Nature, 564, 7734, 2018, 30-32.
https://www.researchgate.net/publication/329411074_Global_warming_will_happen_faster_than_we_think
[4]Mengke Shi, Zifan Song, Jiahao Ni, Xingyuan Du, Yanxia Cao, Yanyu Yang, Wanjie Wang, and Jianfeng Wang, Dual-Mode Porous Polymeric Films with Coral-like Hierarchical Structure for All-Day Radiative Cooling and Heating, ACS Nano, 17, 3, 2023, 2029-2038.https://pubs.acs.org/doi/10.1021/acsnano.2c07293
[5]Ho Kun Woo, Kai Zhou, Su-Kyung Kim, Adrian Manjarrez, Muhammad Jahidul Hoque, Tae-Yeon Seong, Lili Cai, Visibly Transparent and Infrared Reflective Coatings for Personal Thermal Management and Thermal Camouflage, 32, 38, 19, 2022,2201432. https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1002/adfm.202201432
[6]Hardy JD, Dubois EF. Regulation of Heat Loss from the Human Body. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 23, 12, 1937 , 624-31. https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC1077009/
[7]C. -E. A. Winslow, A. P. Gagge, and L. P. Herrington, THE INFLUENCE OF AIR MOVEMENT UPON HEAT LOSSES FROM THE CLOTHED HUMAN BODY, American Journal of Physiology-Legacy Content, 127, 3, 1939, 505-518. https://journals.physiology.org/doi/abs/10.1152/ajplegacy.1939.127.3.505
[8]Ehsanul Kabir, Pawan Kumar, Sandeep Kumar, Adedeji A. Adelodun, Ki-Hyun Kim,Solar energy: Potential and future prospects,Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews, 82, 1, 2018, 894-900, ISSN 1364-0321.
https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S1364032117313485
[9]Sahngki Hong et al.Wearable thermoelectrics for personalized thermoregulation.Sci. Adv.5,eaaw 0536(2019). https://www.science.org/doi/10.1126/sciadv.aaw0536
[10]Dongliang Zhao, Xing Lu, Tianzhu Fan, Yuen Shing Wu, Lun Lou, Qiuwang Wang, Jintu Fan, Ronggui Yang,Personal thermal management using portable thermoelectrics for potential building energy saving,Applied Energy, 218, 2018, 282-291,ISSN 0306-2619, https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0306261918302927
[11]Cai, L., Song, A.Y., Wu, P. et al. Warming up human body by nanoporous metallized polyethylene textile. Nat Commun, 8, 496, 2017. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41467-017-00614-4
[12]Yi Zhang, Yang Li, Keqiao Li, Ye Seul Kwon, Thilhara Tennakoon, Cunteng Wang, Ka Chung Chan, Sau-Chung Fu, Baoling Huang, Christopher Y.H. Chao,A large-area versatile textile for radiative warming and biomechanical energy harvesting,Nano Energy, 95, 2022, 106996, ISSN 2211-2855.
https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S2211285522000817
[13]Qiao Hu, Jie Wang, Yuehui Lu, Ruiqin Tan, Jia Li, Weijie Song, Sputtering-Deposited Thin Films on Textiles for Solar and Heat Managements: A Mini-Review, 219, 3February 2022,2100572. https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1002/pssa.202100572
[14]Q. F. Wei, H. Ye, D. Y. Hou, H. B. Wang, W. D. Gao, Surface functionalization of polymer nanofibers by silver sputter ,coatingJournal of Applied Polymer Science, 14, 2005.
https://doi.org/10.1002/app.22454
[15]O. Baghriche, J. Kiwi, C. Pulgarina, R. Sanjinés , Antibacterial Ag–ZrN surfaces promoted by subnanometric ZrN-clusters deposited by reactive pulsed magnetron sputtering, Journal of Photochemistry and Photobiology A: Chemistry ,229, 2012, 39-45,
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jphotochem.2011.12.004
[16]N. Selvakumar, Harish C. Barshilia, Review of physical vapor deposited (PVD) spectrally selective coatings formid- and high-temperature solar thermal application , Solar Energy Materials and Solar Cells, 98, 2012, 1-23.
https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/abs/pii/S0927024811005939
[17]Fuad Mammadov.Study of Selective Surface of Solar Heat Receiver. International Journal of Energy Engineering. 2, 4, 2012, 138-144.
http://article.sapub.org/10.5923.j.ijee.20120204.05.html
[18]Xiaoyan Liu Mingmin Shi Yuhao Luo Lvyang Zhou Zhi Rong Loh Zhi Jian Oon Xiaojuan Lian Xiang Wan Fred Beng Leng Chong and Yi Tong,
Degradable and Dissolvable Thin-Film Materials for the Applications of New-Generation Environmental-Friendly Electronic Devices. Appl. Sci. 10, 4, 2020, 1320. https://doi.org/10.3390/app10041320
[19]Michael Kussmaul Michael J. Mirtich and Arthur Curren, Ion beam treatment of potential space materials at the NASA Lewis Research Center, Surface and Coatings Technology, 51, 1-3, 1992, 299-306.
https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/abs/pii/0257897292902548
[20]Jenő Sólyom. Fundamentals of the Physics of Solids.Volume 1: Structure and Dynamics.
https://link.springer.com/book/10.1007/978-3-540-72600-5
[21]Xuming Zhang, Kaifu Huo, Liangsheng Hu and P. K. Chu, Fabrication and photoelectrochemical properties of nanoporous WO3 film, International Nanoelectronics Conference (INEC), Hong Kong, 2010, pp. 1090-1091.
https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/document/5425018/citations#citations
[22]Alexandru ENESCA, Luminita ANDRONIC, Anca DUTA, Investigation of Wo3 and Tio2 Thin Films Used in Photocatalysis, Chemistry, Environmental, 2016.
https://www.semanticscholar.org/paper/Investigation-of-Wo3-and-Tio2-Thin-Films-Used-in-Enesca-Andronic/341d39da040fef1bcd873f89ad39a5ae9c7531af
[23]C. V. Ramana, S. Utsunomiya, R. C. Ewing, C. M. Julien, and U. Becker, Structural Stability and Phase Transitions in WO3 Thin Films, J The Journal of Physical Chemistry B,110, 21, 2006, 10430-10435.
https://pubs.acs.org/doi/10.1021/jp056664i
[24]Zhengtong Li Su Jinbu Chengbing Wang, Self-doped W-WO: X nanocermet multilayer films fabricated by single tungsten target reactive sputtering for selective solar absorption, Journal of Materials Chemistry A, 6, 32, 2018.
https://www.researchgate.net/publication/326446512_Self-doped_W-WO_X_nanocermet_multilayer_films_fabricated_by_single_tungsten_target_reactive_sputtering_for_selective_solar_absorption
[25]Lijun Pan Qiaonan Han Zhongliang Dong Meixiu WanHongbing ZhuYang Li Yaohua Mai, Reactively sputtered WO3 thin films for the application in all thin filmelectrochromic devices, Electrochimica Acta ,328, 2019, 135107.
https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/abs/pii/S0013468619319784
[26]Linggang Kong DuoWang Fan Wei Wang Chengbing Wang, Spectral properties and microstructure of sputtered WOx filmsfor solar conversion applications, Surface and Interface Analysis, 52, 7, 2020, 407-412.
https://analyticalsciencejournals.onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/abs/10.1002/sia.6748
[27]C.Guillén, J. Herrero, Amorphous WO3-x thin films with color characteristics tuned by the oxygen vacancies created during reactive DC sputtering, Journal of Materials Science & Technology, 78, 10, 2021, 223-228.
https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/abs/pii/S1005030220309993
[28]Wei Wang Huaixing Wen Xi Huan Jing Shi Zhengtong Li Jinbu Su Chengbing Wang, Single layer WOx films for efficient solar selective absorber, Materials and Design, 186, 2020,108351
https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0264127519307890
[29]Xiaoma Tao, Philippe Jund, Catherine Colinet, Jean-Claude Te´denac, First-principles study of the structural, electronic and elastic properties of W5Si3, Intermetallics, 18 ,2010, 688-693.
https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/abs/pii/S0966979509003057
[30]Si Thu Myint Maung Tawat Chanadee Sutham Niyomwas, Synthesis of WSi2-W5Si3 Intermetallic Alloy via Self-Propagating High Temperature Synthesis, Solid State Phenomena, 280, 2018, 121-126.
https://www.scientific.net/SSP.280.121
[31]A. Vomiero E. Boscolo Marchi A. Quaranta and G. Della Mea R. S. Brusa and G. Mariotto L. Felisari, S. Frabboni, R. Tonini, and G. Ottaviani G. Mattei A. Scandurra O. Puglisi , Structural properties of reactively sputtered W–Si–N thin films, AIP Publishing, Journal of Applied Physics, 103, 3, 2007.
https://pubs.aip.org/aip/jap/article-abstract/102/3/033505/964154/Structural-properties-of-reactively-sputtered-W-Si?redirectedFrom=fulltext
[32]Jorge Gil-Rostra, Manuel Cano, JoséM. Pedrosa, Francisco Javier Ferrer, Francisco García-García, Francisco Yubero, and Agustín R. Gonzalez-Elipe, Electrochromic Behavior of WxSiyOz Thin Films Prepared by ReactiveMagnetron Sputtering at Normal and Glancing Angles, ACS Publications, 4, 2, 2011, 628-638.
https://pubs.acs.org/doi/10.1021/am2014629
[33]Jianyu Chen, Luhan Yuan, Chu Shi, Caiqin Wu, Zhiwen Long, Hui Qiao,Keliang Wang and Qi Hua Fan, Nature-Inspired Hierarchical Protrusion Structure Construction forWashable and Wear-Resistant Superhydrophobic Textiles with Self-Cleaning Ability, ACS Publications, 13, 15, 2021,18142-18151.
https://pubs.acs.org/doi/10.1021/acsami.1c03539
[34]https://www.ipcc.ch/
[35]https://www.oecd.org/
[36]Liru Tan, Tang Zhu, Yuchan Huang, Huixin Yuan, Ludi Shi, Zijuan Zhu, Pingping Yao,Caizhen Zhu, and Jian Xu, Ozone-Induced Rapid and Green Synthesis of Polydopamine Coatings with High Uniformity and Enhanced Stability, Advanced Science, 11, 10, 2024, 2308153.
https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/full/10.1002/advs.202308153
[37]Mengke Shi, Mingming Shen, Xinyi Guo, Xiuxiu Jin, Yanxia Cao, Yanyu Yang, Wanjie Wang,and Jianfeng Wang, Mengke Shi, Mingming Shen, Xinyi Guo, Xiuxiu Jin, Yanxia Cao, Yanyu Yang, Wanjie Wang,and Jianfeng Wang, Ti3C2Tx MXene-Decorated Nanoporous Polyethylene Textile for Passive and Active Personal Precision Heating, ACS NANO, 15, 7, 2021, 11396-11405.
https://pubs.acs.org/doi/10.1021/acsnano.1c00903
[38]Hao Luoa Qiang Lia Kaikai Dua Ziquan Xua Huanzheng Zhua Dongli Liub,c Lu Caia Pintu Ghosha Min Qiu, An ultra-thin colored textile with simultaneous solar and passive heatingabilities, Nano Energy, Nano Energy, 65, 2019, 103998.
https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/abs/pii/S2211285519307050
[39]S.X. Jiang W.F. Qin R.H. Guo L. Zhang, S.X. Jiang W.F. Qin R.H. Guo L. Zhang, Surface functionalization of nanostructured silver-coated polyester fabric by magnetron sputtering, Surface and Coatings Technology, 204, 21-22, 2010, 3662-3667.
https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/abs/pii/S0257897210003099
[40]S. X. Jiang, W. F. Qin1X. M. Tao, Z. M. Zhang, C. W. M. Yuen, J. Xiong2 C. W. Kan, L. Zhang, R. H. Guo, and S. M. Shang, Surface Characterization of Sputter Silver-coated Polyester Fiber, Fibers and Polymers, 12, 2011, 616-619.
https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/s12221-011-0616-0
[41]Dmitri A. Brevnov, Electrodeposition of Porous Silver Films on Blanket and Patterned Aluminum −Copper Films, ECS, J. Electrochem. Soc. 153, 4, 2006, 249-253.
https://www.researchgate.net/publication/244688108_Electrodeposition_of_Porous_Silver_Films_on_Blanket_and_Patterned_Aluminum-Copper_Films
[42]S. Q. Jiang, E. Newton, C. W. M. Yuen, C. W. Kan, Chemical Silver Plating on Polyester/Cotton Blended Fabric, Journal of Applied Polymer Science. 100, 6, 2006, 4383-4387.
https://www.researchgate.net/publication/230183292_Chemical_silver_plating_on_polyestercotton_blended_fabric
[43]S. Q. Jiang, E. Newton, C. W. M. Yuen and C. W. Kan, Chemical Silver Plating on Cotton and Polyester Fabrics and its Application on Fabric Design, Textile Research Journal, 76, 2006, 57-65.
https://www.researchgate.net/publication/258196097_Chemical_Silver_Plating_on_Cotton_and_Polyester_Fabrics_and_its_Application_on_Fabric_Design
[44]S. Q. Jiang, E. Newton, C. W. M. Yuen, C. W. Kan, Chemical Silver Plating and Its Application to TextileFabric Design, ResearchGate, 76, 2006, 57-65.
https://www.researchgate.net/publication/258196097_Chemical_Silver_Plating_on_Cotton_and_Polyester_Fabrics_and_its_Application_on_Fabric_Design
[45]Hongbo Wang, Jinyan Wang, Jianhan Hong, Qufu Wei, Weidong Gao, Zhifeng Zhu, Preparation and characterization of silver nanocomposite textile, Journal of Coatings Technology and Research, 4, 2007, 101–106.
https://www.researchgate.net/publication/227132055_Preparation_and_characterization_of_silver_nanocomposite_textile
[46]Yeon Sik Jung, Study on texture evolution and properties of silver thin films
prepared by sputtering deposition, Applied Surface Science, Applied Surface Science, 221, 2004, 281–287.
https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/abs/pii/S0169433203008882
[47]Xiaohong Yuan, Wenzheng Xu, Fenglin Huang, Qingqing Wang, Qufu Wei, Dongsheng Chen, Structural colors of fabric from Ag/TiO2 composite films prepared by magnetron sputtering deposition, International Journal of Clothing Science and Technology, 29, 3, 2017.
https://www.researchgate.net/publication/316573360_Structural_colors_of_fabric_from_AgTiO2_composite_films_prepared_by_magnetron_sputtering_deposition
[48]Xiaohong Yuan Yuanjing Ye Min Lian and Qufu We, Structural Coloration of Polyester Fabrics Coatedwith Al/TiO2 Composite Films and Their Anti-Ultraviolet Properties, ResearchGate, 11, 6, 2018, 101.
https://www.researchgate.net/publication/325774498_Structural_Coloration_of_Polyester_Fabrics_Coated_with_AlTiO2_Composite_Films_and_Their_Anti-Ultraviolet_Properties
[49]Cheng-Yu He, Peng Zhao, Hong Zhang, Kai Chen, Bao-Hua Liu, Zhong-Wei Lu, Yang Li, Pei-Qing La, Gang Liu, and Xiang-Hu Gao, Efficient Warming Textile Enhanced by a High-Entropy Spectrally Selective Nanofilm with High Solar Absorptio, Advanced Science, 10, 3, 2023, 2204817.
https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/full/10.1002/advs.202204817
[50]Zhuo-Hao Zhou Cheng-Yu He, and Xiang-Hu Gao, Recent advances of spectrally selective absorbers:Materials, nanostructures, and photothermal
power generation, APL Energy, 2, 1, 2024, 011503.
https://pubs.aip.org/aip/ape/article/2/1/011503/3268100/Recent-advances-of-spectrally-selective-absorbers
[51]Ke Xu Miao Du Lei Hao Jing Mi Qinghe YuShijie Li, A review of high-temperature selective absorbing coatings for solar thermal applications, Journal of Materiomics, 6, 1, 2020, 167-182.
https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S2352847819301546
[52]Maryna Bilokur, Angus Gentle, Matthew Arnold, Michael Cortie,and Geoffrey Smith, High Temperature Spectrally Selective Solar Absorbers Using Plasmonic AuAl2:AlN Nanoparticle Composites, Solar RRL, 1, 10, 2017, 1700092.
https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/abs/10.1002/solr.201700092
[53]Xiaoyu Wang Junhua Gaoa Haibo Hua Hongliang Zhangc Lingyan Lianga Kashif Javaida Fei Zhugec Hongtao Caoa Le Wangd, High-temperature tolerance in WTi-Al2O3 cermet-based solar selective absorbing coatings with low thermal emissivity, Nano Energy, 37, 2017, 232–241.
https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/abs/pii/S2211285517303154
[54]Z.Y. Nuru C.J. Arendse T.F. Muller S. Khamlich M. Maaza, Thermal stability of electron beam evaporated AlxOy/Pt/AlxOy multilayer solar absorber coatings, Solar Energy Materials & Solar Cells, Solar Energy Materials & Solar Cells, 120, 2014, 473–480.
https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/abs/pii/S092702481300500X
[55]2023-How to Light Art Glass Lighting for Art Guide.
https://bernardkatz.com/how-to-light-art-glass-lighting-guide/
[56]2022-Robert Lea, What color is the sun, Future US Inc Space.com
https://www.space.com/what-color-is-the-sun
[57]2020-Stanford SOLAR Center, What Color is the Sun What color do YOU think the Sun is, Stanford SOLAR Center.
https://solar-center.stanford.edu/SID/activities/GreenSun.html
[58]Sreeja Loho Choudhury, R.K. Paul, A new approach to the generalization of Planck’s law of black-bodyradiation, Annals of Physics, 395, 2018, 317-325.
https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/abs/pii/S0003491618301672
[59]Qiuping A. Wang Alain Le Méhauté, On the generalized blackbody distribution, Physics Letters A, 237, 1-2, 1997, 28-32.
https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/abs/pii/S0375960197008086
[60]Imene Lourek Mouloud Tribeche, Thermodynamic properties of the blackbody radiation: A Kaniadakis approach, Physics Letters A, 381, 5, 2017, 452-456.
https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/abs/pii/S0375960116320060
[61]2021-Curtis Mobley, Blackbody Radiation, ocean optics web book
https://www.oceanopticsbook.info/view/light-and-radiometry/level-2/blackbody-radiation
[62]J. A. Duffie, W. A. Beckman, Solar Engineering of Thermal Processes, John Wiley&Sons Fourth Edition, 2013, 173-201.
https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/book/10.1002/9781118671603
[63]Atasi Dana Harish C. Barshiliab Kamanio Chattopadhyay Bikramjit Basua, Solar energy absorption mediated by surface plasma polaritons in spectrally
selective dielectric-metal-dielectric coatings: A critical review, Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews, Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews, 79, 2017, 1050-1077.
https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/abs/pii/S1364032117306986
[64]S.Esposito, A.Antonaia, M.L.Addonizio S.Aprea, Fabrication and optimisation of highly efficient cermet-based spectrally selective coatings for high operating temperature, Thin Solid Films, 517, 2009, 6000-6006.
https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/abs/pii/S0040609009006749
[65]Hu Ertao Xin-Xing Liu Yuan Yao Ky Zang, Multilayered metal-dielectric film structure for highly efficient solar selective absorption, Materials Research Express, 2018.
https://www.researchgate.net/publication/325879962_Multilayered_metal-dielectric_film_structure_for_highly_efficient_solar_selective_absorption
[66]Transactions of the Conference on the Use of Solar Energy - the scientific basis, Tucson, United States, 1955, 5097427.
https://www.osti.gov/biblio/5097427
[67]Lee A. Weinstein, James Loomis, Bikram Bhatia,David M. Bierman,Evelyn N. Wang,and Gang Chen, Concentrating Solar Power, Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews, 2015.
https://www.sciencedirect.com/topics/engineering/concentrated-solar-power
[68]C.E. Kennedy, Review of Mid- to High-Temperature Solar Selective Absorber Materials, ResearchGate, 2002, 520.
https://www.researchgate.net/publication/274687253_Review_of_Mid-_to_High-Temperature_Solar_Selective_Absorber_Materials
[69]Hamed Najafi-Ashtiani, Fengjuan Jing, Dougal G. McCulloch, Behnam Akhavan, ITO-free silver-doped DMD structures: HiPIMS transparent-conductive nano-composite coatings for electrochromic applications, Solar Energy Materials & Solar Cells, 231 ,2021, 111268.
https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/abs/pii/S0927024821003111
[70]Z.Y. Nuru , C.J. Arendse , S. Khamlich , M. Maaza , Optimization of AlxOy/Pt/AlxOy multilayer spectrally selective coatings forsolarethermal applications, 86, 2012, 2129-2135.
https://www.researchgate.net/publication/256912494_Optimization_of_Al_O_PtAl_O_multilayer_spectrally_selective_coatings_for_solar-thermal_applications
[71]Senthuran Karthick Kumar, Sreesh Sures, Sepperumal Murugesan, Nanostructured CuO Thin Films Prepared through Sputtering for SolarSelective Absorbers, Journal of Solar Energy, 2013.
https://www.researchgate.net/publication/257141481_Nanostructured_CuO_Thin_Films_Prepared_through_Sputtering_for_Solar_Selective_Absorbers
[72]A. Antonaia, A. Castaldo, M.L. Addonizio , S. Esposito, Stability of W-Al2O3 cermet based solar coating for receiver tube operating at high temperature, Solar Energy Materials & Solar Cells ,94, 2010, 1604-1611.
https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/abs/pii/S0927024810002801
[73]Jia-Zheng Lu, Bao-Hui Chen, Ling-Hua Jin, Zhen Fang, Gang Liu & Xiang-Hu Gao, Thermal stability investigation of the SS/MO/Al2O3 spectrally selective solar absorber coatings, Surface Engineering, 35, 2019, 7.
https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/full/10.1080/02670844.2018.1537083
[74]Xiaoma Tao, Philippe Jund*, Catherine Colinet, Jean-Claude Te´denac, First-principles study of the structural, electronic and elastic properties of W5Si3, Intermetallics, 18, 2010, 688-693.
https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/abs/pii/S0966979509003057
[75]Si Thu Myint Maung, Tawat Chanadee, Sutham Niyomwas, Synthesis of WSi2-W5Si3 Intermetallic Alloy via Self-Propagating High Temperature Synthesis, Solid State Phenomena Online, 280, 2018, 121-126.
https://www.scientific.net/SSP.280.121
[76]Zehua Yang , Jingtao Zhu , Yunping Zhu , Hongxin Luo , Zhongliang Li , Hui Jiang , Li Zhao , Asymmetric interface and growth mechanism in sputtered W/Si and WSi2/Si multilayers, Applied Surface Science, 604, 2022, 154531.
https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/abs/pii/S0169433222020633
[77]Y. Pan, C. Jing, Y.P. Wu, The structure, mechanical and electronic properties of WSi2 from first principles investigations, 167, 2019, 374-381.
https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/abs/pii/S0042207X19306803
[78]Rishav Harsh, Mariem Ben Youssef, Cyril Chacon, Vincent Repain, Amandine Bellec, Yann Girard,Sylvie Rousset, Jean-Yves Piquemal, Mahamadou Seydou, Philippe Decorse, Philippe Lang,and Jeró ̂me Lagoute, Synthesis and Properties of Nanostructured Tungsten Oxide on Au(111), The Journal of Physical Chemistry C, 125, 1, 2021, 660-666.
https://pubs.acs.org/doi/10.1021/acs.jpcc.0c10258
[79]陳智銘，2016，三氧化鎢奈米粒子或奈米柱引入碳酸銫苯基碳六十丁酸甲酯之雙層緩衝層作為載子傳輸材料以應用於鈣鈦礦太陽能電池，國立交通大學照明與能源光電研究所碩士論文。
https://ir.nctu.edu.tw/handle/11536/140030?locale=zh_TW
[80]Yong Yang, Tianhe Wang, Tingting Yao, Gang Li, Yangshan Sun, Xin Cao, Liyun Ma,Shou Peng, Preparation of a novel TiN/TiNxOy/SiO2 composite ceramic films on aluminum substrate as a solar selective absorber by magnetron sputtering, Journal of Alloys and CompoundsVolume, 815, 2020, 152209.
https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/abs/pii/S0925838819334553