臺灣博碩士論文加值系統

海鱺魚(Rachycentron canadum)，為輻鰭魚綱鱸形目鱸亞目的其中一科，也是該科的唯一成員。加工廢棄物海鱺魚的肝臟約佔全魚體重的 4%，而海鱺魚肝油，因為其富含 EPA (Eicosapentaenoic acid, C20:5)及 DHA (Docosahexaenoic acid, C22:6)，是相當具經濟價值及開發潛力之漁業副產品。而透過奈米粒子包覆的作用，能夠使EPA和DHA較不容易被氧化。
本研究先萃取海鱺魚肝油，再將其與殼聚醣（Chitosan, CS）進行乳化並形成乳液，最後使用三聚磷酸將海鱺魚肝油（Cobia Liver Oil, CBLO）包覆在殼聚醣-三聚磷酸（Sodium Tripolyphosphate, TPP）奈米顆粒中。熱重分析（Thermogravimetric Analysis, TGA）測量殼聚醣奈米顆粒(Chitosan Nanoparticles, CSNPs)的第一級、第二級和第三級失重，溫度範圍為31至114 °C、171至293 °C和303至386 °C，分別對應於水分蒸發、殼聚醣分解及海鱺魚肝油分解，結果證實CBLO成功裝載到CSNPs中。X射線衍射（X-Ray Diffraction, XRD）中CS表現出峰在20°中，並顯示出高結晶度，與TPP進行靜電相互作用後，觀察到峰加寬和峰移動，同時峰強度降低，確定CBLO在CSNPs中的包覆。所獲得的奈米顆粒通過動態光散射（Dynamic Light Scattering, DLS）檢查，表現出帶正電的表面，其直徑為190至766 nm。而掃描電子顯微鏡（Scanning Electron Microscope, SEM）圖像顯示了尺寸範圍為306-699 nm的奈米粒子的規則分佈和球形。當初始CBLO含量為0.25~1.25 g / g殼聚醣時，所獲得顆粒的負載能力（LC, Loading Capacity）和包覆效率（EE, Encapsulation Efficiency）分別約為18~33％和50~29％。獲得的結果證實了乳液的適用性，以及後來CS與TPP的靜電相互作用，以形成具有更大EE和LC的包覆有殼聚醣與海鱺魚肝油的奈米顆粒，將增強其在功能性食品和製藥行業中的使用。

Cobia, Rachycentron canadum, is a species of carangiform marine fish, the only representative of the genus. Cobia possesses very fast growth rates, low mortality, good feed conversion efficiency and high economic value, suggesting its potential for commercial aquaculture. Currently, cobia is cultured in nurseries and offshore grow-out cages. Cobia is mainly processed into fillets for market sales. Cobia liver, accounts for about 4% of the weight of the whole fish, which is rich in n-3 unsaturated fatty acids such as EPA and DHA, is a considerable raw material for producing fish oil.
In this study, the cobia liver oil was extracted and refined. The refined cobia liver oil (CBLO) was emulsified with chitosan (Chitosan, CS)to form an emulsion solution. Then, using tripolyphosphate (TPP) to formation of chitosan-TPP (tripolyphosphate) nanoparticles (CSNPs) encapsulated CBLO. Thermogravimetric analysis (TGA) results showed the first, second and third weight loss of CSNPs, with temperature ranges from 32 to 115 ° C, 172 to 294 ° C and 294 to 415 ° C, corresponding to the evaporation of water, the decomposition of chitosan, and the decomposition of cobia liver oil. The results confirmed CBLO was encapsulated by the CSNPs. In X-ray diffraction (XRD), CS showed a 2θ peak at 20 ° and showed high crystallinity. After electrostatic interaction with TPP, peak broadening and peak shift were observed, while the peak intensity was reduced, confirming that CBLO was encapsulated in CSNPs. The particle size of CSNPs were examined by dynamic light scattering (DLS) and showed a positively charged surface with a diameter of 174 to 658 nm. Scanning electron microscope (SEM) images showed the regular distribution and spherical shape of nanoparticles with a size range of 306-699 nm. When the initial CBLO contents were in the ratio of 0.25–1.25 g/g of Chitosan, the obtained CSNPs loading capacity (LC) and encapsulation efficiency (EE) were 18 ~ 33% and 50~29%, respectively. The results confirmed the suitability of the emulsion and electrostatic interaction-based method for the formation of CBLO and CS encapsulated nanoparticles owned greater EE & LC that will enhance their usage in functional food and pharmaceutical industry.

中文摘要 I
Abstract I
謝誌 III
總目錄 V
表目錄 VIII
圖目錄 IX
縮寫表 XIII
第一章、前言 1
第二章、文獻整理 3
2-1 海鱺 3
2-2 魚肝油 5
2-3 n-3多元不飽和脂肪酸 13
2-4 殼聚醣 15
2-5 奈米技術 19
2-6 殼聚醣奈米顆粒 23
2-7離子凝膠化 25
第三章、實驗材料與方法 26
3-1 實驗材料 26
(1)海鱺 26
3-2 實驗藥品 26
3-3 實驗儀器 27
3-4 實驗設計 29
3-5 實驗架構 30
3-6 實驗方法 31
3-6.1 萃取海鱺魚肝粗油 31
3-6.2海鱺魚肝油之精製 31
(1) 脫膠 31
(2) 脫酸 31
(3) 脫色 32
3-6.3 製備殼聚醣奈米顆粒 33
3-6.4 粒徑與 ζ potential 分析 34
(1) 平均粒徑分析 35
(2) ζ potential測量 35
3-6.5 環境掃描式電子顯微鏡( Scanning Electron Microscope, 35
SEM )分析 35
3-6.6 傅利葉紅外線光譜( Fourier Transform Infrared Spectrometer 36
, FTIR )測定 36
3-6.7 熱重分析儀(TGA)測量 36
3-6.8 X射線繞射分析(XRD) 38
3-6.9 脂質氧化的測定 38
第四章、結果與討論 40
4.1 環境掃描式電子顯微鏡( SEM )分析 40
4.2 粒徑與 ζ potential 分析 47
4.3 傅利葉紅外線光譜分析(FTIR) 53
4.4 熱重分析儀(TGA)測量 56
4.5 包覆效率和負載能力 58
4.6 X射線繞射分析(XRD) 60
4.7 氧化穩定性 63
第五章、結論 73
第六章、參考文獻 75

王煜翔 (2017)。酵素輔助水萃海鱺魚肝油與其水解蛋白 抗氧化特性之研究。國立高雄海洋科技大學水產食品科學系碩士論文。

台灣中華民國國家標準–食用油之檢驗法-酸價之測定 (CNS3647, N6082)。標準檢驗局，經濟部，行政院，台灣

台灣魚類資料庫 海鱺科https://fishdb.sinica.edu.tw/chi/species.php?id=382432

江孟燦，李健群，吳文勉，盧義發。國人膳食營養素參考攝取量及其說明+第七版(100年修訂)-+必需脂肪酸.pdf

食用油脂檢驗法-脂肪酸甲酯之測定，2003。中國國家標準 CNS，總號14759，類號 N6370，經濟部標準檢驗局印行。

食用油脂檢驗法-過氧化價之測定，2003。中國國家標準 CNS，總號3650，類號 N6085，經濟部標準檢驗局印行。

陳立欣，2004。近海箱網養殖漁業的主力魚種－海鱺，中國水產，613：49-52

陳莉茹 (2010) 幾丁聚醣包覆沒食單寧奈米粒子之製備 與控制釋放應用之探討 淡江大學化學工程與材料工程學系碩士班

衛生福利部 (2013)。食品中脂肪酸之檢驗方法。衛服部授食字第1021950978 號。

衛生福利部 (2013)。食品中脂溶性維生素之檢驗方法。

衛生福利部(2020) 「國人膳食營養素參考攝取量」第八版
https://www.hpa.gov.tw/Pages/Detail.aspx?nodeid=4194&pid=12285

謝青秀 (2009)。海鱺魚肝油脂質特性及 EPA 和 DHA 濃縮方法之探討。國立高雄海洋科技大學水產食品科學系碩士論文。

Azeredo, H.M.C. de. (2013). Antimicrobial nanostructures in food packaging. Trends Food Sci Technol, 30, 56-69

Antoniou, J., Liu, F., Majeed, H., Qi, J., Yokoyama, W., Zhong, F. (2015). Physicochemical and morphological properties of size-controlled chitosan–tripolyphosphate nanoparticles. Colloids and Surfaces A: Physicochemical and Engineering Aspects, 465, 137-146

Augustsson, K., Michaud, D.S., Rimm, E.B., Leitzmann, M.F., Stampfer, M.J., Willett, W.C., et al. (2003). A prospective study of intake of fish and marine fatty acids and prostate cancer. Cancer Epidemiology, Biomarkers & Prevention, 12, 64-67

Avadi, M.R., Sadeghi, A.M.M., Mohammadpour, N., Abedin, S., Atyabi, F., Dinarvand, R., et al. (2009). Preparation and characterization of insulin nanoparticles using chitosan and Arabic gum with ionic gelation method. Nanomedicine: Nanotechnology, Biology and Medicine, 6, 58-63

Anton, N., Benoit, J.P., Saulnier, P. (2008). Design and production of nanoparticles formulated from nano-emulsion templates—a review. Journal of Controlled Release, 128, 185-199

Anton, N., Saulnier, P., Beduneau, A., Benoit, J.-P. (2007). Salting-out effect induced by temperature cycling on a water/nonionic surfactant/oil system. The Journal of Physical Chemistry B, 111, 3651-3657

Agnihotri, S.A., Mallikarjuna, N.N., Aminabhavi, T.M. (2004). Recent advances on chitosan-based micro- and nanoparticles in drug delivery. Journal of Controlled Release, 100, 5-28

Ajun, W., Yan, S., Li, G., Huili, L. (2009),. Preparation of aspirin and probucol in combination loaded chitosan nanoparticles and in vitro release study. Carbohydrate Polymers, 75, 566-574

Bimbo, A. P. 1998. Guidelines for charactering food-grade fish oil. INFORM., 9(5), 473.

Belitz, H.D., Grosch, W. (1999). Food Chemistry(second ed.), Springer-Verlag, Berlin

Brustad, M., Braaten, T., Lund, E. (2004). Predictors for cod-liver oil supplement use – the Norwegian women and cancer study. Eur. J. Clin. Nutr., 58, 128-136

Chau, C.F., Wu, S.H., Yen, G.C. (2007). The development of regulations for food nanotechnology. Trends Food Sci Technol, 18, 269-280

Caygill, C.P.J., Hill Fish, M.J. (1995). n-3 fatty acids and human colorectal and breast cancer mortality. European Journal of Cancer Prevention, 4, 329-332

Calvo, P., Remu˜n´an-L´opez, C., Vila-Jato, J.L., Alonso, M.J. (1997b). Novel hydrophilic chitosan – polyenthylene oxide nanoparticles as protein carriers. J. Appl. Polym. Sci,63, 125–132.

Chen, L., Subirade, M. (2005). Chitosan/β-lactoglobulin core-shell nanoparticles as nutraceutical carriers. Biomaterials, 26 (30) , 6041-6053

Csaba, N., Köping-Höggård, M., Alonso, M.J. (2009). Ionically crosslinked chitosan/tripolyphosphate nanoparticles for oligonucleotide and plasmid DNA delivery. International Journal of Pharmaceutics, 382, 205-214

Calvo, P., Remunan-Lopez, C., Vila-Jato, J.L., Alonso, M.J. (1997). Novel hydrophilic chitosan-polyethylene oxide nanoparticles as protein carriers. Journal of Applied Polymer science, 63 (1), 125-132

Calder, P.C. (2006). N-3 Polyunsaturated fatty acids, inflammation, and inflammatory diseases. The American Journal of Clinical Nutrition, 83, 1505S-1519S

Constantinides, P.P., Chaubal, M.V., Shorr, R. (2008). Advances in lipid nanodispersions for parenteral drug delivery and targeting. Advanced Drug Delivery Reviews, 60

Chang, P.R., Jian, R., Yu, J., Ma, X. (2010a). Fabrication and characterisation of chitosan nanoparticles/plasticised-starch composites. Food Chem., 120, 736-740

Chang, P.R., Jian, R., Yu, J., Ma, X. (2010b). Starch-based composites reinforced with novel chitin nanoparticles. Carbohydr. Polym., 80, 420-425
Christie, W.W. (1999). The analysis of evening primrose oil. Ind. Crop. Prod., 10, 73-83

De Moura, M., Avena-Bustillos, R., McHugh, T., Krochta, J., Mattoso, L., George, M., Abraham, T.E. (2006). Polyionic hydrocolloids for the intestinal delivery of protein drugs: alginate and chitosan—a review. J. Controlled Release, 114, 1-14

De Deckere, E.A.M. (1999). Possible beneficial effect of fish and fish n-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids in breast and colorectal cancer. European Journal of Cancer Prevention, 8, 213-221

Dasgupta, N., Ranjan, S., Mundekkad, D., Ramalingam, C., Shanker, R., Kumar, A. (2015). Nanotechnology in agro-food: From field to plate Food Research. International, 69, 381-400, 10.1016/j.foodres.2015.01.005

Durán, N., Marcato, P.D. (2013). Nanobiotechnology perspectives. Role of nanotechnology in the food industry: a review. Int J Food Sci Technol, 48,1127-1134

Francesco Donsì, Mariarenata Sessa, Houda Mediouni, Arbi Mgaidi, Giovanna Ferrari Encapsulation of bioactive compounds in nano emulsion- based delivery systems. Procedia Food Science Volume 12011, 1666-1671

Feng, T., Xiao, Z., Tian, H. (2010). Recent patents on nano flavor preparation and its application. Recent Pat Food Nutr Agric, 2, 243-250

Fan, W., Yan, W., Xu, Z., Ni, H. (2012). Formation, mechanism of monodisperse, low molecular weight chitosan nanoparticles by ionic gelation technique. Colloids and Surfaces B: Biointerfaces, 90 (1) , 21-27

Ghasemnezhad, A., Honermeier, B. (2008). Yield oil constituents and protein content of evening primrose (Oenothera biennis L.) seeds depending on harvest time, harvest method and nitrogen application. Ind. Crop. Prod., 28, 17-23
Ghosh, A., Mandal, A.K., Sarkar, S., Panda, S., Das, N. (2009).

Nanoencapsulation of quercetin enhances its dietary efficacy in combating arsenic-induced xidative damage in liver and brain of rats. Life Sciences, 84, 75-80

Grenha, A., Seijo, B., Remuñán-López, C. (2005). Microencapsulated chitosan nanoparticles for lung protein delivery. Eur. J. Pharm. Sci., 25, 427-437

Gleissman, H., Johnsen, J.I., Kogner P. (2010). Omega-3 fatty acids in cancer, the protectors of good and the killers of evil. Experimental Cell Research, 316, 1365-1373

Guo, H., Wilking, J.N., Liang, D., Mason, T.G., Harden, J.L., Leheny, R.L., Majeed, H., Antoniou, J., Fang, Z. (2014). Apoptotic effects of eugenol-loaded nanoemulsions in human colon and liver Cancer cell lines Asian Pacific Journal of Cancer Prevention, 15 (21), 9159-9164

Gambino, P., Vilela, A. (2011). Morphological traits and allocation patterns related to stress-tolerance and seed-yield in wild and domesticated evening primrose (Oenothera L. Onagraceae). Ind. Crop. Prod., 34, 1269-1276

Gan, Q., Wang, T. (2007). Chitosan nanoparticle as protein delivery carrier—systematic examination of fabrication conditions for efficient loading and release. Colloids Surf., B: Biointerfaces, 59, 24-34

Gan, Q., Wang, T., Cochrane, C., McCarron, P. (2005). Modulation of surface charge, particle size and morphological properties of chitosan–TPP nanoparticles intended for gene delivery. Colloids Surf., B: Biointerfaces, 44, 65-73

Heuer, B. Yaniv, Z., Ravina, I. (2002). Effect of late salinization of chia (Sal_ia hispanica), stock (Matthiola tricuspidata) and evening primrose (Oenothera biennis) on their oil content and quality. Ind. Crop. Prod., 15, 163-167

Hu, B., Pan, C., Sun, Y., Hou, Z., Ye, H., Hu, B., Zeng, X. (2008). Optimization of fabrication parameters to produce chitosan–tripolyphosphate nanoparticles for delivery of tea catechins. J. Agric. Food Chem., 56, 7451-7458

Holub, B.J. (2009). Docosahexaenoic acid (DHA) and cardiovascular disease risk factors. Prostaglandins, Leukotrienes & Essential Fatty Acids, 81, 199-204
Huber, G.M., Vasantha Rupasinghe, H.P., Shahidi, F. (2009). Inhibition of oxidation of omega-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids and fish oil by quercetin glycosides. Food Chemistry, 117, 290-295

Hulan, H., Ackman, W. R. G., Ratnayake, W. M. N., Proudfoot, F. G. (1989). Omega-3 Fatty Acid Levels and General Performance of Commercial Broilers Fed Practical Levels of Redfish Meal Poultry Science Volume 68, Issue 11 January, 153-162

Harilal, S., Jose, J., Parambi, D.G.T., et al. (2019). Advancements in nanotherapeutics for Alzheimer's disease: Current perspectives. J Pharm
Pharmacol, 71 (9), 1370-1383, 10.1111/jphp.13132 (Epub 2019 Jul 15)

Hunker, T., Actan, F., Ceylan, A., Karasu, C. (2002). Effects of cod liver oil on tissue antioxidant pathways in normal and streptozotocin-diabetic rats. Cell Biochem. Funct., 20, 297-302

He, X., Hwang, H.M. (2016). Nanotechnology in food science: Functionality, applicability, and safety assessment. Journal of Food and Drug Analysis, 24 (4), 671-681, 10.1016/j.jfda.2016.06.001

Janes, K.A., Calvo, P., Alonso, M.J. (2001). Polysaccharide colloidal particles as delivery systems for macromolecules. Adv. Drug Deliv. Rev, 47, 83–97.

Jingou, Ji., Shilei, Hao., Weiqi, Liu., Danjun, Wu., Yi, Xu. (2011). Preparation, characterization of hydrophilic and hydrophobic drug in combine loaded chitosan/cyclodextrin nanoparticles and in vitro release study. Colloids and Surfaces B: Biointerfaces Volume 83, Issue 11 March, 103-107

Junaid Haider , Hamid Majeed , P.A. Williams , Waseem Safdar , Fang Zhong (2017). Formation of chitosan nanoparticles to encapsulate krill oil (Euphausia superba) for application as a dietary supplement.

Jang, K.-I., Lee, H.G. (2008). Stability of chitosan nanoparticles for L -ascorbic acid during heat treatment in aqueous solution. Journal of Agricultural and Food Chemistry, 56, 1936-1941

Jayakumar, R., Chennazhi, K. P., Muzzarelli, R. A. A., Tamura, H., Selvamurugan, N. (2010). Chitosan conjugated DNA nanoparticles in gene therapy. Carbohydrate Polymers Volume 79, Issue 15 January, 1-8

Karakoti, A., Singh, S., Dowding, J.M., Sealacd, S. W.T. (2010). Self Redox-active radical scavenging nanomaterials. Chem. Soc. Rev., 39, 4422-4432

Keawchaoon, L., Yoksan, R. (2011). Preparation characterization and in vitro release study of carvacrol-loaded chitosan nanoparticles. Colloids and Surfaces B: Biointerfaces, 84, 163-171

Kawashima, Y., Handa, T., Kasai, A., Takenaka, H., Lin, S.Y., Ando, Y. (1985). Novel method for the preparation of controlled-release theophylline granules coated with a polyelectrolyte complex of sodium polyphosphate–chitosan. Journal of Pharmaceutical Sciences, 74 (3), 264-268

Layne, K.S., Goh, Y.K., Jumpsen, J.A., Ryan, E.A., Chow, P., Clandinin, M.T. (1996). Normal subjects consuming physiological levels of 18:3(n-3) and 20:5(n-3) from flaxseed or fish oils have characteristic differences in plasma lipid and lipoprotein fatty acid levels J. Nutr., 126, 2130-2140, 10.1093/jn/126.9.2130

Liu, W., Sun, D., Li, C., Liu, Q., Xu, J. (2006). Formation and stability of paraffin oil-in-water nano-emulsions prepared by the emulsion inversion point method. Journal of Colloid and Interface Science, 303, 557-563

Luo, Y., Zhang, B., Whent, M., Yu, L., Wang, Q. (2011). Preparation and characterization of zein/chitosan complex for encapsulation of α-tocopherol and its in vitro controlled release study. Colloids and Surfaces B: Biointerfaces, 85, 145-152

Luo, Y., Zhang, B., Cheng, W.-H., Wang, Q. (2010). Preparation, characterization and evaluation of selenite-loaded chitosan/TPP nanoparticles with or without zein coating. Carbohydr. Polym., 82, 942-951

Manerba A., Vizzardi, E., Metra, M., Dei Cas, L. (2010). n-3 PUFAs and cardiovascular disease prevention. Futur. Cardiol., 6, 343-350, 10.2217/fca.10.19

McClements, D.J., Li, Y. (2010). Structured emulsion-based delivery systems: controlling the digestion and release of lipophilic food components. Advances in Colloid and Interface Science, 59 (2), 213-228

Mattson, F.H., Grundy, S.M. (1985). Comparison of effects of dietary saturated, monounsaturated, and polyunsaturated fatty acids on plasma lipids and lipoproteins in man. J. Lipid Res., 26 (2), 194-202 Fish consumption and cognitive decline with age in a large community study.

Meleson, K., Graves, S., Mason, T.G. (2004). Formation of concentrated nanoemulsions by extreme shear. Soft Mater, 2, 109-123

Morris, M.C., Evans, D.A., Tangney, C.C., Bienias, J.L., Wilson, R.S., Mihai, M.M., Dima, M.B., Dima, B., Holban, A.M. (2019). Nanomaterials for wound healing and infection control. Materials (Basel), 12 (13), 10.3390/ma12132176
Mozafari, M.R. (Ed.). (2006). Nanocarrier technologies, Springer, Netherlands, 1-16

Mozafari, M.R. Ioactive entrapment and targeting using nanocarrier technologies: an introduction.

Mathur, N.K., Narang, C.K. (1990). Chitin and chitosan, versatile polysaccharides from marine animals. J Chem Educ, 67, 938-942

Malafaya, P.B., Silva, G.A., Reis, R.L. (2007). Natural–origin polymers as carriers and scaffolds for biomolecules and cell delivery in tissue engineering applications. Adv. Drug Delivery Rev., 59, 207-233

Metcalf, R.G., James, M.J., Gibson, R.A., Edwards, J.R., Stubberfield, J., Stuklis, R., Roberts-Thomson, K., Young, G.D., Cleland L.G. (2007). Effects of fish-oil supplementation on myocardial fatty acids in humans. Am. J. Clin. Nutr., 85, 1222-1228, 10.1093/ajcn/85.5.1222

Mason, T.G., Wilking, J.N., Meleson, K., Chang, C.B., Graves, S.M. (2006). Nanoemulsions: formation, structure, and physical properties. Journal of Physics: Condensed Matter, 18, R635-R666

Nodari, S., Triggiani, M., Campia, U., Manerba, A., Milesi, G., Cesana, B.M., Gheorghiade, M., Dei Cas, L. (2011). Effects of n-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids on left ventricular function and functional capacity in patients with dilated cardiomyopathy. J. Am. Coll. Cardiol., 57, 870-879, 10.1016/j.jacc.2010.11.017

Porras, M., Solans, C., Gonzلlez, C., Gutiérrez, J.M. (2008). Properties of water-in-oil (W/O) nano-emulsions prepared by a low-energy emulsification method. Colloids and Surfaces A: Physicochemical and Engineering Aspects, 324, 181-188

Properties of novel hydroxypropyl methylcellulose films containing chitosan nanoparticles. J. Food Sci., 73 (2009), N31-N37

Prajnamitra, R.P., Chen, H.C., Lin, C.J., Chen, L.L., Hsieh, P.C. (2019). Nanotechnology approaches in tackling cardiovascular diseases. Molecules, 24 (10), 10.3390/molecules24102017

Paz, S.M.D.L., Ferna´ndez-Azrche, M.A., A´ngel-Martı´n, M., Garcı´a-Gime´nez, M.D. (2014). Phytochemical characterization of potential nutraceutical ingredients from evening primrose oil (Oenothera biennis L.). Phytochemistry, 8, 158-162

Perveen, T., Razi, F., Haider, S., Qayyum, H., Haleem, D.J. (2013). Antidepressant and anxiolytic effects of cod liver oil in rats. Pak. Vet. J., 33 (1), 57

Qi, L., Xu, Z., Jiang, X., Hu, C., Zou, X. (2004). Preparation and antibacterial activity of chitosan nanoparticles. Carbohydr. Res., 339, 2693-2700

Rossi, J., Leroux, J.C. (2007). Principles in the development of intravenous lipid emulsions K. Wasan (Ed.), Role of lipid excipients in modifying oral and parenteral drug delivery. Wiley-Inter science, New Jersey, 88-123

Rodrigues, R.F., Costa, I.C., Almeida, F.B., Cruz, R.A.S., Ferreira, A.M., Vilhena, J.C.E., Florentino, A.C., Carvalho, G.C., Fernandes, C.P. (2015). Development and characterization of evening primrose (Oenothera biennis) oil nanoemulsions. Rev. Bras. Farmacogn., 25, 422-425

Russel, W.B., Saville, D.A., Schowalter, W.R. (1989). Colloidal dispersions Cambridge University Press

Sousa, A.R., Oliveira, A.V., Oliveira, M.J., Sarmento, B. (2019). Nanotechnology-based siRNA delivery strategies for metastatic colorectal cancer therapy. Int J Pharm, 568, 10.1016/j.ijpharm.2019.118530 Archives of Neurology, 62 (2005), 1849-1853

Solans, C., Esquena, J., Forgiarini, A., Uson, N., Morales, D., Izquierdo, P., et al. (2003). Absorption and aggregation of surfactants in solution K.L. Mittal, O.S. Dinesh (Eds.), Nano-emulsions: Formation, properties and applications. Marcel Dekker, New York, 525-554

Shakeel, F., Ramadan, W. (2010). Transdermal delivery of anticancer drug caffeine from water-in-oil nanoemulsions Colloids and Surfaces. Biointerfaces, 75, 356-362

Schectman, G., Boerboom, L.E., Hannah, J., Howard, B.V., Mueller, R.A., Kissebah, A.H. (1996). Dietary Fish Oil Decreases Low-density-lipoprotein Clearance in Nonhuman Primates https://pdfs.semanticscholar.org/40b7/7d425156fcdb14b170bbc6277e3c41c9b3a5.pdf

Shin, J.-A., Akoh, C.C., Lee, K.-T. (2010). Enzymatic interesterification of anhydrous butterfat with flaxseed oil and palm stearin to produce low-trans spreadable fat. Food Chemistry, 120, 1-9

Slow, nondiffusive dynamics in concentrated nanoemulsions. Phsical Review E, 75 (2007), 1-8

Sakulku, U., Nuchuchua, O., Uawongyart, N., Puttipipatkhachorn, S., Soottitantawat, A., Ruktanonchai, U. (2009). Characterization and mosquito repellent activity of citronella oil nanoemulsion. International Journal of Pharmaceutics, 372, 105-111

Trapani, A., De Giglio, E., Cafagna, D., Denora, N., Agrimi, G., Cassano, T. (2011). Characterization and evaluation of chitosan nanoparticles for dopamine brain delivery. International Journal of Pharmaceutics, 419, 296-307

Torres, C.F., Munir, F., Blanco, R.M., Otero, C., Hill Jr, C.G. (2002). Catalytic transesterification of corn oil and tristearin using immobilized lipases from Thermomyces lanuginose. Journal of the American Oil Chemists’ Society, 79, 775-781

Terjung, N., Löffler, M., Gibis, M., Hinrichs, J., Weiss, J. (2012). Influence of droplet size on the efficacy of oil-in-water emulsions loaded with phenolic antimicrobials. Food & Function, 3 (3), 290-301

Talegaonkar, S., Mustafa, G., Akhter, S., Iqbal, Z.I. (2010). Design and development of oral oil-in-water nanoemulsion formulation bearing atorvastatin: in vitro assessment. Journal of Dispersion Science and Technology, 31, 690-701

Tadros, T., Izquierdo, P., Esquena, J., Solans, C. (2004). Formation and stability of nano-emulsions. Advances in Colloid and Interface Science, 108–109, 303-318

Tengku-Rozaina, T.M., Birch, E.J. (2013). Enrichment of omega-3 fatty acids of refined hoki oil. Journal of the American Oil Chemists’ Society, 90, 1111-1119

Thanyawee Puthanakit, Linda Aurpibul, Sutee Yoksan, Thira Sirisanthana, Virat Sirisanthana (2010). A 3-year follow-up of antibody response in HIV-infected children with immune recovery vaccinated with inactivated Japanese encephalitis vaccine. VaccineVolume 28, Issue 3616 August, 5900-5902

Timothy V.Duncan. (2011). Applications of nanotechnology in food packaging and food safety: Barrier materials, antimicrobials and sensors. Journal of Colloid and Interface Science volume 363, Issue 1, 1-24

Toshiaki, O. (1998). Recovery and use of neutraceutical products from marine resources. Food Technology. 52(6),50.

Unger, E.C., Porter, T., Culp, W., Labell, R., Matsunaga, T., Zutshi, R. (2004). Therapeutic applications of lipid-coated microbubbles. Advanced Drug Delivery Reviews, 56, 1291-1314

Wang, C., Harris, W.S., Chung, M., Lichtenstein, A.H., Balk, E.M., Kupelnick, B., Jordan, H.S., Lau J. (2006). n−3 Fatty acids from fish or fish-oil supplements, but not α‑linolenic acid, benefit cardiovascular disease outcomes in primary- and secondary-prevention studies: a systematic review. Am. J. Clin. Nutr., 84, 5-17, 10.1093/ajcn/84.1.5

Weiss, J., Takhistov, P., McClements, D.J. (2006). Functional materials in food nanotechnology. J Food Sci, 71, R107-R116

Weiss, J., Gaysinsky, S., Davidson, M., McClements, J. (2009). Anostructured encapsulation systems: food antimicrobials .-C. Gustavo, M. Alan, L. David, S. Walter, B. Ken, C. Paul (Eds.), Global issues in food science and technology, Academic Press, San Diego, 425-479

Wang, L.Y., Gu, Y.H., Zhou, Q.Z., Ma, G.H., Wan, Y.H., Su, Z.G. (2006). Preparation and characterization of uniform-sized chitosan microspheres containing insulin by membrane emulsification and a two-step solidification process. Colloids and Surfaces B: Biointerfaces, 50, 126-135

Woranuch, S., Yoksan, R. (2013). Eugenol-loaded chitosan nanoparticles: I. Thermal stability improvement of eugenol through encapsulation. Carbohydrate Polymers, 96 (2), 578-585

Xing, K., Chen, X.G., Liu, C.S., Cha, D.S., Park, H.J. (2009). Oleoyl–chitosan nanoparticles inhibits Escherichia coli and Staphylococcus aureus by damaging the cell membrane and putative binding to extracellular or intracellular targets. Int. J. Food Microbiol., 132, 127-133

Xiaojia He, Huey-Min Hwang. (2016). Nanotechnology in food science: Functionality, applicability, and safety assessment. Journal of Food and Drug Analysis Volume 24, Issue 4 October, 671-681

Yang, S.-J., Lin, F.-H., Tsai, H.-M., Lin, C.-F., Chin, H.-C., Wong, J.-M., et al. (2011). Alginate-folic acid-modified chitosan nanoparticles for photodynamic detection of intestinal neoplasms. Biomaterials, 32 (8), 2174-2182

Zhang, H., Oh, M., Allen, C., Kumacheva, E. (2004). Monodisperse chitosan nanoparticles for mucosal drug delivery. Biomacromolecules, 5, 2461-2468
Zimet, P., Livney, Y.D. (2009). Eta-lactoglobulin and its nanocomplexes with pectin as vehicles for ω-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids. od Hydrocolloids, 23, 1120-1126