臺灣博碩士論文加值系統

染整為紡織業重要中間環節產業，主要透過染色製程，賦予產品特殊性與附加價值。一般染整製程大多在高溫及多種染料及化學助劑添加下進行，導致所產出染整廢水除高溫、pH值變化大外，也常含有生物難分解化合物、高真色色度及高化學需氧量(Chemical Oxygen Demand, COD)等特性。現今染整廢水處理技術中，生物處理對色度去除效率佳，但以微生物去除水體中有機物後，常產生大量污泥廢棄物，亟需處理。在台灣污泥廢棄物常以掩埋及焚化處理，除費用高外，易常有二次污染問題。是以研發出污泥減量及再資源化技術，有其必要性。配合染整廢水處理技術，與污泥中細胞破碎及破碎化細胞碳化技術開發，本研究主要目的包括：(1)探討最適酸性、反應性及分散性染劑最適處理方法；(2)確認污泥減量中最重要因子及其最佳條件；(3)優化污泥活性碳製造條件；(4)評估污泥活性碳去除染整廢水中COD效率與可行性。
本研究首先探討不同染劑特性及在不同處理方法下去除效率；隨後建構出一套污泥減量處理系統，包括使用器材及設備、添加藥劑量與分析方法等，以利後續污泥減量測試與分析之穩定性。其次，以因子及部分因子實驗篩選出重要污泥減量因子，再輔以反應曲面法，求取最重要因子操作條件；隨後利用在最佳條件下所得減量污泥，進行活性碳製作並配合因子實驗篩選出重要活性碳製作因子，並輔以格點分析，求取最佳操作配比。最後，利用所製作污泥活性碳，吸附五種染劑及實際染整廢水，並分別探討其吸附動力曲線及等溫吸附模式及其參數。
經由測試得知，以氧化方式處理酸性及反應性染劑效果佳，有近9成以上的處理效率；但分散性染劑，因其顆粒特性，以活性碳吸附處理效果最佳，達41%。另，以60毫升玻璃反應槽，進行每次30 mL污泥減量操作，可得穩定破碎效果。在因子及部分因子實驗中得出H2O2和超音波強度為污泥減量兩個主要影響因子，並在反應曲面法尋找下得知：H2O2濃度在0.51 %與超音波強度在42 W時，污泥減量效果最佳，可達31%。此外，由因子實驗及格點實驗中亦發現在KOH/固體比=0.5及碳化溫度為750 ℃時，所產出污泥活性碳吸附量效果最佳，可達472.6 ± 3.3 mg/g，較原污泥活性碳高出10 %。污泥活性碳對AR-114、B-NRL、R-F2B、RB-5及染整廢水等符合假二階動力吸附模式，而Orange SF-RT則非。此外，污泥活性碳對AR-114、R-F2B、RB-5及染整廢水的吸附現象符合Lagmuir等溫吸附模式，對Orange SF-RT及B-NRL則是符合Freundlich等溫吸附模式。

Dyeing business is one of the key processes in textile industry. The textile products become unique and value-added via dyeing operation. Lots of heat and chemicals used in the dyeing processes makes the out-coming wastewater contains hardily biodegradable compounds, colors and COD problems associated with variable pHs and high temperature. Current biodegradability of color and COD was acceptable, yet the diversity of dyes and the massive production of sludge during the biological treatment are still problematic. In Taiwan, most sludge was treated via field disposal or combustion, however, the costs are high and the secondary pollution often resulted. How to improve the removal of dyestuff, to reduce the volume of sludge by cell lysis and to reuse the lyzed cells for making activated carbon (AC) were of interest herein. Thus, the objectives of this study include: (1) to investigate the most appropriate mean to remove the disperse dyes, (2) to determine the most important factors and its optimal conditions in sludge reduction, (3) to optimize the carbonization conditions in making sludge-based ACs, and (4) to evaluate the efficiencies of the COD removal in dyeing wastewater using the sludge-based ACs.
At first characteristics of various dyes were studied, along with dyes treated by different methods and their removal efficiency. Also a sludge reduction system was constructed including the system setup, the reagents and the analytical methods, which can boost the data stability of the following sludge reduction experiments. Secondary, the use of factorial and fractional factorial runs helped in screening out the most important factors and the use of response surface methodology in determining the optimal conditions on sludge reduction. Finally, the reduced sludge was used to make activated carbon by the optimal conditions determined through the factorial and the grid experiments. The so-obtained sludge activated carbon was tested for its adsorption characteristics and efficiency by various isotherm and kinetic models.
Based on the experimental results, several conclusions were obtained: (1) nearly 90% of acid and reactive dyes could be oxidized, yet the best treatment method of disperse dye was adsorption with removal efficiency at 41%, (2) a 60 mL glass reactor set up for sludge reduction was considered sufficient. Standard deviation of the reduction duplicates were 0.38 (n=3). Addition of peroxide and the intensity of sonication were two screened out important factors in sludge reduction, and the optimal conditions were operated at initial peroxide dose= 0.51% and sonication intensity= 42 W, at which the mass sludge reduction= 31%. Also optimal conditions in making the sludge activated carbon was determined at KOH/solids ratio= 0.5 (by wt) and carbonization temperature= 750 oC. The adsorption capacity of the manufactured sludge activated carbon reached 472.6± 3.3 mg/g, higher than raw sludge by 10 %. As for adsorption modeling, the adsorption of sludge AC on AR-114, B-NRL, R-F2B and RB-5 followed the pseudo secondary kinetic model, but not the disperse dye, Orange SF-RT. As for the isotherm modeling, the adsorption of AR-114, R-F2B, RB-5 fitted the Langmuir isotherm, on the other hand, Orange SF-RT and B-NRL dyes the Freundlich isotherm.

摘要 I
Abstract III
誌謝 V
目錄 VI
表目錄 IX
圖目錄 XI
符號對照表 XIV
第一章 研究緣起與目的 1
第二章 文獻回顧 3
2-1 染整廢水及其特性介紹 3
2-1-1 染整製程及污染源 3
2-1-2 現行法規及管制標準 5
2-1-3 常用染助劑及其特性 6
2-1-4 染整廢水特性 12
2-1-5染整廢水處理方式及其處理效果 13
2-2 污泥處理與再利用 15
2-2-1 國內外污泥處理方法 15
2-2-2 國內污泥分類 16
2-2-3 污泥減量及創新再利用方法 17
2-3 活性碳材料開發 21
2-3-1 活性碳介紹 21
2-3-2製造因子探討 21
2-3-3 活性碳優劣評估 25
2-4 因子實驗設計及其最佳化 38
2-4-1 因子實驗 38
2-4-2 反應曲面法 41
第三章 研究材料與方法 44
3-1 研究架構流程圖 44
3-2 實驗藥品及材料 46
3-3 實驗儀器 50
3-3-1 染劑分析相關設備 50
3-3-2 污泥減量設備 53
3-3-3 吸附材料製備相關設備 54
3-4 前導實驗之操作 56
3-4-1量測染劑之吸收波長及COD 56
3-4-2 染劑之離心沉降測試 56
3-4-3 污泥減量-利用不同儀器及不同時間測試 56
3-5 實驗樣本分析方法與步驟 58
3-5-1 不同方法處理染劑之步驟及分析方法 58
3-5-2 污泥減量步驟及因子實驗設計 63
3-5-3 最佳化H2O2及超音波強度之實驗設計 68
3-5-4 污泥活性碳製作步驟及實驗設計 69
3-6 實驗數據之品質管制 76
3-6-1 檢量線建立 76
3-6-2重複實驗測試 78
第四章 結果與討論 80
4-1 前導測試 80
4-1-1 染劑之吸收波長及COD 80
4-1-2 染劑離心沉降測試 82
4-1-3 污泥減量-超音波時間及震盪機測試 83
4-2 以物理、化學和生物處理去除酸性，反應性和分散性染劑 85
4-2-1 物理吸附結果 85
4-2-2 化學催化氧化結果 86
4-2-3 生物降解及BOD 88
4-3 最適污泥減量系統操作及條件 90
4-3-1 決定污泥減量之有效因子 90
4-3-2 尋找H2O2及超音波強度之最佳配比 102
4-4 污泥活性碳製作及比較 108
4-4-1 污泥熱重分析分析(TGA)結果 108
4-4-2 製作污泥活性碳之最佳因子 109
4-4-3 製作污泥活性碳之最佳配比 114
4-4-4 污泥活性碳對不同染劑之等溫吸附模式及吸附動力模式分析 115
4-5 污泥活性碳吸附實廠廢水結果 119
4-5-1 污泥活性碳吸附實廠廢水等溫吸附模式及吸附動力模式 119
第五章 結論與建議 122
第六章 工程應用性 123
參考文獻 124
附錄 A 原始數據 131
附錄B 口試委員之問題與建議及回答 145

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