臺灣博碩士論文加值系統

螃蟹屬於十足目(Decapoda)和短尾下目(Brachyura)的甲殼類動物，通常認為它們是沿著身體前方側向移動，這使得螃蟹成為獨特的動物。然而，螃蟹側向移動的演化過程迄今尚未被揭示。因此，我們實際上拍攝了各種現存螃蟹物種的移動方向影片，並從影片中判斷每個物種是向前移動還是側向移動。然後，我們將結果應用於系統發育樹，以分析螃蟹的演化過程。
移動方向的分析顯示，40個物種被判定為側向移動，包括一個外群在內的8個物種被判定為向前移動。祖先特徵重建的結果表明，螃蟹的共同祖先展現了向前移動。Lauridromia屬極有可能從其共同祖先繼承了這種移動特徵。另一方面，Eubrachyura支系估計在其共同祖先階段獲得了側向移動，並且這一特徵在許多系統中被保留。然而，在不同的系統中，如士兵蟹（Mictyris）和Majoidea超科內的螃蟹，已經提出了回到向前移動的例子。此外，從側向移動到向前移動的演化轉變次數估計平均為5.80次，而從向前到側向移動的演化平均只有1.63次。這表明，向側向移動的演化可能代表一種創新且較少發生的現象。

Crab is crustaceans belonging to Order Decapoda and Infraorder Brachyura, generally thought to move sideways against the front of the body and this makes crabs exclusively unique animal. However, how sideways movement evolved in crab have never been revealed so far. Therefore, we practically shot movies of movement directions for various extant crab species and judged whether each species move forward or sideways from the movies. Then, we applied the results for the phylogenetic tree to analyze the evolutionary process on crab.
The analysis of movement orientation showed that 40 species were judged as sideways moving and 8 species including an out group were done as forward moving. The results of ancestral trait reconstruction suggest that the common ancestor of crabs exhibited forward movement. The genus Lauridromia is highly likely to have inherited this movement trait from its common ancestor. On the other hand, the Eubrachyura clade is estimated to have acquired lateral movement at the stage of their common ancestor, and this trait has been preserved in many lineages. However, instances of reversion back to forward movement have been suggested in different lineages, such as soldier crab (Mictyris) and the crabs within superfamily Majoidea. Moreover, the number of evolutionary shifts from lateral to forward movement was estimated to average 5.80 times, whereas evolutions from forward to lateral movement averaged only 1.63 times. This suggests that the evolution towards lateral movement may represent an innovative and less frequently occurring phenomenon.

Table of contents

Pi. Abstract (Chinese)
Pii. Abstract (English)
Piii. Acknowledge
Piv. Table of contents
Pvi. List of tables
Pⅶ. List of figures
P1. Chapter 1: Introduction
P2. Chapter 2: Material and methods
P2. 2.1. Sample collection
P2. 2.2. Taking videos for each crab and Video analysis
P4. 2.3. Identifying movement directions
P5. 2.4. Phylogenetic inference, topological tests,
and divergence time estimation
P6. 2.5. Ancestral state reconstruction (ASR) analysis
on evolution of the direction
P7. Chapter 3: Results
P7. 3.1. Sample collection
P10. 3.2. Video analysis and Identifying movement directions
P11. 3.3. Phylogenetic inference, topological tests, and divergence time
estimation
P14. 3.4. Divergence time estimation and ASR analysis
on evolution of directions
P18. Chapter 4: Discussion
P18. 4.1. Phylogeny and Topology
P19. 4.2. Evolution of sideways and forward movement
P23. Chapter 5: Conclusion
P25. Reference
P27. Supplementary material

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