臺灣博碩士論文加值系統

潤滑脂之優劣不只在乾淨情況下具有優異磨潤性能，它也需要在運轉過程中隨著滑脂的逐漸劣化仍具有抵抗的能力，本論文主要探討重負荷傳動元件滑脂在環境中粉塵與水分入侵的劣化狀況下對傳動元件表面損傷的影響，以3種潤滑脂在2種水含量與3種環境顆粒濃度下進行表面損傷效應分析。經由磨耗實驗、擦損實驗、三體界面磨潤理論、振動分析，所得到的研究成果有七項：(1)一般而言，純滑脂或含0.6 wt%水分滑脂中環境顆粒增加則磨耗量增加。(2)滑脂含水量增加，其滑脂溫度上升，且磨耗增加，顯示滑脂中水分造成滑脂劣化使滑脂升溫的影響高於水分吸熱量。(3) 滑脂性質實驗顯示，滑脂總酸價的增加並非一定是水分的增加造成，另一因素為滑脂性能劣化。(4)基於磨耗量、磨耗型態、擦損，及建立滑脂基本性質(包含水含量、總酸價、微顆粒含量)、磨耗、擦損之關係，本論文建立評估滑脂優劣的方式，也發現A、B、C滑脂中以B滑脂磨潤性能相對較優。 (5)純滑脂在重負荷下表面磨耗機理，以黏附與砂磨磨損為主，水含量增加均造成點蝕增加，SiO2顆粒增加則砂磨磨損增加。(6)潤滑脂隨著水含量增加，其抗擦損能力下降，外界顆粒增加，其摩擦係數變化量變大以致振動訊號的RMS值變動亦增大。(7)振動參數NA4與滑脂中顆粒含量有一定關係，可作為監控潤滑界面顆粒變化的量測方法。

The quality of lubricating grease is not only determined by its excellent lubri-cating performance under clean conditions, but it also needs to have the ability to re-sist deterioration during operation as the grease gradually degrades. This paper mainly investigates the effects of degraded heavy-duty transmission component grease on the surface damage of transmission components under the invasion of dust and water in the environment. Surface damage effects analysis was conducted on three types of lubricating grease under two water content levels and three environ-mental particle concentrations. The research results obtained from wear tests, friction tests, three-body interface friction theory, and vibration analysis yielded seven find-ings: (1) Generally speaking, an increase in environmental particles in pure grease or 0.6 wt% water-containing grease leads to an increase in wear.(2) An increase in the water content of the grease leads to an increase in the grease temperature and wear, indicating that water in the grease causes deterioration of the grease, which has a greater impact on raising the grease temperature than the heat absorbed by the wa-ter.(3) Lubricating grease property experiments showed that the increase in total acid value of the grease is not necessarily caused by an increase in water content, but it may be due to the deterioration of the grease performance.(4) Based on the amount of wear, wear patterns, and friction, as well as the establishment of basic lubricating grease properties (including water content, total acid value, and micro-particle con-tent), and the relationship between wear and friction, this paper established a way to evaluate the quality of lubricating grease, and found that the B grease had relatively better lubricating performance among A, B, and C greases.(5) The surface wear mechanism of pure grease under heavy load is mainly adhesion and sanding wear, and an increase in water content leads to an increase in pitting, while an increase in SiO2 particles leads to an increase in sanding wear.(6) As the water content of the lu-bricating grease increases, its anti-friction ability decreases, and as the external par-ticles increase, the change in the friction coefficient increases, resulting in an in-crease in the RMS value of the vibration signal.(7) The vibration parameter NA4 has a certain relationship with the particle content in the lubricating grease, and can be used as a measurement method to monitor the changes in lubricating interface parti-cles.

摘要................................................i
Abstract............................................ii
誌謝................................................iv
目錄................................................v
表目錄..............................................viii
圖目錄..............................................ix
第一章 緒論.........................................1
1.1 前言...........................................1
1.2 研究動機與目的..................................2
1.3 文獻回顧.......................................2
1.3.1 潤滑脂相關文獻................................2
1.3.2 四球式相關文獻................................2
1.3.3 磨屑、外界顆粒相關文獻.........................3
1.3.4 含水量相關文獻................................3
1.3.5 振動相關文獻..................................3
1.3.6 三體潤滑相關文獻..............................4
1.4 論文架構.......................................4
第二章 基礎理論.....................................6
2.1 磨潤學.........................................6
2.2 潤滑脂.........................................7
2.2.1 潤滑脂概述...................................7
2.2.2 潤滑脂稠度...................................7
2.2.3 潤滑脂添加劑.................................8
2.3 三體微接觸分析.................................8
2.3.1 接觸負荷[32].................................8
2.3.2 混合潤滑負荷分析[33].........................9
第三章 實驗方法與儀器..............................11
3.1 實驗方法......................................11
3.2 四球式磨耗試驗機...............................11
3.2.1 四球磨耗實驗公式與原理.......................12
3.2.2 四球磨耗試驗機實驗試件與實驗條件..............13
3.2.3 四球磨耗實驗步驟............................13
3.2.4 四球磨耗注意事項............................14
3.3 庫侖法卡氏水分測定儀(Karl Fischer)............14
3.3.1 庫侖法卡氏水分測定儀之原理...................14
3.3.2 庫侖法卡氏水分測定儀之實驗步驟...............15
3.4 總酸價(TAN)自動滴定儀.........................16
3.4.1 總酸價自動滴定儀儀之原理.....................16
3.4.2 總酸價自動滴定儀之實驗步驟...................16
3.4.3 總酸價自動滴定儀之注意事項...................17
3.5 實驗材料及方式................................17
3.5.1 實驗潤滑脂.................................17
3.5.2 添加劣化因子參數............................18
3.5.2.1 添加水分方法(以添加0.6wt%.................19
3.5.2.2 添加二氧化矽奈米粉末方法...................19
3.6 光學顯微鏡 (OM)...............................19
3.6.1 光學顯微鏡實驗步驟...........................20
3.6.2 光學顯微鏡注意事項...........................20
3.7 三維光學顯微鏡 (白光干涉儀)....................20
3.7.1 三維光學顯微鏡實驗步驟.......................21
3.7.2 三維光學顯微鏡注意事項.......................21
3.8 粒徑分析儀 (PAMAS)............................22
3.8.1 粒徑分析儀實驗步驟...........................22
3.8.2 粒徑分析儀注意事項...........................22
3.9 加速規........................................22
3.10 分析型場發掃描式電子顯微鏡( SEM / EDS )........24
第四章 結果與討論..................................25
4.1 四球式磨耗實驗.................................25
4.1.1 四球磨耗直徑分析.............................25
4.1.2 四球磨耗表面粗糙度分析.......................27
4.1.3 磨耗實驗四球中心溫度分析......................28
4.1.4 潤滑脂物化性能分析...........................30
4.1.4.1 潤滑脂含水量分析...........................30
4.1.4.2 潤滑脂總酸價分析...........................33
4.1.4.3 潤滑脂顆粒分析.............................35
4.1.5 四球表面特性分析.............................37
4.1.5.1 四球磨耗表面形貌分析.......................37
4.1.5.2 四球磨耗表面元素分析.......................42
4.2 四球擦損試驗分析...............................49
4.3 界面磨潤理論分析...............................55
4.4 振動訊號分析...................................56
第五章 結論與未來展望..............................58
5.1 結論..........................................58
5.2 未來展望......................................59
參考文獻..........................................60
Extended Abstract...............................63

[1]Morgantini M., Okorokov V., Gorash Y., MacKenzie D., van Rijswick R., 2018, “The effect of fresh water corrosive solution on fatigue strength of low carbon steel”, IRF2018: 6th International Conference Integrity-Reliability-Failure, Lisbon, Portugal.
[2]Kamaya M., 2013, “Environmental effect on fatigue strength of stainless steel in PWR primary water – Role of crack growth acceleration in fatigue life reduction”, International Journal of Fatigue, Vol. 55, pp. 102-111.
[3]Chopra O. K., Stevens G. L., Tregoning R., Rao A. S., 2017, “Effect of light water reactor water environments on the fatigue life of reactor materials”, Journal of Pressure Vessel Technology, Vol. 139(6), pp. 060801-1-21.
[4]Koulocheris D., Stathis A., Costopoulos Th., Gyparakis G., 2013, “Comparative study of the impact of corundum particle contaminants size on wear and fatigue life of grease lubricated ball bearings”, Modern Mechanical Engineering, Vol. 3, pp.161-170.
[5]Vazhappilly C. V., Manoj KumarV. K., Praveen Raj C. R., Kamalesan P., 2013, “Experimental analysis of vibration of ball bearing considering solid contaminants in lubricants”, Journal of Engineering Research and Applications, Vol. 3, pp. 1576-1580
[6]Needelman W., LaVallee G., (eds.), 2006, “Forms of water in oil and their control”, Proceedings of the Noria Lubrication Excellence Conference, Columbus Ohio.
[7]Blaine S, Savage P.E.P., 1992, “Reaction pathways in lubricant degradation. Reaction model for n-hexadecane autoxidation”, Industrial & Engineering Chemistry Research (ACS Publications), Vol. 31, pp. 69-75.
[8]Cen H., 2012, “Effect of water on the performance of lubricants and related tribochemistry in boundary lubricated steel/steel contacts”, University of Leeds, England
[9]Lancaster J. K., 1990, “A review of the influence of environmental humidity and water on friction, lubrication and wear”, Tribology International, Vol. 23(6), pp. 371-389.
[10]Soltanahmadi S., Morina A., van Eijk M. C. P., Nedelcu I., Neville A., 2017, “Tribochemical study of micropitting in tribocorrosive lubricated contacts: The influence of water and relative humidity”, Tribology International, Vol. 107, pp. 184-198.
[11]Tribonet, 2022, Four-Ball-Tester. https://www.tribonet.org/wiki/four-ball-tester/
[12]Chih-Ling Lin, Paul A.Meehan, 2021, “Morphological and elemental analysis of wear debris naturally formed in grease lubricated railway axle bearings” Wear, Vol. 484-485, 203994.
[13]Umeda A., Sugimura J., Yamamoto Y., 1998, “Characterization of wear particles and their relations with sliding conditions”, Wear, Vol. 216(2), pp. 220-228.
[14]Dienwiebel M., Pohlmann K., 2007, “Nanoscale evolution of sliding metal surfaces during running-in”, Tribology Letter, Vol. 27, pp. 255-260.
[15]Yuan C. Q., Peng Z., Yan X. P., Zhou X. C., 2008, “Surface roughness evolutions in sliding wear process”, Wear, Vol. 265, pp. 341-348.
[16]Rigney D. A., 1992, “The role of characterization in understanding debris generation”, In Wear Particles (D. Dowson et al., eds.), pp. 405-412, Elsevier Science Publishers, Amsterdam.
[17]Samuels L. E., Doyle E. D., Turley D. M., 1981, “Sliding Wear Mechanisms”, In Fundamentals of Friction and Wear od Materials, pp. 13-41, Amer. Soc. Metals, Metals Park, Ohio.
[18]Smith R. A., 1980, “Interfaces of wear and fatigue.” In Fundamentals of Tribology (N.P. Suh and N.Saka, eds.), pp. 605-616, MIT Press, Cambridge, MA.
[19]Alan Gurt, Michael Khonsari, 2020, “An Overview of Grease Water Resistance” Lubricants, Vol. 8 ,No 9,pp. 86
[20]H.Saruhan, S.Sandemir, A.Çiçek, I.Uygur, 2014, “ Vibration Analysis of Rolling Element Bearings Defects ” Journal of Applied Research and Technology, Vol. 12, lssue 3.
[21]Ji-meng Li, Xing Cheng, Jun-ling Peng, Zong Meng, 2022, “A new adaptive parallel resonance system based on cascaded feedback model of vibrational resonance and stochastic resonance and its application in fault detection of rolling bearings” Chaos, Solitons & Fractals, Vol. 164, 112702.
[22]Shan Z. W., Adesso G., Cabot A., Sherburne M. P., Syed Asif S. A., Warren O. L., Chrzan D. C., Minor A. M., Alivisatos A. P., 2008, “Ultrahigh stress and strain in hierarchically structured hollow nanoparticles”, Nature Materials, Vol. 7, pp. 947-952.
[23]Zhang N., Deng Q. A., Hong Y., Xiong L. M., Li S., Strasberg M., Yin W. Q., Zou Y. J., Taylor C. R., Sawyer G., Chen Y. P., 2011, “Deformation mechanisms in silicon nanoparticles”, Journal of Applied Physics, Vol. 109, Issue 6, pp. 063534-1-6.
[24]Deneen J., Mook W. M., Minor A., Gerberich W. W., Barry Carter C., 2006, “In situ deformation of silicon nanospheres”, Journal of Materials Science, Vol. 41, Issue 14, pp. 4477-4483.
[25]Xu T., Jiazheng Z., Kang X., 1996, “The ball-bearing effect of diamond nanoparticles as an oil additive”, Journal of Physics D: Applied Physics, Vol. 29, No. 11, pp. 2932-2937.
[26]Zhou J., Wu Z., Zhang Z., Liu W., Xue Q., 2000, “Tribological behavior and lubricating mechanism of Cu nanoparticles in oil”, Tribology Letters, Vol. 8, Issue 4, pp. 213-218.
[27]Trezona R. I., Allsopp D. N., Hutchings I. M., 1999, “Transitions between two-body and three-body abrasive wear: influence of test conditions in the microscale abrasive wear test”, Wear, Vol. 225-229, pp. 205-214.
[28]Adachi K., Hutchings I. M., 2003, “Wear-mode mapping for the micro-scale abrasion test”, Wear, Vol. 255, Issue 1-6, pp. 23-29.
[29]Stempfle P., Pantale O., Djilali T., Njiwa R. K., Bourrat X., Takadoum J., 2010, “Evaluation of the real contact area in three-body dry friction by micro-thermal analysis”, Tribology International, Vol. 43, Issue 10, pp. 1794-1805.3
[30]Ghaednia H., Jackson R. L., 2013, “The effect of nanoparticles on the real area of contact friction, and wear”, ASME Journal of Tribology, Vol. 135, 041603-1-10.
[31]Li Q., 2020, “Simulation of a Single Third-body Particle in Frictional Contact” Facta Universitatis Series Mechanical Engineering, Vol. 18, No 4, pp. 537 - 544.
[32]Wu H.W., Chen Y.Y., Horng J.H., 2017, “The analysis of three-body contact temperature under the different third particle size, density and value of friction”, Micromachines, Vol. 8(10), 302, pp.1-16..
[33]Horng J.H., Yu C.C., Chen Y.Y., 2021, “Tribological Characteristics and Load-Sharing of Point-Contact Interface in Three-Body Mixed Lubrication”, ASME, Journal of Tribology. Vol. 144, 052201
[34]Fabiano B G, Sidney P S ,2012, “A new method for determining the acid number of biodiesel based on coulometric titration” Talanta, Volume 97, Pages 199-203