臺灣博碩士論文加值系統

本論文主要以燃料電池與鋰電池之混合動力系統研製，目前常見的大功率燃料電池系統輸出透過轉換器對鋰電池或其他設備供電，為了因應燃料電池本身輸出電壓範圍寬，及後端設備需求電壓，轉換器設計複雜、效率差、體積大等缺點，因此主要改善體積、重量、效率，並且符合應用在動力設備上穩定運作。
本論文以燃料電池與鋰電池對動力設備之應用架構，並且透過計算、模擬及實驗驗證系統架構可行性，研製兩種不同的系統架構，系統架構Ⅰ為非轉換器架構電路，系統架構Ⅱ為轉換器架構電路。當燃料電池受重負載環境下，燃料電池輸出為低電壓大電流，且會有反應延遲情況，此時鋰電池電壓高於燃料電池，由鋰電池分擔輸出部分負載能量，確保負載運作穩定性。系統架構Ⅰ通過開關控制電路，切換系統工作模式，使燃料電池對負載供電，同時進行鋰電池充電；系統架構Ⅱ以四開關降/升壓轉換器，使燃料電池輸出電壓(46V~90V)調整至48V，供給負載與鋰電池充電使用。根據兩架構在10kW燃料電池運作下計算功率損耗並比較適合之混合動力型應用，依結果架構Ⅰ相較架構Ⅱ功耗少252.52W，最後由系統架構Ⅰ進行溫度測試與瞬間負載測試。

This thesis mainly develops the hybrid power system of fuel cell and lithium batteries. At present, the output of a common high-power fuel cell system supplies power to lithium batteries or other equipment through the converter. The converter has the disadvantages of complex design, poor efficiency, and large volume, so it mainly improves the volume, weight, and efficiency, and is suitable for stable operation in power equipment.
The hybrid system of fuel cell and lithium battery developed in this thesis is divided into two different system architectures. System architecture I is a non-converter architecture circuit, and system architecture II is a converter architecture circuit. When the fuel cell is under heavy load, the output of the fuel cell is low voltage and high current, and there will be a reaction delay. At this time, the lithium battery’s voltage is higher than that of the fuel cell, and the lithium battery shares part of the output load energy to ensure the stability of the load operation. The system architecture I switch the system working mode through the switch control circuit, so that the fuel cell supplies power to the load and charges the lithium battery at the same time; the system architecture II uses a four-switch buck/boost converter to adjust the fuel cell output voltage (46V~90V) to 48V, enabling the load to operate and use with Li-ion battery charging. According to the calculation of the power loss of the two architectures under the operation of a 10kW fuel cell, it is more suitable for hybrid applications. According to the results, the power consumption of system architecture I is 252.52W less than that of system architecture II. Finally, in system architecture I conduct temperature tests and instantaneous load tests.

摘要...i
Abstract...ii
誌謝...iv
目錄...v
表目錄...viii
圖目錄...ix
第一章 緒論...1
1.1 研究目的與動機...1
1.2 文獻回顧...2
1.3 論文架構...4
第二章 燃料電池系統與二次電池介紹...5
2.1 燃料電池的原理與電化學特性...5
2.2 燃料電池規格...8
2.3 二次電池介紹...8
2.4 鋰電池規格...11
2.5 電池充電方式 ...12
2.5.1 定電壓充電...12
2.5.2 定電流充電...12
2.5.3 定電流-定電壓充電...13
2.5.4 脈衝式充電...13
2.5.5 Reflex充電...13
2.6 鋰電池電量量測...14
2.6.1 開路電壓法...14
2.6.2 安培小時法 ...14
第三章 系統架構與控制策略...15
3.1 系統架構Ⅰ...15
3.1.1 動作原理...16
3.2 系統架構Ⅱ...18
3.2.1 直流轉換器選擇...18
3.2.2 四開關降/升壓轉換器動作原理...21
第四章 系統架構Ⅰ之電路設計...24
4.1 硬體電路設計...24
4.1.1 開關電路...24
4.1.2 繼電器電路...25
4.1.3 二極體電路...26
4.1.4 輸出電壓偵測電路...26
4.1.5 電流偵測電路...27
4.1.6 溫度檢測電路...27
4.1.7 CAN bus通訊電路... 28
4.1.8 輔助電源...29
4.2 軟體設計與規劃...31
4.2.1 主程式流程...32
4.2.2 充電程式...33
4.2.3 荷電狀態(State-Of-Charge；SOC)電量程式...35
4.2.4 保護程式...36
4.2.5 CAN bus通訊程式...37
第五章 系統架構Ⅱ之電路設計...38
5.1 四開關降/升壓轉換器電路...38
5.1.1 轉換器電感數值設計...40
5.1.2 電感電流回授電路...40
5.1.3 輸出電流限制電路...41
5.1.4 工作頻率調整電路...41
5.1.5 輸出電壓回授電路...42
5.1.6 開關電路...43
5.2 轉換器規格與元件參數設計...44
第六章 系統模擬與實測結果...47
6.1 系統架構Ⅰ架構測試...47
6.1.1 實驗結果...48
6.2 系統架構Ⅱ架構測試...53
6.2.1 電路模擬...53
6.2.2 實驗結果...55
6.3 系統功耗與熱分析...58
6.3.1 二極體模組功耗...58
6.3.2 架構功耗比較...58
6.3.3 系統瞬間負載變化測試...60
6.3.4 測試元件溫度...61
6.4 CAN bus通訊介面...62
第七章 結論與未來研究方向...65
7.1 結論...65
7.2 未來研究方向...65
參考文獻...66
Extended Abstract...69
Ⅰ. Introduction...70
Ⅱ. Design and Configuration...71
Ⅲ. Experimental Results...73

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