臺灣博碩士論文加值系統

建築工程是廣泛使用營建機具進行作業，營建機具柴油發動機的使用會產生顆粒物 （PM）等空氣污染物，目前國內對營建機具之排放管制未臻完善，PM暴露可能會對操作員的健康造成危害。本研究調查了營建機具操作員PM 的職業暴露，並評估其潛在的健康影響。 本研究使用GRIMM model-11A 偵測器監測挖土機、一般裝載機、鏟裝機、推土機及平路機 （五類型共七台）的操作員PM 暴露情況。結果發現，靜態啟動時測得的最高和最低平均PM2.5暴露濃度分別為329DL型挖土機（64.32 μg/m3）和721F一般裝載機（19.85 μg/m3）。在動態操作期間測得的最高和最低平均 PM2.5 暴露濃度分別於CASE430型鏟裝機 （494.58 μg/m3） 和 D7H 推土機 （27.08 μg/m3）。綜上所述，該工作場所的工程機械駕駛室存在暴露風險。建議施工設備安裝煙霧過濾器，操作人員佩戴防護用品，以避免操作過程中過量吸入有害物質。

Construction projects are widely used construction equipment for operation. The operation of diesel engines generates particulate matter （PM）, which might cause health hazards for operators. At present, there is no comprehensive domestic emission standard for construction equipment. This study investigates occupational exposure to PM for the construction equipment operator and evaluates the potential health impact. GRIMM model-11A was used to monitor the operator’s PM exposure of seven sets of five types of excavators, loaders, shovels, bulldozers, and road graders on a mechanical work site. The results found that the highest and lowest average PM2.5 measured during static startup were 329DL excavator （64.32 μg/m3） and 721F general loader （19.85 μg /m3）, respectively. The highest and lowest average PM2.5 evaluated during dynamic operations were CASE 430 Skid Steer Loader （494.58 μg/m3） and D7H bulldozer （27.08 μg/m3）, respectively. In summary, the construction machinery cab in this workplace is at risk of exposure. It is recommended that smoke filters be installed in construction equipment and that operators wear protective equipment to avoid excessive inhalation of harmful substances during operation.

摘要 i
ABSTRACT i
致謝 iii
表目錄 vi
圖目錄 viii
第一章 緒論 1
1-1 研究背景及動機 1
1-2 研究目的 2
第二章 文獻回顧與背景資料 3
2-1 柴油機尾氣之健康影響及燃燒特性 3
2-1-1 柴油機尾氣之特性 3
2-1-2 柴油機尾氣及粒狀污染物之危害 6
2-1-3 柴油引擎之定義及燃燒特性 9
2-2 營建工程及污染分析概述 12
2-2-1 營建工程概述及推估 12
2-2-2 國內營建機具使用概述 13
2-2-3 國外年度排放量推估及趨勢 15
2-3 營建機具暴露量推估 17
第三章 研究方法 18
3-1研究架構及對象選取 18
3-2 研究設備及校正方法 19
3-3 研究規劃 21
3-4 作業場現地訪查及量測方法 23
3-5 採樣數據及敘述統計分析 34
第四章 結果與討論 35
4-1 PM排放特性分析結果 35
4-1-1 靜態模式採集結果 35
4-1-2 動態模式採集結果 43
4-2 各類型PM採樣特性分析 50
4-3 各類型營建機械採樣特性分析 52
4-4 營建機械採樣特性總體分析 56
4-5各類型營建機械職業暴露量推估 59
4-6 與國外文獻差異性比較 62
4-7 討論 64
第五章 結論與建議 66
5-1 結論 66
5-2 建議 67
參考文獻 68
附錄一 作業場營建機具檢測紀錄數據 71
附錄二 作業場風速資料及判定方式 99

Abas, N., Ali, M. M., & Abas, N. (2021). Masonry Dust Risk Control Practices and the Barriers to the Adoption of Engineering Controls in Reducing Risk due to Dust Exposure in Masonry Work. Paper presented at the IOP Conference Series: Materials Science and Engineering.
Aghaeipoor, M. (2017). Characterization of preliminary data of indoor air quality in diesel construction equipment cabs.
Anderson, J. O., Thundiyil, J. G., & Stolbach, A. (2012). Clearing the air: a review of the effects of particulate matter air pollution on human health. J Med Toxicol, 8(2), 166-175. doi:10.1007/s13181-011-0203-1
Bakke, B., Ulvestad, B., Thomassen, Y., Woldbaek, T., & Ellingsen, D. G. (2014). Characterization of occupational exposure to air contaminants in modern tunnelling operations. Ann Occup Hyg, 58(7), 818-829. doi:10.1093/annhyg/meu034
Brüske‐Hohlfeld, I., Möhner, M., Ahrens, W., Pohlabeln, H., Heinrich, J., Kreuzer, M., . . . Wichmann, H. E. J. A. j. o. i. m. (1999). Lung cancer risk in male workers occupationally exposed to diesel motor emissions in Germany. 36(4), 405-414.
Frost, G., McKeen, S., Trainer, M., Ryerson, T., Neuman, J., Roberts, J., . . . Fortin, T. J. J. o. G. R. A. (2006). Effects of changing power plant NOx emissions on ozone in the eastern United States: Proof of concept. 111(D12).
Gauthier, B., Davidson, D. F., Hanson, R. K. J. C., & Flame. (2004). Shock tube determination of ignition delay times in full-blend and surrogate fuel mixtures. 139(4), 300-311.
Hesterberg, T. W., Long, C. M., Bunn, W. B., Lapin, C. A., McClellan, R. O., & Valberg, P. A. (2012). Health effects research and regulation of diesel exhaust: an historical overview focused on lung cancer risk. Inhal Toxicol, 24 Suppl 1, 1-45. doi:10.3109/08958378.2012.691913
Liñán, A., & Williams, F. A. (1993). Fundamental aspects of combustion.
Lou, H., Hao, Y., Zhang, W., Su, P., Zhang, F., Chen, Y., . . . Li, Y. J. J. o. E. S. (2019). Emission of intermediate volatility organic compounds from a ship main engine burning heavy fuel oil. 84, 197-204.
M. Phil Lewis, J. J., and Sherif El Khouly. (2019). Characterizing in-cab air quality in heavy-duty diesel construction equipment.
Mickelsen, R. L., Shulman, S. A., Kriech, A. J., Osborn, L. V., Redman, A. P. J. E. s., & technology. (2006). Status of worker exposure to asphalt paving fumes with the use of engineering controls. 40(18), 5661-5667.
Noehre, C., Andersson, M., Johansson, B., & Hultqvist, A. (2006). Characterization of partially premixed combustion (0148-7191). Retrieved from
OEHHA. (2015). (OEHHA)Diesel exhaust.
Peters, S., Carey, R. N., Driscoll, T. R., Glass, D. C., Benke, G., Reid, A., & Fritschi, L. (2015). The Australian Work Exposures Study: prevalence of occupational exposure to diesel engine exhaust. Ann Occup Hyg, 59(5), 600-608. doi:10.1093/annhyg/mev006
Rachel Mosier, P. D. a. Y. S., Ph.D. (2020). Case Study of In-Cab Pollutants for Nonroad Construction Equipment.
Riojas-Rodríguez, H., Escamilla-Cejudo, J. A., González-Hermosillo, J. A., Téllez-Rojo, M. M., Vallejo, M., Santos-Burgoa, C., . . . epidemiology, e. (2006). Personal PM 2.5 and CO exposures and heart rate variability in subjects with known ischemic heart disease in Mexico City. 16(2), 131-137.
Schobert, H. H. (2013). The chemistry of hydrocarbon fuels: Butterworth-Heinemann.
Schraufnagel, D. E. (2020). The health effects of ultrafine particles. Exp Mol Med, 52(3), 311-317. doi:10.1038/s12276-020-0403-3
Soule, R. D. J. P. s. i. h. (2001). Industrial hygiene engineering controls.
Steenland, K., Zhao, L., Winquist, A., & Parks, C. (2013). Ulcerative colitis and perfluorooctanoic acid (PFOA) in a highly exposed population of community residents and workers in the mid-Ohio valley. Environ Health Perspect, 121(8), 900-905. doi:10.1289/ehp.1206449
Taxell, P., & Santonen, T. (2017). Diesel Engine Exhaust: Basis for Occupational Exposure Limit Value. Toxicol Sci, 158(2), 243-251. doi:10.1093/toxsci/kfx110
U.S.EPA. (2002). Diesel engine exhaust; CASRN N.A.
U.S.EPA. (2017). 2017 NEI Plan: Final Addendum.
U.S.EPA. (2018). Risk and Exposure Assessment for the Review of the Primary National Ambient Air Quality Standard for Sulfur Oxides.
U.S.EPA. (2020). 2020 NEI Plan August 2020.
Vallero, D. (2014). Fundamentals of air pollution: Academic press.
Wang, J., Yang, Z., Liu, S., Zhang, Q., & Han, Y. (2016). A comprehensive overview of hybrid construction machinery. Advances in Mechanical Engineering, 8(3). doi:10.1177/1687814016636809
Weiss, F., Baloh, P., Pfaller, C., Cetintas, E. C., Kasper-Giebl, A., Wonaschütz, A., . . . Grothe, H. (2018). Reducing paving emissions and workers' exposure using novel mastic asphalt mixtures. Building and Environment, 137, 51-57. doi:10.1016/j.buildenv.2018.03.060
Zhang, B., Zhang, Y., Zhang, H., & Zhang, P. J. E. (2019). Optimization of Automatic Control System for Construction Machinery Based on Low Carbon Environmental Protection Requirements. 28(108), 1223-1227.
中華民國燃燒學會. (2003). 中華民國燃燒季刊 第十二卷 第四期.
中華民國燃燒學會. (2004). 中華民國燃燒季刊 第十三卷 第四期.
中華民國行政院環境保護署. (2019). 中華民國108年度空氣污染防制總檢討.
劉俐伶. (2015). 探討空氣污染暴露與乳癌發生率之間的相關性： 以族群為基礎的病例對照研究.
劉峻宇. (2016). 大氣超細粒徑懸浮微粒暴露 對人體健康效應之影響.
劉芷芸. (2020). 高雄地區 PM10與 PM2.5之趨勢變化.
古玫生. (2021). 環境細懸浮微粒(PM2.5)暴露影響與口腔癌及大腸癌癌症進展風險相關性探討.
彭國倫. (2015). 氣動引擎與內燃機引擎複合系統之架設與研究.
曾元一. (1992). 施工技術及機具自動化現況調查及分析研究.
曾逸敦. (2020). 引擎的重要零件及構造 科學發展 2020 年 8 月│ 572 期.
蘇昱丞. (2019). 施工機具作業時空氣污染物動態排放特性之研究-以營建用挖土機為例.
行政院環境保護署. (2020). 懸浮微粒物質災害防救業務計畫.
高實祥. (2007). 主動再生濾煙器介紹.