臺灣博碩士論文加值系統

近年來全世界對淡水需求的快速增長,導致對海水淡化系統的設計需要進行不斷改進以符合現代之應用，並提高生產效率與降低淡水生產成本。 因此在這項研究中，本研究設計和開發了兩種淡化模型，以研究海水淡化系統在太陽能加熱和電加熱作用下的效率。
在第一個實驗中，實驗設計並製造了混合淡化模型，該模型是利用電源加熱和太陽能加熱與噴霧輔助單元的組合，以研究同時利用太陽能加熱和電加熱對能源效率和淡水生產的影響。我們也建立了評估該系統可行性的理論模型。結果顯示出在相同的加熱功率下，噴嘴孔尺寸的減小會導致液滴直徑的減小，並且電加熱功率的提高會造成基板溫度的升高並迅速縮短液滴的汽化時間。因此，由於汽化室內水蒸氣產生速率的增加，總蒸餾水產量迅速增加。在實驗中，添加太陽能加熱能顯著提高了混合淡化系統的蒸餾水生產效率。在60W的電加熱功率，1mm的噴嘴孔徑和太陽能加熱下，回收率達到78.9％，總蒸餾水產量是僅使用電加熱的海水淡化系統的1.33倍。與傳統太陽能淡化系統的年平均生產率相比，該混合淡化系統的年生產率高出六倍，其每升成本（CPL）降至0.12（USD / L）。
另外研究中我們也開發了具有太陽能追踪系統的管狀太陽能海水淡化系統，以研究親水性紙張塗層的效率與不同的海水流速對太陽能淡化系統蒸餾水的生產率和能源效率的影響。結果顯示出與不使用親水性紙張塗層的系統相比，使用親水性紙張塗層的系統的蒸餾水生產率顯著提高，且系統的能源效率提高了1.69倍。此外由於流速的降低會導致進口海水溫度升高，這也是決定該實驗中淡化系統蒸餾水生產率的關鍵因素之一。研究發現使用親水性紙塗層的流量為10（ml / min）時，系統的產水率可以達到1.26（g / min），能量效率約為36.70％。與以40（ml / min）的流量在沒有親水紙塗層的情況下，系統的產水量分別增加了1.6倍和2.5倍。另外本研究僅使用太陽能的海水淡化系統的CPL約為0.039（USD / L），與先前其他海水淡化系統的CPL大致相當。因此，未來若能再引進在淡化過程中增加電源加熱系統，將有望顯著提高海水淡化系統的生產率和能源效率。

The rapid increase in demand for freshwater requires continuous improvements in the design of the system and application of modern techniques in desalination process to enhance productivity and reduce freshwater production costs. Therefore, in this study, two desalination models were designed and developed to investigate efficiency under the effect of solar heating and electrical heating.
The first model is a hybrid desalination system, which is the combination of an electrical heating module and a solar heating module with a spray-assisted unit. This system was designed to study the simultaneous effect of both solar heating and electrical heating on energy efficiency and productivity of the system. Besides, a theoretical model established to assess the system’s feasibility. The results reveal that, at the same heating power, the decrease of size of the nozzle aperture leads to a reduction of droplet diameter, and an increase of substrate temperature, which depends on electrical heating power, rapidly shortens the vaporization time of droplets. Therefore, total distilled water production is increased rapidly because of the increased rate of water vapor generation inside the vaporization chamber. In the experiment, the addition of solar heating energy significantly increased the distilled water production efficiency of the hybrid desalination system. At an electrical heating power of 60W with a nozzle aperture of 1mm and solar heating, the recovery efficiency reached 78.9% and the total distilled water production was 1.33 times higher than that of the desalination system using electrical heating only. Compared with the average annual productivity of traditional solar desalination systems, the annual productivity of this hybrid desalination system is six times higher, and its cost per liter (CPL) is reduced to 0.12 (USD/L).
In addition, we also developed a tubular solar desalination model with a solar tracking system to study the efficiency of hydrophilic paper layer, and the effect of the different flow rates of inlet seawater on productivity and energy efficiency of the system. The results show that, by using hydrophilic paper layer, the water productivity of the system was improved significantly, and the energy efficiency of the system was 1.69 times higher than that of the system without hydrophilic paper layer. Besides, the increase in temperature of inlet seawater due to the reduction of the flow rate also plays a key role in the increase of water productivity and the energy efficiency of the system in this study. At a flow rate of 10 (ml/min) with hydrophilic paper layer, the distilled water production rate of the system can reach 1.26 (g/min). The energy efficiency of the system is about 36.70%, and it is 1.6 times higher than the energy efficiency of the system at the flow rate of 40 (ml/min). The CPL of the system is about 0.039 (USD/L), and it is approximately with the CPL of other solar desalination systems.

摘要 i
ABSTRACT iii
Acknowledgments v
Contents vi
List of symbols ix
List of table captions xi
List of figure captions xii
Chapter 1 Overview of desalination technology 1
1.1 Introduction 1
1.2 Global water demand and Desalination market 2
1.3 Classification and the recent development of desalination technologies 3
Chapter 2 Thesis objectives and Literature review 11
2.1 Thesis objectives 11
2.2 Literature review 12
2.2.1 Improvements in the design of desalination system 13
2.2.2 The application of the solar tracking system for desalination process 16
2.2.3 The application of storage materials for desalination process 17
2.2.4 The application of spray flash evaporation for desalination process 19
2.2.5 Desalination using electrical energy and solar energy 21
2.2.6 Tubular solar desalination systems 24
Chapter 3 Theoretical basis and experiment equipment 63
3.1 Principle of seawater desalination driven by heat 63
3.1.1 Mechanisms of heat transfer 63
3.1.2 Heat transfer theory 65
3.2 The vaporization of droplets on the heated substrate 67
3.3 The energy efficiency and the commercial energy efficiency of the desalination system 68
3.4 The recovery efficiency of the desalination system 70
3.5 The feasibility of the desalination system 71
3.6 Experimental equipment 72
3.6.1 Simulated seawater 72
3.6.2 Measurement instruments 73
3.6.3 Solar tracking system 73
Chapter 4 Enhance efficiency of the hybrid electrical/solar heating desalination system with spray-assisted unit 77
4.1 Experimental setup 77
4.2 Results and discussions 78
4.2.1 The effect of the position of Fresnel lens on the temperature of the seawater tray (vaporization tower) 79
4.2.2 The effect of the nozzle aperture 80
4.2.3 The effect of heating powers 83
4.2.4 The effect of different solar and electrical heating powers 85
4.2.5 The feasibility of the system 89
4.3 Conclusion 90
Chapter 5 Investigation of energy efficiency of the tubular solar desalination system with solar tracking system 106
5.1. Experimental setup 106
5.2 Results and discussions 108
5.2.1 The effect of hydrophilic paper layer 108
5.2.2 The effect of different flow rates on the desalination process 111
5.2.3 The feasibility of the system 114
5.3 Conclusion 115
Chapter 6 Summary and future work 129
6.1 Summary 129
6.2 Future work 131
References 133
Curriculum vitae 148
List of Publication 149
Conference Presentation 149

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