臺灣博碩士論文加值系統

近年來室內運動場所的人數節節攀升，據體育署統計，國人有11.6% 最常從事室內運動類型。本研究於2019年12月～2020年5月冬、春季期間，對三個校區內運動場所進行室內外PM2.5採樣，並分析PM2.5化學性組成—25種金屬元素及3種水溶性離子，探討PM2.5在冬、春兩季間質量濃度變化，利用富集因子法及PMF受體模式解析污染物可能來源，並進行相關性統計分析。結果顯示，PM2.5質量濃度在冬、春兩季皆呈現室外高於室內；金屬元素在冬、春兩季皆呈現健身房濃度高於室外，室內外主要金屬元素為Fe、K、Na；水溶性離子在健身房內PM2.5佔大部分比例，如冬季 (61%～71%)、春季 (44%～51%)，另外發現在運動場所中NH4+的 I/O 值皆大於1。富集因子法解析結果顯示，冬、春兩季室內PM2.5中金屬元素Fe、K、Mg、Mn、Na、Ti為自然來源，Ag、As、Cd、Sb、Se、Tl則以人為因素為主。 PMF解析結果顯示，冬季室外主要污染源以二次氣膠 (21.7%～42.8%) 為主；春季室外主要污染源以地殼元素及土壤揚塵 (26%～30.4%)、二次氣膠 (24.8%～33.4%) 為主。冬季室內主要污染源以地殼元素及土壤揚塵 (33.4%～37.5%)、室內再懸浮 (24.1%～48.9%)、二次氣膠 (34.7%～47.9%) 為主；春季室內主要污染源以硫酸鹽及清潔用品 (35.7%～48.9%)、土壤及道路揚塵 (30.1%～41.5%)、建物裂損與器材磨損 (31.6%～43.2%) 為主。

According to the data of Sports Administration, MOE, 11.6 % of Taiwanese people are most often engaged in indoor sports. The objective of this study is to understand the chemical composition and source apportionment of the fine particles (PM2.5) in three sport halls in a university during the winter and spring from December, 2019 to May, 2020. The chemical composition of indoor and outdoor PM2.5 were analyzed (25 metals elements and 3 water soluble ions) for source apportionment of PM2.5 using enrichment factor (EF) and positive matrix factor (PMF) analyses. The results show that the mean mass concentrations of PM2.5 outdoors were higher than that of the indoors; however, the concentrations of analyzed metals in three sport halls were higher than that of the outdoors. The main metal elements in PM2.5 of indoor and outdoor are Fe, K, Na. The water soluble ions in indoor PM2.5 in winter and in spring were 61%～71% and 44%～51%, respectively. The indoor/outdoor ratio (I/O ratio) of the ammonium (NH4+) are found to be greater than 1 in all sports halls. The results of the EF analysis show that the Fe, K, Mg, Mn, Na, and Ti in PM2.5 of indoors are emitted from natural sources, while Ag, As, Cd, Sb, Se, and Tl are generated by anthropogenic sources. The results of the PMF analysis show that the main outdoor pollution sources in winter were secondary aerosols (21.7%～42.8%). The main outdoor pollution sources in spring were crust elements and soil dust (26%～30.4%) and secondary aerosols (24.8%～33.4%). The main indoor pollution sources in winter were crustal elements and soil dust (33.4%～37.5%), indoor resuspension (24.1%～48.9%) and secondary aerosol (34.7%～47.9%). The main indoor pollution sources in spring were sulfates and cleaning supplies (35.7%～48.9%), soil and road dust (30.1%～41.5%), building material and equipment wear (31.6%～43.2%).

摘要 I
ABSTRACT III
致謝 V
目錄 VI
圖目錄 X
表目錄 XIII
第一章 前言 1
1-1. 研究背景 1
1-2. 研究目的 3
第二章 文獻回顧 4
2-1. 懸浮微粒物化特性及簡述 4
2-1-1. 懸浮微粒粒徑分布與種類 4
2-1-2. 懸浮微粒水溶性離子成分 6
2-1-3. 懸浮微粒金屬元素成分 8
2-1-4. 懸浮微粒污染來源 10
2-1-5. 懸浮微粒對人體健康危害 16
2-2. 室內空氣品質概況簡述 20
2-2-1. 各國室內空氣品質法規及標準 21
2-2-2. 室內運動場所特性簡述 23
2-2-3. 健身房空氣品質相關研究 25
2-2-4. 體育館空氣品質相關研究 26
2-3. 污染來源解析 30
2-3-1. 受體模式簡述 30
2-3-2. 富集因子法EF (Enrichment Factor) 31
2-3-3. 正矩陣因子法PMF (Positive Matrix Factorization) 31
2-3-4. 國內外應用EF解析懸浮微粒污染來源之研究 32
2-3-5. 國內外應用PMF解析懸浮微粒污染來源之研究 34
第三章 研究方法 40
3-1. 研究採樣規劃 40
3-1-1. 採樣時程規劃 41
3-1-2. 採樣地點描述 42
3-1-3. 研究架構圖 45
3-2. 研究設計 46
3-2-1. 室外採樣設備與方法 46
3-2-2. 室內採樣設備與方法 47
3-2-3. 質量濃度量測與計算 48
3-3. 細懸浮微粒化學成分分析設備與方法 49
3-3-1. 金屬元素分析 49
3-3-2. 水溶性離子分析 51
3-4. 品保與品管 53
3-4-1. 濾紙保存與準備 53
3-4-2. 採樣器流量校正 53
3-4-3. 採樣程序 54
3-4-4. 樣本分析 54
3-5. 細懸浮微粒污染來源解析 55
3-5-1. 富集因子法 (Enrichment Factor , EF) 56
3-5-2. 正矩陣因子(Positive Matrix Factorization, PMF) 57
3-5-3. 污染來源資料彙整 59
3-5-4. 相關性統計分析 60
第四章 結果與討論 62
4-1. 運動場所室內外細懸浮微粒時空變化 62
4-1-1. 冬季室內外細懸浮微粒質量濃度 62
4-1-2. 春季室內外細懸浮微粒質量濃度 63
4-1-3. 運動場所室內外細懸浮微粒質量濃度比較 66
4-2. 運動場所室內外細懸浮微粒化學組成 68
4-2-1. 冬季室內外細懸浮微粒金屬元素濃度 68
4-2-2. 春季室內外細懸浮微粒金屬元素濃度 76
4-2-3. 冬季室內外細懸浮微粒水溶性離子濃度 84
4-2-4. 春季室內外細懸浮微粒水溶性離子濃度 89
4-3. 細懸浮微粒來源解析 96
4-3-1. 富集因子法(EF)解析結果 96
4-3-1-1. 冬季室內外細懸浮微粒富集解析 96
4-3-1-2. 春季室內外細懸浮微粒富集解析 97
4-3-2. 正矩陣因子法(PMF)解析結果 107
4-3-2-1. 冬季室內外細懸浮微粒來源解析 107
4-3-2-2. 春季室內外細懸浮微粒來源解析 108
4-4. 運動場所室內外細懸浮微粒金屬組成相關性 115
4-4-1. 冬、春兩季各校區細懸浮微粒金屬組成相關性 116
4-4-2. 冬季室內外細懸浮微粒金屬元素相關性 116
4-4-3. 春季室內外細懸浮微粒金屬元素相關性 117
4-5. 討論 118
第五章 結論與建議 145
5-1. 結論 145
5-2. 建議 145
第六章 參考文獻 146

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