臺灣博碩士論文加值系統

近年溫室效應問題逐漸嚴峻，地球暖化議題越來越受重視，我國亦逐步向低碳生活邁進。本研究以離島某淨水場為例，該場是一座雙薄膜高級淨水處理場，其擁有超過濾薄膜(UF)及奈米過濾薄膜(NF)淨水程序。本研究以以生命週期模式進行碳足跡盤查，將淨水處理程序界定為三個階段進行活動數據蒐集，引用中華民國『CNS 14044產品與服務碳足跡計算指引』，輔以行政院環境保護署公告之碳排放係數，計算出全場碳排放量及每度水碳足跡；並將盤查數據結果彙整分析後，使用荷蘭萊登大學環境研究中心（CML）發展出之『CML 2 baseline 2000』生命週期評價系統，進行目標淨水場整體淨水過程對十個環境衝擊面向影響之評估。
本研究將民國107年至109年活動數據蒐集分析，計算結果為民國107年總碳排放量為1,998,166 kgCO₂e，每度水碳足跡0.865 kgCO₂e/m3；民國108年總碳排放量為1,859,390 kgCO₂e，每度水碳足跡0.802 kgCO₂e/m3；民國109年總碳排放量為1,973,336 kgCO₂e，每度水碳足跡0.862 kgCO₂e/m3。整體產水程序對十個環境衝擊面向影響最大的項目為電能，在每個環境衝擊面向的影響達到近80%的佔比；次氯酸鈉項目對臭氧層耗用(ODP) 面向也有29.7% 至39.7%的影響佔比；氫氧化鈉項目則造成1.7%以下影響佔比。在高耗能淨水設備增設變頻器後，預估每年共可節電總計381,863 kWh，109年每度水碳足跡由0.862 kgCO2e/m3降至0.777 kgCO2e/m3；將污泥在地再利用可將每度水碳足跡的減少幅度由0.862 kgCO2e/m3降至0.812 kgCO2e/m3；而110年將原水來源之大陸水源比例增加，可讓用電量、加藥量、污泥產量均減少，每度水的碳足跡可降低5.7%。
本研究盤查分析結果，全區碳排放量最高單元為淨水階段的設備用電量，增設變頻器將有效改善耗電量；若污泥能在地再利用可減除污泥項目對環境所造成的衝擊；而離島地區水源品質不佳，若能尋求品質較佳的境外水源，並將該原水比例增加可讓全場總碳排放量減少，讓目標淨水場整體淨水程序對環境更加友善。

As the problem of the greenhouse effect has become increasingly serious and the issue of global warming has received more and more attention in recent years, our country has gradually moved towards a low-carbon life. This research took a water purification plant on an outlying island as an example, which is a double-membrane advanced water purification plant with ultrafiltration membrane (UF) and nanofiltration membrane (NF) water purification procedures. This research used the life cycle model to conduct carbon footprint inventory, defined the water purification process into three stages to collect activity data, and cited the "CNS 14044 Guidelines for Carbon Footprint Calculation of Products and Services" of the Republic of China, supplemented by the carbon emission factor announced by the Environmental Protection Administration of the Executive Yuan to calculate the total carbon emission and carbon footprint per kWh of water; after compiling and analyzing the results of the inventory data, the "CML 2 Baseline 2000" life cycle assessment system developed by the Environmental Research Center (CML) of Leiden University in the Netherlands was used to evaluate the impact of the overall water purification process of the target water purification plant on ten environmental impacts.
This research collected and analyzed the activity data from 2018 to 2020 with the calculation results as follows: the total carbon emission in 2018 was 1,998,166 kgCO₂e, and the carbon footprint per degree of water was 0.865 kgCO₂e/m3; the total carbon emission in 2019 was 1,859,390 kgCO₂e , the carbon footprint per degree of water was 0.802 kgCO₂e/m3; the total carbon emissions in our country in 2020 was 1,973,336 kgCO₂e, and the carbon footprint per degree of water was 0.862 kgCO₂e/m3. The project with the greatest impact on the ten environmental impact aspects of the overall water production process was electricity, accounting for nearly 80% of the impact of each environmental impact aspect; the sodium hypochlorite project also had 29.7% to 39.7% of the ozone depletion (ODP) aspect; the sodium hydroxide project caused an impact of less than 1.7%. After adding inverters to high-energy-consuming water purification equipment, it is estimated that a total of 381,863 kWh of electricity can be saved every year, of which the carbon footprint per kWh of water in 2020 decreased from 0.862 kgCO2e/m3 to 0.777 kgCO2e/m3; reusing the sludge on the ground reduced the carbon footprint per degree of water from 0.862 kgCO2e/m3 to 0.812 kgCO2e/m3; in 2021, the increasing proportion of mainland water sources as raw water sources reduced electricity consumption, dosing volume, and sludge production, where the carbon footprint per kWh of water was reduced by 5.7%.
The results of the investigation and analysis of this research showed that the highest unit of carbon emission in the whole region was the electricity consumption of equipment in the water purification stage, and the addition of frequency converters could effectively improve the electricity consumption; if the sludge was reused locally, the impact of the sludge project on the environment will be reduced. However, the water quality in the outlying islands was not good. If we can seek overseas water sources with better quality and increase the proportion of raw water, the total carbon emissions of the whole site would be reduced, and the overall water purification process of the target water purification plant can be more friendly to the environment.

第一章 前言 1
1.1 研究源起 1
1.2 研究目的 2

第二章 文獻回顧 3
2.1 水與碳足跡 3
2.1.1 碳足跡發展 3
2.1.2 水與碳排放關係 6
2.1.3 碳足跡盤查架構與流程 8
2.2 碳足跡活動數據收集品質要求 11
2.3 生命週期評估 12
2.3.1 生命週期起源 12
2.3.2 生命週期評估架構 13
2.3.3 利用商業軟體執行生命週期評估 17
2.4 目標淨水場簡介 20
2.4.1 地理位置 20
2.4.2淨水場設置沿革 21
2.4.3目標水場流程簡介 22

第三章 研究方法 27
3.1研究流程與架構 27
3.2 處理流程與研究範疇界定 28
3.2.1 目標淨水場平面圖 28
3.2.2 目標淨水場淨水處理系統流程 29
3.2.3 盤查邊界界定 30
3.3 研究盤查分析 31
3.3.1 活動數據收集 31
3.3.2 排放係數表 31
3.4 碳足跡計算方法 32
3.5 生命週期衝擊評估 32

第四章 結果與討論 35
4.1全場盤查結果與碳足跡計算 35
4.1.1盤查邊界範疇界定 35
4.1.2各階段盤查結果 37
4.1.3各階段碳足跡計算 46
4.1.4與我國其他水處理場比較 50
4.1.5小結 50
4.2以生命週期進行環境衝擊評估 52
4.2.1衝擊評估項目說明 52
4.2.2整體產水程序對環境衝擊評估結果 53
4.2.3 小結 61
4.3改善方案評估 62
4.3.1 情境一：高耗能馬達改用變頻器驅動 62
4.3.2 情境二：污泥最終處理優化變更 69
4.3.3 情境三：原水水源增加大陸水源比例 75
4.3.4 小結 81

第五章 結論與建議 82
5.1結論 82
5.2建議 83

第六章 參考文獻 84
附錄 88

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