臺灣博碩士論文加值系統

局部振動是造成職業危害的常見因子，長時間過量暴露可能會引起肌肉骨骼疾病。在局部振動暴露評估中，均方根加速度(root mean square acceleration, arms)為常用的振動暴露指標，不過單一的arms數值，無法反映振動變異特性。文獻中以短時間量測推估長時間之振動暴露量居多，且關於局部振動變異性的探討較為缺乏，短時間量測是否能直接代表長時間之振動暴露量？在文獻中也缺乏相關討論。
本研究以機車道路行駛為例，探討騎乘者之局部動暴露及變異特性，以及利用短時間量測結果評估長期局部振動暴露，可能涉及的不確定性。局部振動以Sventack SV 106A振動儀進行量測，以每秒十筆連續量測三軸頻率加權加速度(ahwx, ahwy, ahwz)及三軸實效加速度(ahv)，以探討機車在不同運轉狀態下之局部振動及變異特性；隨後再進行道路行駛量測，評估機車行駛期間的局部振動及變異特性。連續量測紀錄再透過計算累積機率及機率密度函數的方式，評估振動加速度的變異特性，並找尋可描述振動變異特性之指標。此外，連續量測資料，以隨機擷取部分紀錄計算arms，並與全段所得之arms進行比對，以評估短時間量測推估長時間振動暴露量之不確定性。
量測結果顯示，機車在怠速時，局部振動現象主要來自機車引擎，振動強度較低且無明顯變異性，三軸實效加速度(ahv)範圍在0.43 - 1.05m/s2，三軸加權均方根加速度(ahv,rms)在0.61 - 0.62 m/s2之間。8次道路行駛紀錄則顯示，行駛期間機車產生之ahv 在0.42 - 34.27 m/s2之間， ahv,rms則在2.83 - 3.57m/s2之間。連續量測紀錄分析結果顯示，機車騎士局部振動暴露之ahv 呈雙峰分布：怠速運轉期間產生之ahv呈常態分布，平均值為0.85 - 0.91 m/s2，變異係數為10 - 14%；行駛振動期間ahv呈對數常態分布，幾何平均值為2.14 - 2.66 m/s2，幾何標準差為1.67 - 1.79。若以短時間量測結果推估長時間振動暴露量，低估長期局部振動暴露的機率介於37 - 80 %之間，誤差範圍則介於 -11.4 - 24.5%之間。
本研究結果顯示，局部振動的連續量測紀錄，有助於評估局部振動的變異特性。機車行駛間ahv的變異特性，可透過對數常態分佈函數加以描述，幾何標準差可用來描述ahv的變異特性。若以短時間量測結果推估長期振動暴露特性，當震動現象的變異性偏高時，可能會造成低估實際暴露強度的問題。連續量測紀錄將有助於評估局部振動暴露的變異特性，以降低評估結果的不確定性。

Hand-arm vibration (HAV) is a common occupational hazards, and prolonged overexposure may lead to musculoskeletal disorders. For HAV exposure assessment, root-mean-squared acceleration (arms) is a commonly used exposure indicator, but the single value does not reflect potential variability in vibration levels. Previous studies of HAV exposures have relied on short-term measurement outcomes to estimate long-term vibration exposure; however, little attention was placed on HAV variability and how the variability might affect exposure assessment outcomes. It was also unclear whether short-term measurement outcomes are adequate for long-term vibration exposure assessment.
This study explored the variability in hand-arm vibration (HAV). The aim was to explore and propose indicators that describe the HAV variability. In addition, this study also aimed to examine uncertainties associated with the use of short-term measurement results to evaluate long-term HAV exposure. HAV exposure from scooter riding was examined in this study as an example. HAV measurement was performed using Sventek SV 106A vibration monitor. Continuous monitoring records were collected for the single-axial frequency-weighted acceleration values (ahwx, ahwy, ahwz), tri-axial acceleration values (ahv) at ten records per second, and the overall root-mean-squared acceleration value was recorded for each street run. The variability of HAV monitoring outcomes were evaluated with respect to the scooter’s operating conditions. In addition, cumulative probability distribution and probability density function were calculated to evaluate the distribution characteristics of the HAV acceleration values, so as to find an indicator that describes the vibration variability. Finally, partial monitoring records were extracted from a complete monitoring record, with ahv, rms calculated from the extracted records as an exposure estimate from a short-term measurement, and the results were compared with the overall arms to evaluate the potential uncertainty of using short-term measurement outcome to estimate long-term exposure.
Results from this study showed that the HAV acceleration levels were low and varied slightly when the scooter was idling, with ahv ranging between 0.43 - 1.05 m/s2, and the ahv,rms between 0.61 - 0.62 m/s2. Results from eight road tests showed that the ahv on the scooter was 0.42 - 34.27 m/s2, and the ahv,rms ranged from 2.83 to 3.57 m/s2. Analyses of the road test records showed that the ahv values followed a bimodal distribution: ahv under idling condition fitted a normal distribution with average values of 0.85 - 0.91 m/s2 and the coefficients of variation (C.V.) between10 - 14% ; when the scooter was in motion, the ahv values fitted a log-normal distribution with geometric mean of 2.14 - 2.66 m/s2 and geometric standard deviation (GSD) between 1.67 - 1.79. By using short-term measurement outcomes, the HAV exposure estimates were 37-80% likely to underestimate the overall exposure level, and the estimation error ranged between -11.4 - 24.5%.
Results from this study showed that continuous measurement records can help to evaluate the HAV variability. Highly variable HAV levels were observed from scooter riding process, and the variability in ahv may be described using GSD from the continuous monitoring records. For highly variable hand-arm vibrations, the long-term exposure may be underestimated by using short-term measurement outcomes. Finally, continuous monitoring records for hand-arm vibrations will help evaluate exposure variability and potential uncertainties with exposure estimated from short-term measurement outcomes.

摘要 i
Abstract iii
誌謝 vi
目錄 viii
圖目錄 x
表目錄 xi
第一章 前言 1
第二章 文獻回顧 3
第一節 局部振動暴露評估方法 3
第二節 局部振動職業暴露限值 6
第三節 局部振動暴露評估相關文獻 9
第四節 小結 17
第三章 研究方法 19
第一節 量測方法 20
第二節 資料分析 21
第四章 結果與討論 24
第一節 機車局部振動特性評估 24
第二節 實際道路量測 29
第三節 局部振動的變異特性分析 34
第四節 綜合討論 43
第五章 結論與建議 45
參考文獻 47

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