臺灣博碩士論文加值系統

全身振動為常見職業危害因子，運輸車輛駕駛在車輛行進時，引擎運轉振動或路面不平引起的振動能量，以波動的形式從振動源傳遞至駕駛者身體，造成全身性振動職業暴露，常以均方根加速度(arms)反映振動暴露量。文獻中的振動暴露指標常來自短時間的量測結果，振動現象的變異特性則少有相關研究。本研究以卡車駕駛為例，探討車輛行駛期間全身振動現象的變異特性。
本研究使用SVANTEK全身振動分析儀，量測6.2噸與11噸卡車行駛期間之全身振動，參照ISO 2631-1(1997)規範連續量測以每秒10筆連續記錄三軸頻率加權加速度(awv)，以及測量期間均方根加速度(awv,rms)，另記錄測量期間道路行駛狀況，如平面道路、高速公路、顛簸等不同路況，以探討對振動變異現象的影響。並透過計算累積機率與機率密度函數，評估振動加速度的分布特性，藉此尋找可描述振動變異性的指標。將連續量測數據，以移動平均擷取短時間之振動數據計算awv,rms，以評估短時間量測推估長時間振動暴露量之低估機率。
本研究全身振動量測結果，若經推估八小時全日暴露量後，依照ISO 2631-1暴露界線進行比較，發現所有量測資料awv,rms皆超過EAV暴露值，若於此振動強度下暴露八小時，長期下來可能對人體健康有影響，因此在超過EAV未達ELV時，就需透過行政管理或工程控制等來降低振動量的暴露，避免造成健康危害。目前關於全身振動的變異性，並沒有明確的評估的方式，本研究將道路量測之振動加速度數據進行分析，由道路實測的加速度分布結果，顯示卡車全身振動現象主要分為怠速與行駛振動，怠速時振動加速度呈常態分佈；行駛時振動加速度呈對數常態分布。可以單純區分成怠速與行駛型態進行分析，若是以其他相似運轉模式的振動源為例，可以將上述兩種型態進行初步分析，若有需要再進行細分。因此本研究在描述全身振動變異特性時，將全身振動數據分為怠速與行駛兩組，卡車在怠速期間之變異係數(C.V.)介於5% - 26%之間，行駛期間之幾何平均值(GM)為0.53 – 0.73 m/s2；幾何標準差(GSD)為1.37 – 1.82。以累積機率分析，將長時間量測振動數據透過滾動式取樣，以短時間量測結果推估長時間實際振動暴露量，擷取時間短有可能因取樣的時間怠速振動佔比較高，使的有低估機率較高的情形，但隨著擷取時間拉長，低估機率有降低的趨勢。
全身振動可透過連續量測紀錄評估振動變動特性，所得振動加速度之幾何標準差或可作為變動評估指標。機車行駛期間，全身振動的變動性較大，若以短時間量測結果進行暴露評估，容易發生低估 awv,rms 的現象。

Whole body vibration is a common occupational hazard factor. When the transport vehicle is driving, the vibration energy caused by engine operation vibration or unflat road surface.and transmitted from the vibration source to the driver's body. Lead to whole body vibration occupational exposure, which often reflects the vibration exposure value by root mean square acceleration (arms). . The vibration exposure index in the reference usually use short-term measurement results, and the variable characteristics of vibration are rarely discussed in studies. This study takes truck driving as a case to explore the variable characteristics of the whole body vibration during vehicle driving.
This study uses SVANTEK whole-body vibration instrument to measure the whole body vibration during the driving of 6.2 and 11-ton truck. According to the ISO 2631-1 (1997) standard, it is measured with 10 records per second to continuously record the three-axis frequency weighted acceleration (awv) . During the period, the root mean square acceleration (awv, rms) is also recorded, and the road driving conditions during the measurement period, such as general roads, highways, bumps and other different road conditions, to explore the impact of vibration variations . Through the calculation of the cumulative probability function and probability density function, can evaluate the distribution characteristics of vibration acceleration, to find index that can describe vibration variability. The continuous measurement data is used to devide to the short-term vibration data to calculate (awv, rms )to evaluate the short-term measurement and estimate the underestimated probability of long-term vibration exposure.
According to the results of the whole body vibration measurement of this study, if the eight-hour full day exposure is estimated and compared to the ISO 2631-1 exposure boundary, it is found that all measured data awv, rms over EAV exposure value. If it is exposed for eight hours under this vibration intensity, it may be impact on human health in long-term. when exceeds ELV, it is necessary to reduce the exposure of vibration through administrative management or engineering control to avoid hazards. At present, there is no clear method to evaluate the variability of whole body vibration. This study analyzes the vibration acceleration data measured by the road. According to the acceleration distribution results of the road, it shows that the whole-body vibration phenomenon of the truck is mainly divided to idle speed and driving vibration, and the vibration acceleration is normal distributed at idle speed; while driving, the vibration acceleration is log- normal distributed. It can be simply divided to idle speed and driving mode for analysis. the above two types can be preliminarily analyzed. Therefore, when describing the characteristics of variable vibration, this study divides the whole body vibration data to two groups. idle speed and driving, and the coefficient variation (C.V.) of the truck during idle speed Between 5% and 26%; the geometric mean (GM) during driving is 0.53 -0.73 m/s2, the geometric standard deviation (GSD) is 1.37 – 1.82. By cumulative probability analysis, the long-term vibration data is measures through rolling sampling, and the actual vibration vibration exposure for long time is estimated from the short-term results. The short-term may be due to the high proportion of idle speed vibration in the sampling time, which makes the probability of underestimation higher .However, as the measure time longer, the underestimation probability tends decrease.

目錄 viii
圖目錄 ix
表目錄 x
第二章 文獻回顧 2
第一節 全身振動量測、計算與評估 2
(一)全身振動量測 2
(二)量測結果運算 3
(三)全身振動暴露評估 7
第二節 全身振動的職業危害與暴露評估 10
(一)潛在職業危害 10
(二) ISO 2631-1(1985)文獻 11
(三) ISO 2631-1(1997)文獻 13
第三節 小結 17
第三章 研究方法 19
第一節 全身振動量測 19
第二節 資料分析 21
第四章 結果與討論 24
第一節 卡車全身振動特性評估 24
第二節 道路實測評估 29
第三節 全身振動變異性分析 34
第四節 綜合討論 41
第五章 結論與建議 44
參考文獻 46

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