紫色細胞膜(PM)是由 細菌視紫紅質 (BR)和許多種類的脂質所組成的二維結構，受到光照後能單一方向將質子從胞內傳遞至胞外，形成膜內外質子濃度梯度，而能產生光電流。胞內(CP surface)與胞外(EC surface)因結構上的不同，所表現出來的特性也不同。我們利用原子力顯微鏡觀測到以不同的biotin對PM的兩面作選擇性的修飾，可較有效率的讓PM利用biotin-avidin鍵結吸附於基底。而分別對CP surface與EC surface作Force-distance Curve分析，發現EC surface其黏著力略大於CP surface，並且發現PM的黏著力也會隨著鹽度而改變，鹽度越大，黏著力越大。

Purple membranes (PM) are the two-dimensional structure composed of Bacteriorhodopsin (BR) and many type's lipids. When PM is lighted, the proton transfers from cytoplasmic (CP) to extracellular (EC). Thus, the proton concentration gradient will be formed between CP and EC and then the photoelectric current is generated.CP and EC surfaces have different characteristics because they have different compositions. The observations were made by AFM.The fixed direction of PM adsorption on the substrate can be controlled by different processes. We found that the adhesion force of EC surface is slightly stronger than CP surface by Force-distance Curve analysis. The salt concentration also was found to affect the adhesion force. The salt concentration is higher, the adhesion force is stronger.

致謝 i
摘要 iii
Abstract iv
目錄 v
圖表目錄 vii
第1章 緒論 1
1-1 簡介紫色細胞膜(PM) 1
1-2 CP面與EC面的性質差異 3
1-3 研究動機 6
第2章 實驗儀器與原理 7
2-1 原子力顯微鏡 7
2-2 基本架構與原理 10
2-3 原子力顯微鏡的操作模式 11
2-4 力對距離曲線 (Force-distance Curve) 12
第3章 實驗方法與步驟 14
3-1 不同型態的PM樣品 14
3-2 AFM分析 18
第4章 實驗結果與討論 19
4-1 biotin(EC)-PM與biotin(CP)-PM的AFM分析 19
4-1-1 比較biotin修飾與否的biotin(EC)-PM 19
4-1-2 比較biotin修飾與否的biotin(CP)-PM 20
4-1-3 biotin(EC)-PM與biotin(CP)-PM的比較 21
4-1-4 鋪覆Au的biotin(EC)-PM與biotin(CP)-PM 23
4-2 Force-distance Curve分析 24
4-2-1 樣品各層的Force-distance Curve 24
4-2-2 黏著力與時間的關係 31
4-3 不同pH值下的native PM 39
4-3-1 鋪覆量的比較 39
4-3-2 Force-distance Curve分析 42
4-4 curve分析時常發生的誤差 45
第5章 結論 47
參考資料 49

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