臺灣博碩士論文加值系統

蘿蔔是一種常見的十字花科植物被認為具有許多藥理和治療性，蘿蔔中的硫代葡萄糖苷經黑芥子酶水解成具有生物活性的異硫氰酸鹽類化合物，蘿蔔子素(sulforaphene, SFE)與蘿蔔硫素(sulforaphane, SFN)是蘿蔔中生物活性成分之一，通常在十字花科發現，是一種具有強抗氧化能力的異硫氰酸鹽類。在本研究中蘿蔔經過預處理，各部位含量經HPLC測定，蘿蔔葉中SFE含量最高(48.17±1.11 μg/g)，其次為蘿蔔去皮根，最低為皮(0.48±0.05 μg/g) ，SFE及其類似物SFN可以通過液液萃取和矽膠柱層析進行部分純化。由於SFE和SFN不能直接通過HPLC鑑定，所以透過LC / MS進一步確認兩個組成，透過FTIR證實了樣品中SFE/SFN的獨特官能基-SCN之存在。生物活性實驗中發現，在蘿蔔粗萃物濃度600 μg/mL的條件下，對DPPH的清除率有46.09±1.27%；SOD活性試驗時蘿蔔粗萃物濃度為1 mg/mL條件下，SOD活性有88.7%，經過計算樣品之SOD總活性為426 U/g；而ORAC抗氧化能力則在濃度10 μg/mL時高達1870 μM Trolox/g，這些數據顯示蘿蔔粗萃物在抗氧化能力有相當好的表現。另外，瓊脂擴散法測定蘿蔔粗萃物在濃度100 mg/mL時，對金黃色葡萄球菌抑菌圈大小有25.00±1.73 mm；沙門氏桿菌則是19.67±1.15 mm，由結果證明蘿蔔萃取物對這兩種常見的病原菌具有抑制效果。

Raphanus sativus (radish), a common cruciferous vegetable has been attributed to possess a number of pharmacological and therapeutic properties. SFE is a hydrolyzate form glucosinolates by myrosinase. Sulforaphene (SFE) and sulforaphane (SFN), two of bioactive constituents in radish, is an isothiocyanate that have a strong antioxidant compounds generally be found in Brassicaceae. In this study, the radish was pretreated and the contents of various parts were confirmed by HPLC. The highest content of SFE (48.171.11 μg/g) was found in the radish leaves, followed by the radish peeled root and the lowest is peel (0.480.05 μg/g). The SFE and its analogues, SFN, could be partially purified by liquid-liquid extraction and silica gel column chromatography. Since the SFE and SFN can not be directly identified by HPLC, two components were further confirmed by LC/MS. The unique functional groups -SCN for SFE/SFN were also confirmed by FTIR in the sample. The biological activity experiments found that the radish extract concentration of 600 μg/mL conditions, the clearance rate of DPPH 46.091.27%. Under SOD activity test, the inhibitory rate of SOD activity was 88.7% under the concentration of 1 mg/mL, the total activity of SOD was 426 U/g. ORAC values up to 1870 μM Trolox/g when the antioxidant capacity concentration at 10 μg/mL. These result showed that radish extracts have a very high antioxidant capacity. Furthermore, the inhibition zone size of 25.001.73 mm and 19.671.15 mm for Staphylococcus aureus and Salmonella enterica, respectively, was observed under agar diffusion method for radish extract at a concentration of 100 mg/mL. The results demonstrated that the radish extract has antibacterial activity against these two common pathogenic bacteria.

目錄
摘要 ................................ ................................ ................................ ........................ I
ABSTRACT ................................ ................................ ................................ ........ II
致謝 ................................ ................................ ................................ ..................... IV
目錄 ................................ ................................ ................................ ..................... VI
圖目錄 ................................ ................................ ................................ ................. IX
表目錄 ................................ ................................ ................................ ................. XI
第一章 緒論 ................................ ................................ ................................ ......... 1
1-1 前言 ................................ ................................ ................................ ............ 1
1-2 研究目的 ................................ ................................ ................................ .... 2
第二章 文獻回顧 ................................ ................................ ................................ . 4
2-1 蘿蔔 ................................ ................................ ................................ ............ 4
2-1.1 蘿蔔簡介 ................................ ................................ ............................. 4
2-1.2 蘿蔔生物活性 ................................ ................................ ..................... 9
2-1.3 異硫氰酸酯 ................................ ................................ ......................... 9
2-2 2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH)介紹 ................................ ............ 19
2-3 超氧化物歧酶 超氧化物歧酶 超氧化物歧酶 Superoxide dismutase (SOD) ................................ ..... 20
2-4 抗氧化能力指數Oxygen radical absorption capacity (ORAC) ............. 22
2-4.1 ORAC介紹 ................................ ................................ ....................... 22
2-4.2 ORAC反應機制 ................................ ................................ ............... 22
2-4.3 ORAC分析特點 ................................ ................................ ............... 23
2-5 抑菌試驗 ................................ ................................ ................................ .. 28
2-5.1 病原細菌(Pathogenic bacteria) ................................ ........................ 28
2-5.2 植物抑菌試驗 ................................ ................................ ................... 29
第三章 蘿蔔萃取物之分析鑑定 蘿蔔萃取物之分析鑑定 ................................ ................................ ....... 31
3-1 前言 ................................ ................................ ................................ .......... 31
3-2 材料與方法 ................................ ................................ .............................. 32
3-2.1 實驗材料與設備 ................................ ................................ ............... 32
3-2.2 實驗方法 ................................ ................................ ........................... 33
分離純化 ................................ ................................ ................................ ..... 33
分析鑑定 ................................ ................................ ................................ ..... 35
3-3 結果與討論 ................................ ................................ .............................. 37
3-3.1 分離純化 ................................ ................................ ........................... 37
3-3.2 分析鑑定 ................................ ................................ ........................... 43
3-4 結論 ................................ ................................ ................................ .......... 54
第四章 蘿蔔提取物之生物活性試驗 ................................ ............................... 55
4-1 前言 ................................ ................................ ................................ .......... 55
4-2 材料與方法 ................................ ................................ .............................. 56
4-2.1 實驗材料與設備 ................................ ................................ ............... 56
4-2.2 清除DPPH自由基能力測定 ................................ .......................... 57
4-2.3 SOD活性試驗 ................................ ................................ ................... 57
4-2.4 ORAC能力試驗 ................................ ................................ ............... 60
4-3 結果與討論 ................................ ................................ .............................. 61
4-3.1 清除DPPH自由基能力 ................................ ................................ .. 61
4-3.2 SOD活性試驗 ................................ ................................ ................... 64
4-3.3 ORAC能力試驗 ................................ ................................ ............... 66
4-3.4 蘿蔔粗萃物抑菌試驗................................ ................................ ....... 69
4-4 結論 ................................ ................................ ................................ .......... 72
第五章 結論與未來展望 ................................ ................................ ................... 73
參考文獻 ................................ ................................ ................................ ............. 75
圖目錄
圖2-1 蘿蔔全株 ................................ ................................ ................................ ... 5
圖2-2 SFE與SFN結構 ................................ ................................ .................... 11
圖2-3 SFE和SFN之HPLC分析圖譜(SANGTHONG AND WEERAPREEYAKUL, 2016)................................ ................................ ............ 13
圖2-4 SFE在不同溫度下的穩定性(TIAN ET AL., 2016) ............................... 14
圖2-5 SFE在不同溶劑中的穩定性(TIAN ET AL., 2016) ............................... 15
圖2-6 SFE形成副產物的反應機構(A)保存於甲醇；(B)保存於乙醇(HANSCHEN ET AL., 2014；ZHANG AND TALALAY, 1994) .................... 16
圖2-7 SFE降解途徑(KAWAKISHI AND NAMIKI, 1969) ............................ 17
圖2-8 不同含水率對SFE的降解動力學(TIAN ET AL., 2016) ..................... 18
圖2-9 化學結構(A) AAPH；(B) FL；(C) TROLOX (OU ET AL., 2001) ..... 24
圖2-10 AAPH存在下螢光素及其氧化產物之HPLC層析圖(OU ET AL., 2001) ................................ ................................ ................................ .................... 25
圖2-11 在AAPH存在下的FL氧化途徑(OU ET AL., 2001) ........................ 26
圖3-1 蘿蔔水解液之液液萃取................................ ................................ ......... 38
圖3-2 蘿蔔萃取液之薄層色譜法 ................................ ................................ .... 39
圖3-3 蘿蔔萃取液之矽膠管柱分離純化 ................................ ........................ 41
圖3-4 蘿蔔成份分離純化之流程圖 ................................ ................................ 42
圖3-5 SFE與SFN標準品之HPLC層析圖 ................................ .................... 44
圖3-6 蘿蔔各部位之HPLC層析圖(A)去皮根部；(B)根部外皮 ................. 45
圖3-7 SFE標準品檢量線 ................................ ................................ .................. 46
圖3-8 樣品純化前後之HPLC層析圖 ................................ ............................ 49
圖3-9 SFE與SFN標準品和蘿蔔純化樣品的FT-IR層析圖 ........................ 51
圖3-10 蘿蔔純化樣品與SFE、SFN標準品LC-MS層析圖 ........................ 53
圖4-1 測定蘿蔔萃取物清除DPPH自由基能力 ................................ ............ 63
圖4-2 超氧化物岐化酶不同濃度下抑制率 ................................ .................... 65
圖4-3 TROLOX標準品檢量線 ................................ ................................ ........ 67
圖4-4 TROLOX濃度對螢光衰減曲線影響 ................................ .................... 68
圖4-5 蘿蔔萃取物抑菌試驗................................ ................................ ............. 70
表目錄
表2-1 每100公克蘿蔔營養成分表 ................................ ................................ .. 7
表2-2 蘿蔔生長週期與地區................................ ................................ ............... 8
表2-3 常見食物SOD值 ................................ ................................ ................... 21
表2-4 抗氧化劑ORAC值比較表(BRUNSWICK ORAC值專業認證) ....... 27
表3-1 蘿蔔各部位SFE含量 ................................ ................................ ............ 48
表4-1 SOD活性試驗實驗設計................................ ................................ ......... 59
表4-4 抑菌圈大小 ................................ ................................ ............................. 71

1. 任吉君、王艷、周榮、李雪芬 (2008) 不同種類蔬菜SOD活性的研究。佛山科學技術學院園藝系，6, 39-40。
2. 吳輝輝、桑衛國、俞群娣、張駿、羅紅宇 (2007) ORAC法的最新研究進展， 中國科技論文。
3. 陳淑茹 (2003) 石蓮萃取物之抗氧化活性及抗致突變性研究。碩士論文，靜宜大學食品營養研究所，台中。
4. 陳惠英、顏國欽 (1998) 自由基、抗氧化防禦與人體健康。台灣營養學會雜誌，23, 105-121。
5. 黃麗蓉 (2003) 葡萄籽中前花青素的分離純化與分析檢測探討。碩士論文，朝陽科技大學應用化學研究所，台中。
6. 續洁琨、姚新生、栗原博 (2006) 抗氧化能力指数(ORAC)测定原理及應用中國藥理學通報，22(8), 1015-1021.
7. Abdull Razis AF, Nicola GRD, Pagnotta E, Iori R, Ioannides C. (2012) 4- Methylsulfanyl-3-butenyl isothiocyanate derived from glucoraphasatin is a potent inducer of rat hepatic phase II enzymes and a potential chemopreventive agent. Archives of Toxicology, 86: 183-194.
8. Aberoumand A, Deokule SS, Aberoumand A. (2010) Preliminary assessment of nutritional value of polly dwarf (Alocacia indica S.), a plant food in India. PakistanJournal of Agricultural Sciences, 47: 136-139.
9. Ahn MJ, Moon JW, Park CN, Bang HJ, Kim GO. (2016) Chungpihongsim radish (Raphanus sativus L. cv. Chungpihongsim) ameliorates ethanol-induced gastric injury in rats. Oriental Pharmacy and Experimental Medicine, 16: 37-43.
10. Alici EH, Arabaci G. (2016) Determination of SOD, POD, PPO and CAT enzyme activities in Rumex obtusifolius L. Annual Research and Review in Biology, 11: 1-7.
11. Anonymous (1995) Report of the American society for microbiology task force on antibiotic resistance. Antimicrob Agents Chemother, 39: 2-23.
12. Aqil F, Ahmad I. (2007) Antibacterial properties of traditionally used Indian medicinal plants. Methods and Findings in Experimental and Clinical Pharmacology, 29: 79-92.
13. Bakht J, Islam A, Shafi M. (2011) Antimicrobial potentials of Eclipta alba by well diffusion method. Pakistan Journal of Botany, 43: 169-174.
14. Bamforth CW. (1983) Superoxide dismutase in barley. Journal of the Institute of Brewing, 89: 420-423.
15. Barillari J, Iori R, Papi A, Orlandi M, Bartolini G. (2008) Kaiware Daikon (Raphanus sativus L.) extract: a naturally multipotent chemo preventive agent. Journal of Agricultural and Food Chemistry, 56: 7823-7830.
16. Basu S, Ghosh A, Hazra B. (2005) Evaluation of the antibacterial activity of Ventilago madraspatana Gaertn., Rubia cordifolia Linn., and Lantana camara Linn.: isolation of emodin and physcion as active antibacterial agents. Phytotherapy Research, 19: 888-894.
17. Bhat RS, Al-Daihan S. (2014) Phytochemical constituents and antibacterial activity of some green leafy vegetables. Asian Pacific Journal of Tropical Biomedicine, 4: 189-193.
18. Bridges M, Jones AME, Bones AM, Hodgson C, Cole R. (2002) Spatial organization of the glucosinolate - myrosinase system in brassica specialist aphids is similar to that of the host plant. Proceedings of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences, 269: 187-191.
19. Carlson DG, Daxenbichler ME, VanEtten CH, Hill CB, Williams PH. (1985) Glucosinolates in radish cultivars. Journal of the American Society for Horticultural Science, 110: 634–638.
20. Choi KC, Cho SW, Kook SH, Chun SR, Bhattarai G, Poudel SB, Kim MK, Lee KY, Lee JC. (2016) Intestinal anti-inflammatory activity of the seeds of Raphanus sativus L. in experimental ulcerative colitis models. Journal of Ethnopharmacology, 179: 55-65.
21. Coogan RC, Wills RBH, Nguyen VQ. (2001) Pungency levels of white radish (Raphanus sativus L.) grown in different seasons in Australia. Food Chemistry, 72: 1-3.
22. Curtis IS. (2003) The noble radish: past, present and future. Trends in Plant Sciences, 8: 305-307.
23. Davalos A, Gomez CC, Bartolome B. (2004) Extending applicability of the oxygen radical absorbance capacity (ORAC Fluorescein) assay. Journal of Agricultural and Food Chemistry, 52: 48-54.
24. Daxenbichler ME, van Etten CH, Spencer GF. (1977) Glucosinolates and derived products in cruciferous vegetables identification of organic nitriles from cabbage. Food Chemistry, 25: 121-124.
25. De Nicola GR, Bagatta M, Pagnotta E, Angelino D, Gennari L. (2013) Comparison of bioactive phytochemical content and release of isothiocyanate in selected brassica sprouts. Food Chemistry, 141: 297-303.
26. Devi JR, Thangam EB. (2012) Mechanisms of anticancer activity of sulforaphane from Brassica oleracea in HEp-2 human epithelial carcinoma cell line. Asian Pacific Journal of Cancer Prevention, 13: 2095-2100.
27. Dong X, Zhou R, Jing H. (2014) Characterization and antioxidant activity of bovine serum albumin and sulforaphane complex in different solvent systems. Journal of Luminescence, 146: 351-357.
28. Evans WC. (1997) Trease and Evan’s pharmacognosy, 14th Edition. W.B. Saunders Company Limited, 3.
29. Fahey JW, Zhang Y, Talalay P. (1997) Broccoli sprouts: an exceptionally rich source of inducers of enzymes that protect against chemical carcinogens. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, 94: 10367-10372.
30. Fish DN. (2002) Optimal antimicrobial therapy for sepsis. American Journal of Health-System Pharmacy, 59: 13-19.
31. Giannopolitis CN, Ries SK. (1976) Superoxide dismutases in higher plants. Plant Physiol, 59: 309-314.
32. Guerrero-Beltrán CE, Mukhopadhyay P, Horváth B, Rajesh M, Tapia E. (2012) Sulforaphane, a natural constituent of broccoli, prevents cell death and inflammation in nephropathy. The Journal of Nutritional Biochemistry, 23: 494-500.
33. Halliwell B, Chirico S. (1993) Lipid peroxidation: its mechanism, measurement, and significance. The American Journal of Clinical Nutrition, 57: 715S-724.
34. Halliwell B, Gutteridge JM, Cross CE. (1992) Free radicals, antioxidants, and human disease: where are we now? Journal of Laboratory and Clinical Medicine, 119: 598-620.
35. Hanlon N, Coldham N, Gielbert A, Kuhnert N, Sauer MJ. (2008) Absolute bioavailability and dose-dependent pharmacokinetic behaviour of dietary doses of the chemo preventive isothiocyanate sulforaphane in rat. British Journal of Nutrition, 99: 559-564.
36. Hanschen FS, Lamy E, Schreiner M, Rohn S. (2014) Reactivity and stability of glucosinolates and their breakdown products in foods. Angewandte Chemie International Edition, 53: 11430-11450.
37. Hashem FA, Saleh MM. (1999) Antimicrobial components of some cruciferae plants (Diplotaxis harra Forsk. and Erucaria microcarpa Boiss.). Phytotherapy Research, 13: 329-332.
38. Hashimoto T, Ueda Y, Oi N, Sakakibara H, Piao C. (2006) Effects of combined administration of quercetin, rutin and extract of white radish sprout rich in kaemferol glycosides on the metabolism in rats. Bioscience, Biotechnology, and Biochemistry, 70: 279-281.
39. Hecht SS, Kenney PM, Wang M, Trushin N, Upadhyaya P. (2000) Effects of phenethylisothiocyanate and benzyl isothiocyanate, individually and in combination, on lung tumorigenesis induced in A/J mice by benzo[]pyrene and 4-(methylnitrosamino)-1-(3-pyridyl)-1-butanone. Cancer Letters, 150: 49-56.
40. Jadoun J, Yazbak A, Rushrush S, Rudy A, Azaizeh1 H. (2016) Identification of a new antibacterial sulfur compound from Raphanus sativus seeds. Evidence-based Complementary and Alternative Medicine, 2016: 1-7.
41. Kakar SA, Tareen RB, Kakar MA, Jabeen H, Kakar SUR, Al-Kahraman YMSA, Shafee M. (2012) Screening of a antibacterial activity of four medicinal plants of balochistan-pakistan. Pakistan Journal of Botany, 44: 245-250.
42. Kawakishi S, Namiki M. (1969) Decomposition of allyl isothiocyanate in aqueous solution. Agricultural and Biological Chemistry, 33: 452-459.
43. Keen EC. (2012) Phage therapy: concept to cure. Frontiers in Microbiology, 3:238-240.
44. Khachatourians GG. (1998) Agricultural use of antibiotics and the evolution and transfer of antibiotic-resistant bacteria. Canadian Medical Association Journal, 159: 1129-36.
45. Kim KH, Kim CS, Park YJ, Moon E, Choi SU, Lee JH, Kim SY, Lee KR. (2015) Anti-inflammatory and antitumor phenylpropanoid sucrosides from the seeds of Raphanus sativus. Bioorganic and Medicinal Chemistry Letters, 25: 96-99.
46. Kim KH, Moon E, Kim SY, Choi SU, Lee JH, Lee KR. (2014) 4-Methylthio-butanyl derivatives from the seeds of Raphanus sativus and their biological evaluation on anti-inflammatory and antitumor activities. Journal of Ethnopharmacology, 151: 503-508.
47. Kiyohara H, Matsumoto T, Yamada H. (2000) Lignin-carbohydrate complexes: intestinal immune system modulating ingredients in Kampo (Japanese Herbal) medicine, Juzen-Taiho-To. Planta Medica, 66: 20-24.
48. Lee SW, Yang KM, Kim JK, Nam BH, Lee CM. (2012) Effects of white radish (Raphanus sativus) enzyme extract on hepatotoxicity. Toxicology Research - Royal Society of Chemistry, 28: 165-172.
49. Li L, Lee W, Lee WJ, Auh JH, Kim SS. (2010) Extraction of allyl isothiocyanate from Wasabi (Wasabia japonica Matsum) using supercritical carbon dioxide. Food Science and Biotechnology, 19: 405-410.
50. Li R, Song D, Vriesekoop F, Cheng Li, Yuan Q. (2017) Glucoraphenin, sulforaphene, and anti proliferative capacity of radish sprouts in germinating and thermal processes. European Food Research and Technology, 243: 547-554.
51. Liang H, Li C, Yuan Q, Vriesekoop F. (2007) Separation and purification of sulforaphane from broccoli seeds by solid phase extraction and preparative high-performance liquid chromatography. Journal of Agricultural and Food Chemistry, 55: 8047-8053.
52. Lim SY, Han SW, Kim JK. (2016) Sulforaphene identified from radish (Raphanus sativus L.) seeds possesses antimicrobial properties against multidrug-resistant bacteria and methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus, Journal of Functional Foods, 24: 131-141.
53. Lim SY, Lee EJ, Kim JK. (2009) Analysis of isothiocyanates in newly generated vegetables: baemuchae (x Brassicoraphanus) as affected by growth. International Journal of Food Science and Technology, 44: 1401-1407.
54. Lim SY, Lee EJ, Kim JK. (2015) Decreased sulforaphene concentration and reduced myrosinase activity of radish (Raphanus sativus L.) root during cold storage. Postharvest Biology and Technology, 100: 219-225.
55. Lugasi A, Dwoeschák E, Blázovics A, Kéry Á. (1998) Antioxidant and free radical scavenging properties of squeezed juice from black radish (Raphanus sativus L. varniger) root. Phytotherapy Research, 12: 502-506.
56. Mahesh B, Satish S. (2008) Antimicrobial activity of some important medicinal plant against plant and human pathogens. World Journal of Agricultural Sciences, 4: 839-843.
57. Marsden SB. (1958) Antioxidant determinations by the use of a stable free radical. Nature, 181: 1199-1200.
58. Montaut S, Benson HJ, Kay M, Guido BS, Mahboob SS, Chénier J, Gasparetto JL, Joly HA. (2017) Probing the free-radical scavenging activity of the extract, the major glucosinolate and isothiocyanate of Eruca sativa Mill. and Lepidium densiflorum Schrad. seeds. Journal of Food Composition and Analysis, 61: 52-58.
59. Nakamura Y. (2009) Chemoprevention by isothiocyanates: Molecular basis of apoptosis induction molecular basis of apoptosis induction. In: Yoshikawa T (Ed.). Chemoprevention and cancer: Food Factors for Health Promotion, 61: 170-181.
60. Nascimento GGF, Locatelli J, Freitas1 PC, Silva GL. (2000) Antibacterial activity of plant extracts and phytochemicals on antibiotic resistant bacteria. Brazilian Journal of Microbiology, 31: 247-256.
61. Nastruzzi C, Cortesi R, Esposito E, Menegatti E, Leoni O. (2000) In vitro antiproliferative activity of isothiocyanates and nitriles generated by myrosinase-mediated hydrolysis of glucosinolates from seeds of cruciferous vegetables. Journal of Agricultural and Food, 48: 3572-3575.
62. Ngoc PTK, Nguyet NTM, Dao DTA. (2017) Antimicrobial and antioxidant properties of the flavonoid extract from Raphanus sativus L. AIP Conference Proceedings, 1878: 1-6.
63. Oerlemans K, Barrett DM, SuadesCB, Verkerk R, Dekker M. (2006) Thermal degradation of glucosinolates in red cabbage. Food Chemistry, 95: 19-29.
64. Oliveira IRND, Teoofilo RF, Oliveira EBD, Ramos AM, Barros FARD, Maia MDP, Stringheta PC. (2016) Evaluation of potential interfering agents on in vitro methods for the determination of the antioxidant capacity in anthocyanin extracts. International Journal of Food Science and Technology, 1: 1-8.
65. Ou B, Hampsch-Woodill M, Prior RL. (2001) Development and validation of an improved oxygen radical absorbance capacity assay using fluorescein as the fluorescent probe. Food Chemistry, 49: 4619-4626.
66. Ou B,Huang D, Hampsch-Woodill M, Flanagan J A. (2002) Analysis of antioxidant activities of common vegetables employing oxygen radical absorbance capacity (ORAC) and ferric reducing antioxidant power (FRAP) assays: a comparative study. Journal of Agricultural and Food Chemistry, 50: 3122-3128.
67. Papi A, Orlandi M, Bartolini G, Barillari J, Iori R. (2008) Cytotoxic and antioxidant activity of 4-methylthio-3-butenyl isothiocyanate from Raphanus sativus L. (Kaiware Daikon) sprouts. Journal of Agriculture and Food Chemistry, 56: 875-883.
68. Park YJ, Moon C, Kang JH, Choi1 TJ. (2017) Antiviral effects of extracts from Celosia cristata and Raphanus sativus roots against viral hemorrhagic septicemia virus. Archives of Virology, 162: 1711-1716.
69. Pawlika A, Wała M, Hać A, Felczykowska A, Herman-Antosiewicz A. (2017) Sulforaphene, an isothiocyanate present in radish plants, inhibits proliferation of human breast cancer cells. Phytomedicine, 29: 1-10.
70. Pocasap P, Weerapreeyakul N, Barusrux S. (2013) Cancer preventive effect of Thai rat-tailed radish (Raphanus sativus L. var. caudatus Alef). Journal of Functional Foods, 5: 1372-1381.
71. Pocasap P, Weerapreeyakul N, Tanthanuch W, Thumanu K. (2017) Sulforaphene in Raphanus sativus L. var. caudatus Alef increased in late-bolting stage as well as anticancer activity. Asian Pacific Journal of Tropical Biomedicine, 7: 998-1004.
72. Ragasa1 CY, Ng VAS, Torres OB, Sevilla NSY, Uy KVM, Tan MCS, Noel MG, Shen CC. (2013) Sterols, triglycerides and essential fatty acid constituents of Brassica oleracea varieties, Brassica juncea and Raphanus sativus. Journal of Chemical and Pharmaceutical Research, 5: 1237-1243.
73. Ruela HS, Leal ICR, De Almeida MRA, De Santos KRN, Wessjohann LA, Kuster RM. (2011) Antibacterial and antioxidant activities and acute toxicity of Bumelia sartorum, a brazilian medicinal plant. Revista Brasileira de Farmacognosia-Brazilian Journal of Pharmacognosy, 21: 86-91.
74. Rugina D, Sconta Z, Leopold L, Pintea A, Bunea A, Socaciu C. (2012) Antioxidant activities of chokeberry extracts and the cytotoxic action of their anthocyanin fraction on HeLa human cervical tumor cells. Journal of Medicinal Food, 15: 700-706.
75. Sangthong S, Weerapreeyakul N. (2016) Simultaneous quantification of sulforaphene and sulforaphane by reverse phase HPLC and their content in Raphanus sativus L. var. caudatus Alef extracts. Food Chemistry, 201: 139-144.
76. Segui J, Gironella M, Sans M, Granell S, Gil F, Gimeno M, Coronel P, Pique JM, Panes J. (2004) Superoxide dismutase ameliorates TNBS-induced colitis by reducing oxidative stress, adhesion molecule expression, and leukocyte recruitment into the inflamed intestine. Journal of Leukocyte Biology, 76: 537-44.
77. Sen A, Batra A. (2012) Evaluation of antimicrobial activity of different solvent extracts of medicinal plant: Melia azedarach L. International Journal of Current Pharmaceutical Research, 4: 67-73.
78. Suh SJ, Moon SK, Kim CH. (2006) Raphanus sativus and its isothiocyanates inhibit vascular smooth muscle cells proliferation and induce G (1) cell cycle arrest. International Immunopharmacology, 6: 854-861.
79. Tian G, Li Y, Cheng L, Yuan Q, Tang P, Kuang P, Hua J. (2016) The mechanism of sulforaphene degradation to different water contents. Food Chemistry, 194: 1022-1027.
80. Tian G, Tang P, Xie R, Cheng L, Yuan Q, Hu J. (2016) The stability and degradation mechanism of sulforaphene in solvents. Food Chemistry, 199: 301-306.
81. Tsimogiannis D, Bimpilas A, Oreopoulou V. (2017) DPPH radical scavenging and mixture effects of plant o-diphenols and essential oil constituents. European Journal of Lipid Science and Technology, 119: 1-31.
82. Ushimaru PI, De Silva MTN, De Stasi LC, Barbosa L, Junior AF. (2007) Antibacterial activity of medicinal plant extracts. Brazilian Journal of Microbiology, 38: 717-719.
83. Wang L, Burhenne K, Kristensen BK, Rasmussen SK. (2004) Purification and cloning of a Chinesered radish peroxidase that metabolise pelargonidin and forms a gene family in Brassicaceae. Gene, 343: 323-335.
84. Yamada T, Wei M, Toyoda T, Yamano S, Wanibuchi H. (2014) Inhibitory effect of raphanobrassica on Helicobacter pylori-induced gastritis in Mongolian gerbils. Food and Chemical Toxicology, 70: 107-113.
85. Yang M, Wang HY, Zhou M, Liu WL, Kuang PQ. (2016) The natural compound sulforaphene, as a novel anticancer reagent, targeting PI3K-AKT signaling pathway in lung cancer. Oncotarget, 7: 76656-76666.
86. Yonath A, Bashan A. (2004) Ribosomal crystallography: initiation, peptide bond formation, and amino acid polymerization are hampered by antibiotics. Annual Review of Microbiology, 58: 233-251.
87. Yuan H, Yao S, You Y, Xiao G, You Q. (2010) Antioxidant activity of isothiocyanate extracts from broccoli. Chinese Journal of Chemical Engineering, 18: 312-321.
88. Zhang YS, Talalay P. (1994) Anticarcinogenic activities of organic isothiocyanates: chemistry and mechanisms. Cancer Research, 54: 1976-1981.