臺灣博碩士論文加值系統

本研究乃利用校區構築之實驗型人工溼地（面積為3m × 5m ；以不銹鋼板分隔成寬50㎝之
水道；並區分為表面流動式系統（FWS）、表面下流動式系統（SSF）及生態池三區，各區
水道總長約為10公尺），探討其處理校園污水之能力，逐步針對有關項目做深入之探討；
收集相關數據、求得各項設計及動力參數，以作為校園污水整治的參考資料，可做為未來
大規模場設計及操作的參考。研究項目包括去除各項污染物之處理效能、各項操作變數對
系統效能的影響、污染物在人工濕地系統中的轉換，以及人工濕地取代校園污水處理廠與
處理水再利用的可行方式等。所取污水水源為化糞池直接所排放之污水；檢測水質項目包
括水中有機物、氮磷營養物、大腸桿菌等污染物為主，探討在不同溫度、及不同流量（滯
留時間）之差異性。
　　兩年操作的數據顯示，CW系統對廢污水中各項污染物均有明顯的去除效果，生化需氧
量（BOD5）、化學需氧量（COD）的平均去除率分別為68%及66%，氨氮（NH3-N）、正磷酸
鹽（PO4-P）的平均去除率分別為46%及60%，大腸菌落（E-coli）與總懸浮固體物（TSS）
的去除率也分別可達89%及86%。此外，在CW系統中各項污染物去除速率的增加均有隨單位
面積負荷增加而趨緩的現象，而一階面積去除速率常數（K20）對溫度的校正係數方面，本
系統中除NH3-N外，各項污染物溫度校正係數（θ）均趨近於1，顯示本系統中污染物的去
除速率受溫度變化之影響不大，然文中提及之K20及θ值是由操作兩年的數據計算而得，並
不具絕對的代表性，未來仍有隨著操作參數的改變而有變動的可能性。

This project is based on some research results accumulated in past three years
using constructed wetland systems (CW) to treat various types of wastewater
and build a pilot scale CW on campus. This system has an area about 15 m2, and
uses stainless steel plates to form a 10 m long water channel with a width of
50 cm. This CW system contains a free water surface wetland (FWS), a
subsurface wetland (SSF), and an ecotype pond. The main goal of this project
is to investigate the treatability of CW on campus wastewater and collect
related data and parameters for designing full scale CW, hence the research
work will gradually involve more detailed part in the future. The research
work includes removal efficiencies of various pollutants, different operating
parameters, the transformation and fate of pollutants in the CW, evaluation of
ecosystem of the CW, and the feasibility of replacing traditional wastewater
treatment plant by CW system. Meanwhile those data may be used as important
reference for constructing and operating a full scale CW system in the future.
The wastewater used in this study is directly conducted from sewage system,
which combines wastewater from septic tank and some kitchens. The monitoring
terms of water quality include organics, nutrients, coliforms, etc. Other
parameters on treatment efficiency investigated are seasonal effects, impact
of summer and winter vacation, various hydraulic loadings, and different
macrophytes.
　　The data show that the CW system could remove most of the contaminants in
the wastewater. The average removal rates of BOD5 and COD are 68% and 66%. The
average removal rates of NH3-N and PO4-P are 46% and 60%, and the average
removal rates of E-coli and TSS could be 89% and 86%. Moreover the increasing
of removal rates would diminish while the various hydraulic loadings is
increasing. Besides NH3-N， the other temperature correction factors（θ）are
close to 1. It show the effect of temperature to removal rates is not
conspicuous. All the K20 and θ were computed by the data in the passed two
years, and they could be change when we change the parameters for designing.

中文摘要……………………………………………………………………….Ⅰ
英文摘要……………………………………………………………………….Ⅱ
誌 謝…………………………………………………………………………...Ⅳ
目 錄…………………………………………………………………………...Ⅴ
表目錄………………………………………………………………………….Ⅶ
圖目錄………………………………………………………………………….Ⅷ
第一章 續論………………………………………………………..…………...1
第二章 溼地簡介及文獻回顧……………………………………..…………...5
2-1 溼地的簡介………………………………………………………………5
2-2 人工溼地概述…………………………………………………………..10
2-3 人工溼地的發展與應用………………………………………………..23
第三章 研究設備與方法……………………………………………..……….40
3-1系統建立………………………………………………………………...40
3-2採樣分析………………………………………………………………...43
3-3人工溼地的動力模式…………………………………………………...49
第四章 結果與討論……………………………………………..…………….58
4-1物理性監測……………………………………………………………...58
4-2系統處理各項污染物的啟動期………………………………………...60
4-3人工溼地中各項污染物的去除效率…………………………………...61
4-4單位面積負荷對出流濃度與去除速率的影響………………………...67
4-5一階去除速率常數及溫度校正之計算…………….…………………..73
第五章 結論…………………………………………………………..…...…102
5-1系統表現之結論……………………………………………………….102
5-2系統設計與操作之建議……………………………………………….104
第六章 參考文獻…………………………………………………………….105

1. Brix, H., 1997. “Do Macrophytes Play a Role in Constructed treatment
Wetlands?”, Wat. Sci. Tech., Vol. 35, No. 5, pp11-17.
2. Knight, R.L., 1997. “Wildlife Habitat and Public Use Benefits of Treatment
Wetlands”, Wat. Sci. Tech., Vol. 35, No. 5, pp35-43.
3. Worall, P., Peberdy, K.J. and Millett, M.C., 1997. “Constructed Wetlands
and Natural Conservation”, Wat. Sci. Tech., Vol. 35, No. 5, pp205-213.
4. Bavor, H.J., Roser, D.J. and Adcock, P.W., 1995. “Challenges for the
development of advanced wetlands technology”, Wat. Sci. Tech., Vol. 32, No.
3, pp13-20.
5. Metcalf, and Eddy, 1991. “Chap 13 of Natural treatment system”, In
Wastewater Engineering (Third Edition), Mcgraw-Hill, Inc. New York., pp927-
1016.
6. Thomas, P.R., Glover, P. and Kalaroopan, T., 1995. “An evaluation of
pollutant removal from secondary treated sewage effluent using a constructed
wetland”, Wat. Sci. Tech., Vol. 32, No. 3, pp87-93.
7. Juwarkar, S., Oke, B., Juwarkar, A. and Patnaik, S. M., 1995. “Domestic
wastewater treatment through constructed wetland in India”, Wat. Sci. Tech.,
Vol. 32, No. 3, pp291-294.
8. Hiley, P.D., 1995. “The reality of sewage treatment using wetlands”, Wat.
Sci. Tech., Vol. 32, No.3, pp339-348.
9. Schonborn, A., Zust, B. and Underwood, E., 1997. “Long Term Performance of
the Sand-Plant-Filter Schattweid (Switzerland)”, Wat. Sci. Tech., Vol. 35,
No. 5, pp307-314.
10. Vrhovsek, D., Kukanja, V. and Bulk, T., 1996. “Constructed wetland for
industrial waste water treatment”, Wat Res. Vol. 30, No. 10, pp2287-2292.
11. Yin, H. and Shen, W., 1995. “Using reed beds for witer operation of
wetland treatment system for wastewater” Wat. Sci. Tech., Vol. 32, No. 3,
pp111-118.
12. Mander, U. and Mauring, T., 1997. “Constructed Wetlands for Wastewater
Treatment in Estonia”, Wat. Sci. Tech., Vol. 35, No. 5, pp323-330.
13. Comin, F.A., Romero, J.A., Astorga, V. and Garcia, C., 1997. “Nitrogen
Removal and Cycling in Restored Wetlands Used as Filters of Nutrients for
Agricultural Runoff”, Wat. Sci. Tech., Vol. 35, No. 5, pp255-261.
14. Kadlec, R. H., Burgoon, P.S. and Henderson, M.E., 1997. “Integrated
Natural Systems for Treating Potato Processing Wastewater”, Wat. Sci. Tech.,
Vol. 35, No. 5, pp263-270.
15. Mehlum, T., 1995. “Treatment of landfill leachate in on-site loogon and
constructed wetland”, Wat. Sci. Tech., Vol. 32, No. 3, pp129-136.
16. Tarutis, W. J., and Unz R. F., 1995. “Ion and manganeserelease in coal
mine drainage wetland microcosms”, Wat. Sci. Tech., Vol. 32, No. 3, pp187-192.
17. De Maeseneer, J.L., 1997. “Constructed Werlands for Sludge Dewatering”,
Wat. Sci. Tech., Vol. 35, No. 5, pp279-285.
18. Bulc, T., Vrhovsek, D. and Kukanja, V., 1997. “The Use of Constructed
Werland for Landfill Leachate Treatment”, Wat. Sci. Tech., Vol. 35, No. 5,
pp301-306.
19. Green, M.B., Griffin, P., Seabridge, J.K. and Dhobie, D., 1997. “Removal
of Bacteria in Subsurface Flow Wetlands”, Wat. Sci. Tech., Vol. 35, No. 5,
pp109-116.
20. Laber, J., Perfler, R. and Haberl, R., 1997. “Two Strategies for Advanced
Nitrogen Elimination in Vertical Flow Constructed Wetlands”, Wat. Sci. Tech.,
Vol. 35, No. 5, pp71-77.
21.　Von Felde, K. and Kunst, S., 1997. “N- and COD-Removal in Vertical-Flow
Systems”, Wat. Sci. Tech., Vol. 35, No. 5, pp79-85.
22. Drizo, A., Frost, C.A., Smith, K.A., and Grace, J., 1997. “Phosphate and
Ammonium Removal by Constructed Wetlands with Horizontal Subsurface Flow,
Using Shale as a Substrate”, Wat. Sci. Tech., Vol. 35, No. 5, pp95-102.
23. Geller, G., 1997. “Horizontal Subsurface Flow Systems in the German
Speaking Countries: Summary of Long-term Scientific and Practical Experience;
Recommandations”, Wat. Sci. Tech., Vol. 35, No. 5, pp157-166.
24. Schonerklee, M., Koch, F., Perfler, R., Haberl, R. and Laber, J., 1997. “
TertiaryTreatment in a Vertical Flow Reed Bed System - a Full Scale pilot
Plant for 200-600 P.E.”, Wat. Sci. Tech., Vol. 35, No. 5, pp223-230.
25. Kadlec, R. H., 1997. “Deterministic and Stochastic Aspects of Constructed
Wwetlands Performance and Design”, Wat. Sci. Tech., Vol. 35, No. 5, pp149-156.
26. Rivera, F., Warren, A., Curds, C.R., Robles, E., Gutierrez, A., Gallegos,
E. and Calderon, A., 1997. “The Application of the Root Zone Methods for the
Treatment and Reuse of High-Strength Abattoir Waste in Maxico”, Wat. Sci.
Tech., Vol. 35, No. 5, pp271-278.
27. Mungur, A.S., Shutes, R.B.E., Revitt, D.M. and House, M.A., 1997. “An
Assessment of Metal Removal by a Laboratory Scale Wetlands”, Wat. Sci. Tech.,
Vol. 35, No. 5, pp125-133.
28. Lakatos, G., Kiss, M.K., Kiss, M. and Juhasz P., 1997. “Application of
Constructed Werlands for Wastewater Treatment in Hungary”, Wat. Sci. Tech.,
Vol. 35, No. 5, pp331-336.
29. Ottova, V., Balcarova, J. and Vymazal, J., 1997. “Microbial
Characteristics of Constructed Wetlands”, Wat. Sci. Tech., Vol. 35, No. 5,
pp117-123.
30. USEPA, 1999. “A Handbook of Constructed Wetlands – General Considerations
”, Volume 1.
31. Gearheart, R.A., B.A. Finney, M. Lang, and J. Anderson., 1999. “Free-
surface wetland technology assessment”, 6th National Wastewater Treatment
technology Transfer Wrokshop, USEPA, Kansas City, Kansas.
32. 荊樹人，林瑩峰，李得元，郭富雯，楊勝傑，黃再模，1997，「水生植物對於污水中
磷酸鹽去除效果的探討」， Chia-Nan Annual Bulletin, Vol. 23, pp1-12.
33. Hammer, D.A., Editor., 1989. “Constructed Wetlands for Wastewater
Treatment – Municipal, Industrial and Agricultural”, Lewis Publishers, inc.,
Michigan.
34. 荊樹人，林瑩峰，李得元，王姿文，郭富雯，楊勝傑，黃再模，1997，「水生植物對
於污水中磷酸鹽去除效果的探討」，第二十二屆廢水處理技術研討會。NSC 87-2815-C-
041-005-B。
35. 郭富雯，荊樹人，1998，「人工濕地中水生植物的培養與處理污水能力之研究」，國
科會八十七年度大專學生參與專題研究計畫報告書。
36. 荊樹人，林瑩峰，李得元，王姿文，沈家丞，沈道剛，蔡凱元，林業偉，1998，「人
工溼地系統淨化污染河水的幼覺敦Q」， 第二十三屆廢水處理技術研討會。計畫編號
：NSC-87-2621-B-041-002。
37. 王姿文，林瑩峰，荊樹人，李得元，宋玉齡，陳欽昭，陳香瑩，簡嘉佑，1998，「種
植不同本土型水生植物之小型人工溼地淨化污水之效能比較」，第二十三屆廢水處理技術
研討會。計畫編號：NSC-87-2621-B-041-002。
38. 王姿文，荊樹人，林瑩峰，李得元，沈家丞，沈道剛，蔡凱元，1999，「不同水生植
物在人工溼地中生長情形之探討」，Chia-Nan Annual Bulletin, Vol. 25, pp95-103。
39. 郭文健，「生活污水之濕地處理及再利用研究(I)、(II)」，88及89年度行政院國家科
學委員會專題研究計畫成果報告。
40. 李志源等，「本土化人工濕地設計準則之建立」，88及89年度行政院國家科學委員會
專題研究計畫成果報告。
41. 高志明等，「自然濕地對非點源污染物---之調查」，88及89年度行政院國家科學委員
會專題研究計畫成果報告。
42. 于立平，1997，「溼地公園規劃策略之研究-以高雄縣鳥松溼地公園為例」，國立中山
大學海洋環境學系碩士論文，PP2-1~2-5。
43. 張立弘，2001，「生活污水之溼地處理及再利用研究」，國立屏東科技大學碩士論文
。
44. Kadlec R.H., 1996. “Natural System for Treatment”. Treatment wetlands,
pp42-45.
45. Burke D.G., Meyers E.J., and Tiner R.W., 1988. Protecting Nontidal
Wetlands, pp1-14.
46. Metcalf, and Eddy, Inc., 1991. Chapter 13 Natural Treatment Systems. In
Wastewater Engineering. Treatment, Disposal, Reuse. McGraw-Hill, New York.
47. 中華民國環境工程學會，「環境微生物」，1997。
48. Metcalf, and Eddy, Inc., 1991. Chapter 3 Wastewater Characteristics. In
Wastewater Engineering: Treatment, Disposd, Reuse. 3rd., McGraw-Hill, New York.
49. IWA Specialist Group on Use of Macrophytes in Water Pollution Control,
2000. “Constructed Wetlandsfor Pollution Control-Processes, Performance,
Design and Operation”.
50. Brix, H., 1997. “Do Macrophytes Play a Role in Constructed treatment
Wetlands?”, Wat. Sci. Tech., 35(5), pp11-17.
51. Knight, R.-L., 1997. “Wildlife Habitat and Public Use Benefits of
Treatment Wetlands”, Wat. Sci. Tech., 35(5), pp35-43.
52. Worall, P., K.-J. Peberdy, and M.-C. Millett, 1997. “Constructed Wetlands
and Natural Conservation”, Wat. Sci. Tech., 35(5), pp205-213.
53. Metcalf, and Eddy, 1991. “Chap 13 of Natural treatment system”, In
Wastewater Engineering (Third Edition), pp927-1016. Mcgraw-Hill , Inc. New
York.
54. Jing, S.R., Lin, Y.F, Lee, D.Y. and Wang T.W., 2001. “Use CW Systems to
Remove Solids from Highly Polluted River Water”. Water Science and Technology
：Water Supply, 1(1), pp89-96.
55. Brix, H., 1994. “Constructed wetlands for municipal wastewater treatment
in Europe”. In: Mitsch, W.J. (Ed.), Global Wetlands; Old World and New.
Elsevier, Amsterdam, pp325–334.
56. Jing, S.R., Lin, Y.F, Wang T.W., and Lee, D.Y., 2002. “Microcosm Wetlands
for Wastewater Treatment with Different Hydraulic Loading Rates and Macrophytes
”, Journal Environmental Quality, Vol. 31, no.2, pp690-696.
57. 王姿文，林瑩峰，荊樹人，李得元，宋玉齡，陳欽昭，陳香瑩，簡嘉佑，1998，「種
植不同本土型水生植物之小型人工濕地淨化污水之效能」，第二十三屆廢水處理技術研討
會。
58. Hammer, D.A., Editor, 1989. “Constructed Wetlands for Wastewater
Treatment – Municipal, Industrial and Agricultural”, Lewis Publishers, inc.,
Michigan.
59. Metcalf and Eddy, Inc., 1991. The Natural treatment system. In G.
Tchobanoglous and F.L. Burton(ed.) Wastewater engineering treatment disposal
reuse. 3rd ed. McGraw-Hill, New York. pp927-1016
60. Kadlec, H.K. and Knight, R.L., 1996. Treatment Wetlands, CRC Press, Lewis
Publishers.
61. 林瑩鋒，荊樹人，2000，「水產養殖廢水之人工濕地處理及循環再利用之研究(II)」
，國科會專題研究計畫成果報告書，計畫編號：NSC 89-2621-Z-041-001。
62. Kadlec, R.H., 1996. “An autobiotic wetland phosphorus model” Ecol.
Engng, 8(2), pp145-172.
63. Morris, M. and Herbert, R., 1997. “The design and performance of a
vertical flow reed bed for the treatment of high ammonia, low suspended solids
organic effluent”, Wat. Sci. Tech., 35(5), pp197-204.
64. Finlayson, C. M., Von Oertzen, I. And Chick, A. J., 1990. “Treating
poultry abattoir and piggery effluents in gravel trenches”, In Constructed
Wetlands in Water Pollution Control, Ed. By P.F. Cooper and B.C. Findlater,
pp559-562.
65. Litchfield, D.K., 1993. “Constructed wetlands for wastewater treatment at
Amoco Oil Company´s Mandan, North Dakota refinery”, In Constructed
Wetland for Water Quality Improvement, Ed. By G.A. Moshiei, pp485-488.
Chelsea, MI,USA,Lewis Publishers.
66. Duda, p.J. II, 1992. “Chevron´s Richmond refinery water enhancement
wetland”, report to the Regional Weter Quality Control Board, Oakland, CA,
USA.
67. Honig, R., 1988. “Tenneco´s use of a rock-reed filter at a natural
gas pipeline compressor station”, poster paper at International Conference on
Constructed Wetlands for Wastewater Treatment, Chattanooga, TN, USA.
68. Wass, R.D. and Fox, p., 1993. “Constructed wetlands for nonpoint source
control of wastewater from a vehicle maintenance yard”, Proc. Env. Fed. 66th
Annual Conference, Anaheim, CA, USA, vol. 9, pp9-20.
69. Dong, K. and Lin, C., 1994. “Treatment of petrochemical wastewater by the
system of wetlands and oxidation ponds and engineering design of the system”,
In Proceedings of the 4th International Conference on Wetland Systems for
Water Pollution Control, Guangzhou, China, pp628-633.
70. Mellstrom, R.E. and Jaeger, R.A., 1994. “Reedbed dewatering and treatment
systems in New England”, In Proc. Water Environ. Fed. 67th Annual Conference
and Exposition, vol. 8, pp56-67.
71. R. Knight, R. Ruble, R. Kadlec, and S. Reed, 1993. NADB (North American
Treatment wetlands Database), Electronic database created for the U.S.
Environmental the Great Lake states, north central USA.
72. 水污染防治法第二條第七款事業之分類、定義及其他中央主管機關指定之事業。
73. Meuleman, A.F.M., 1994. “Waterzuivering door moeras-systemen: onderzoek
naar de water- en stofbalansen van het rietinfiltratieveld Lauwersoog”. RIZA
Nota 94.011, pp1–134.
74. Mulungu D. M. M. and Mashauri D. A., 1997. A Survey report on wastewater
treatment methods in Tanzania. Water Resources Engineering Programme,
University of Dar Es Salaam, Tanzania (Unpublished).
75. D.A. MASHAURI, D.M.M., MULUNGU and ABDULHUSSEIN, CONSTRUCTED WETLAND AT
THE UNIVERSITY OF DAR ES SALAAM. Wat. Res. Vol. 34, No. 4, pp1135-1144.
76. 林春吉，2002，Water Plants of Taiwan,台灣水生植物(2)，單子葉植物篇，pp68-
115。
77. 行政院環保署環境檢驗所網站http://www.niea.gov.tw/index_Fram e.htm
78. IWA, 2000. Kadlec and Knight, 1995. pp341-480.
79. Robert H. Kadlec, 2000.The inadequacy of first-order treatment wetland
models, Ecological Engineering 15 pp105–119.
80. Lee, M.A., J.S. Stansbury, and T.C. Zhang, 1999. The effect of low
temperatures on ammonia removal in a laboratory-scale constructed wetland.
Water Environment Research, 71(3), pp. 340-347.
81. Jos T.A. Verhoeven , Arthur F.M. Meuleman, 1999. “Wetlands for wastewater
treatment: Opportunitiesand limitations”, Ecological Engineering 12, pp5–12.
82. Watson, J.T., and J.A. Hobson., 1989. “Hydraulic design considerations
and control structures for constructed wetlands for wastewater treatment”. In
D.A. Hammer(ed.) pp379-391.
83. Mitsch, W.J. and Gosselink J.G., 1993. Wetlands. pp113-119, pp443-460.
84. Kadlec, R.H. and R.L. Knight, 1996 . “Wetland microbial and plant
communities” Treatmeat wetlands, pp. 119-155.
85. Green, M.B., P. Griffin, J.K. Seabridge and D. Dhobie, 1997. “Removal of
Bacteria in Subsurface Flow Wetlands”, Wat. Sci. Tech., Vol. 35, No.5, pp.109-
116.
86. Gersberg, R.M., R.A. Gearheart, and M. Ives.,1989. “Constructed wetlands
for wastewater treatment ”.Pathogen removal in constructed wetland.. In D.A.
Hammer (ed.) -Municipal, industrial and agriculture.Lewis Publ., Chelsea, MI.
pp431-445.
87. Kadlec, R.H. and R.L. Knight, 1996. Treatment Wetlands. Boca Raton, FL,
USA: Lewis-CRC Press.
88. T.Maehlum, P.D.Jenssen and W.S.Warner, 1995. “COLD-CLIMATE CONSTRUCTED
WETLANDS”, Wat. Sci. Tech. Vol. 32, No. 3, pp95-101.
89. Faulkner S. P. and Richardson C. J., 1989. “Physical and chemical
characteristics of freshwater wetland soils”. Constructed Wetlands for
Wastewater Treatment-Municipal , Industrical and Agricultural, pp41-72.
90. Sikora F. J., Tong Z., Behrends L. L., Steinberg S. L. and Coonrod H. S.,
1995. “Ammonium removal in constructed wetlands with recirculating subsurface
flow：Removal rates and mechanisms”. Wat. Sci. Tech., Vol.32, No.3, pp193-202.
91. Van Oostrom A. J., 1995. “Nitrogen removal in constructed wetlands
treating nitrified meat processing effluent”, Wat. Sci. Tech., Vol.32 , No.
3 , pp137-147.
92. 荊樹人，林瑩峰，李得元，王姿文，陳可薇，莊庭禎，2000，「水力負荷對人工溼地
處理污染河水中懸浮固體的影響」，第二十五屆廢水處理研討會。