臺灣博碩士論文加值系統

鋼板補強在工程界應用已有十餘年的歷史，在施工作業方面已有完整的步驟流程。鋼板與混凝土完全黏結才能達到複合材料的補強效果，環氧樹脂或無收縮水泥漿必須灌注充滿於其間空隙。然而在補強後大部分之混凝土構件均被包覆於鋼板內部，由結構外表無法觀察到內部環氧樹脂是否注滿混凝土與鋼板之間隙、鋼板是否產生剝離，或內部混凝土是否存在裂縫或病變等問題。本研究將研發以藍姆波群波速之頻散曲線為基礎的檢測方法來檢測鋼板補強結構老劣化狀況，開發的利基是以頻率-時間譜快速評估大範圍的鋼板介面黏結狀況，本研究是以單一接收器與單一敲擊源之表面波分析法取得頻散曲線，利用有限元素分析，以動態有限元素法建立鋼板模型模擬鋼珠敲擊並擷取不同節點的反應位移波形，取得數值解之波慢頻散曲線圖，再與DISPERSE程式所得到之理論解作比較分析。研究中模擬單一純鋼板、兩層複合板(鋼板+混凝土)作分析比較。模擬分析結果顯示，敲擊接觸時間以3μs為最佳選擇，敲擊接收間距最好能達到40.05至50.05 cm，其頻譜圖訊號解析度最佳，可於頻率時間譜圖中顯示與A0、S0及A1理論解相符之高振幅影像。此外，兩層複合板數值模擬影像顯示，當混凝土層存在時，純鋼板反對稱模態A0頻散曲線附近的影像在高頻區域之波慢會較理論解低，而接近S0、A1以及於低頻區域的A0頻散曲線之影像均會消失。下層波速越接近鋼板於低頻位置接近A0頻散曲線之影像會較明顯。

Concrete structures strengthened by steel plate have been used for more than a decade. As full bonding between the steel and matrix concrete is essential for effectively transmitting loading, infilling must be fully filled inside the gap between steel plate and concrete. The defects which are enclosed inside the steel plate may not be observed by visual observation. Present research is a preliminary study on using the dispersive characteristics of the Lamb wave modes traveling within the steel layer to assess the bonding condition between steel plate and substrates. The advantage of the technique is the capability on investigating large range of the interfacial condition with fast speed. The dispersive curves are obtained by analyzing the surface waves recorded by one receiver and generated by one impact source. In present study, numerical models were constructed to simulate an impact applying on the surface of a steel plate. The spectrogram contains image of the numerical dispersion curves were obtained from the dynamic responses of the receiver. These images were compared with the theoretical solution obtained from a software DISPERSE. The numerical models include steel plate and steel-concrete bi-layered plate. Numerical results show that the most suitable parameters for obtaining the best image are 3 μs for impact-duration, and 40.05 to 50.05 cm for the impact-receiver instance. The high-amplitude images corresponding to A0, S0 and A1 theoretical modal dispersion curves of the steel plate can be found. In addition, numerical images corresponding to steel-concrete composite plate show that the high-amplitude image close to the dispersive curve of fundamental antisymatric mode(A0) of the steel plate becomes lower in slowness. The images of S0, A1 and A0 at lower frequency range cannot be found.

誌 謝 I
摘要 II
Abstract III
目錄 V
圖目錄 VIII
第一章 緒論 1
1.1 前言 1
1.2 研究動機及目的 1
1.3 研究流程 2
第二章 文獻回顧 3
2.1 基本波傳原理 3
2.2 表面波基本理論 4
2.2.1 表面波譜法原理介紹 5
2.2.2 Lamb wave檢測法 6
2.2.3 板波波傳原理 8
2.3 敲擊回音檢測原理 9
2.4 國內相關文獻 10
第三章 純鋼板相位波頻散曲線實驗驗證結果之分析與討論 12
3.1 試驗目的 12
3.2 試驗規劃 12
3.3 試驗儀器設備 12
3.4 試驗方法 14
3.5 試驗結果 15
第四章 純鋼板及兩層複合板數值模擬與群波速原理分析 16
4.1 概述 16
4.2 有限元素模擬 16
4.2.1 選定分析元素和材料性質 17
4.2.2 建立純鋼板模型 17
4.2.3 純鋼板直接粘結混凝土兩層複合板模型 17
4.2.4 模型網格化網格劃分 18
4.3 群波速原理分析 18
4.3.1 時間頻率法 18
4.3.2 波慢頻率法【31】 20
4.4 MATLAB程式撰寫 20
4.4.1 視窗函數的選擇 20
4.4.2 STFT程式流程 21
4.5 Disperse介紹與應用 21
第五章 純鋼板與兩層板之數值解與理論解比較 22
5.1鋼版之數值解與理論解比較 22
5.1.1 視窗長度的影響 22
5.1.2 敲擊接觸時間影響 22
5.1.3 敲擊源與接收器間距影響 23
5.2 兩層板之數值解與理論解比較 24
5.2.1 混凝土厚度10 cm不同波速與純鋼板理論解之比較 25
5.2.2 混凝土厚度20 cm不同波速與純鋼板理論解之比較 26
5.2.3 混凝土厚度30 cm不同波速與純鋼板理論解之比較 26
第六章 結論與建議 27
6.1結論 27
6.2建議 28
參考文獻 29












圖目錄
圖1-1 研究流程圖 34
圖2-1 應力波動行為示意圖 35
圖2-2 表面波譜法表面波譜法之典型試驗配置圖 35
圖2-3 表面波譜法流程 36
圖2-5-a 頻率-波數圖【12】 37
圖2-5-b 頻率-相速圖【12】 38
圖2-6 試體及試驗示意圖 38
圖2-7 試驗與理論頻散曲線比較(a)自由FRP板(b)厚膠帶黏貼 39
(c)薄膠帶黏貼(d)環氧樹脂黏貼FRP貼片 39
圖2-8-a等向(isotropic)板的理論相位波速頻散曲線(a)頻率-相速圖【16】 40
圖2-8-b對稱與反對稱模態圖【16】 40
圖2-9 自由板上板波頻散曲線圖 41
圖2-10 總接收長度均為38.4 cm時(a)128個接收器(接收間距3 mm) 與(b) 32個接收器之頻散曲線圖(接收間距12 mm) 41
圖2-11純鋼板固定24 mm接收間距(a)16個接收器(b)32個接收器之頻散曲線圖 42
圖2-12 純鋼板32個接收器間36 mm之頻散曲線圖 42
圖2-13純鋼板32個接收器間距18 mm之頻散曲線圖 42
圖3-1 鋼板試體試驗操作照片 43
圖3-2 試驗儀器設備 44
圖3-3 為29個接收器，接收器間距20mm之頻散曲線圖 44
圖4-1 分析元素(plane 162) 45
圖4-2 鋼板實體模型示意圖 45
圖4-3 鋼珠敲擊力量之模擬(2μs) 46
圖4-4 以單一訊號短時傅力葉轉換所得之版波頻散譜 46
圖4-5 以單一訊號所得之版波SFR 47
圖4-6 三種視窗化 47
圖4-7 純鋼板厚度19mm之理論解模態 48
圖5-1擷取視窗點數256點之視窗時域訊號頻散曲線圖 48
圖5-2擷取視窗點數384點之視窗時域訊號頻散曲線圖 49
圖5-3擷取視窗點數500點之視窗時域訊號頻散曲線圖 49
圖5-4 鋼板敲擊接觸時間1μs之頻散曲線圖 50
圖5-5 鋼板敲擊接觸時間2μs之頻散曲線圖 50
圖5-6 鋼板敲擊接觸時間3μs之頻散曲線圖 51
圖5-7 鋼板敲擊接觸時間4μs之頻散曲線圖 51
圖5-8 鋼板敲擊接觸時間5μs之頻散曲線圖 52
圖5-9 鋼板敲擊接觸時間6μs之頻散曲線圖 52
圖5-10 為敲擊與接收器間距20.05cm之頻散曲線圖 53
圖5-11 為敲擊與接收器間距30.05cm之頻散曲線圖 53
圖5-12 為敲擊與接收器間距34.05cm之頻散曲線圖 54
圖5-13 為敲擊與接收器間距40.05cm之頻散曲線圖 54
圖5-14 為敲擊與接收器間距44.05cm之頻散曲線圖 55
圖5-15 為敲擊與接收器間距50.05cm之頻散曲線圖 55
圖5-16 為敲擊與接收器間距52.05cm之頻散曲線圖 56
圖5-17 為敲擊與接收器間距58.05cm之頻散曲線圖 56
圖5-18 為敲擊與接收器間距62.05cm之頻散曲線圖 57
圖5-19 混凝土厚度10cm波速2000 m/s之頻散曲線圖 57
圖5-20 混凝土厚度10cm波速3000 m/s之頻散曲線圖 58
圖5-21 混凝土厚度10cm波速4000 m/s之頻散曲線圖 58
圖5-22 混凝土厚度20cm波速2000 m/s之頻散曲線圖 59
圖5-23 混凝土厚度20cm波速3000 m/s之頻散曲線圖 59
圖5-24 混凝土厚度20cm波速4000 m/s之頻散曲線圖 60
圖5-25 混凝土厚度30cm波速2000 m/s之頻散曲線圖 60
圖5-26 混凝土厚度30cm波速3000 m/s之頻散曲線圖 61
圖5-27 混凝土厚度30cm波速4000 m/s之頻散曲線圖 61

1.蕭興臺、宋永鑾和廖肇昌，「R.C.構件鋼板補強工法之探討」結構工程，第九卷，第四期，民國八十三年十二月，第79-96頁。
2.Roberts, T.M. and Haji-Kazemi, H., ‘Theoretical study of the behavior of reinforced concrete beams strengthened by externally bonded steel plates’, Proc. Instn.Civil Engrs, Part 2, 87, 1989, 39-55.
3.Swamy, R.N., Jones, R., and Bloxham, J.W., ‘Structural behaviour of reinforced concrete beams strengthened by epoxy-bonded steel plates’, The Structural Engineer, 65A (2), 1987.
4.Jones, R., Swamy, R. N., Charif, A., ‘Plate separation and anchorage of reinforced concrete beams strengthened by epoxy-bonded steel plates’, The Structural Engineer, 66 (5), 1988.
5.蕭興臺，「複合三明治樑之撓曲理論及其在RC樑鋼板補強之應用」中國土木水利工程學刊，第九卷，第三期，民國八十六年。
6.倪勝火，「表面波譜分析法（SASW）之分析原理與應用」，地工技術，第86期，第5-18頁，2001。
7.Cho, Y. S., “Spectral analysis of surface wave response of multi-layer thin cement mortar slab structures with finite thickness,＂NDT and E international, Vol.34, pp.115-122, 2001.
8.Dong-Soo Kim, Min-Kyun Shin, Hyung-Choon Park, “Evaluation of density in layer compaction using SASW method,” Soil Dynamics and Earthquake Engineering, Vol.21,pp.39-46,2001.
9.M. Goueygou, B.Piwakowsik, A. Fnine, M. Kaczmarek, F. Buyle-Bodin, “NDE of two-layered mortar samples using high-frequency Rayleigh waves,” Ultrasonice, Vol 42,pp889-895,2004.
10.Dennis A. sack, Larry D. Olson, “Advanced NDT methods for evaluating concrete bridges and other structures,” NDT&E International Vol. 28, No.6, pp.349-357, 1995.
11.Hideo Cho, Shingo Ogawa, Mikio Takemoto, “Non-contact laser ultrasonics for detecting subsurface lateral defects,” NDT&E International Vol. 29, No.5, pp.301-306, 1996.
12.R. Basri, W.K. Chiu, “Numerical analysis on the interaction of guided Lamb waves with a local elastic stiffness reduction in quasi-isotropic composite plate structures”, Composite Structures 66, 2004, 87–99.
13.K. Luangvilai, W. Punurai, and L. J. Jacobs,” Guided Lamb Wave Propagation in Composite Plate/Concrete Component”, Journal of Engineering Mechanics, 128(12), 2002, 1337-1341.
14.B. N. Pavlakovic, M. J. S. Lowe, D. N. Alleyne, and P. Cawley, (1997)“Disperse: A general purpose program for creating dispersion curves.’’ Review of progress in quantitative NDE, D. O. Thompson and D. E. Chimenti, eds., Vol. 16, Plenum, New York, 185–192.
15.R. Basri, W.K. Chiu, ”Numerical analysis on the interaction of guided Lamb waves with a local elastic stiffness reduction in quasi-isotropic composite plate structures”, Composite Structures 66, 2004, 87–99.
16.Lamb, H. ‘‘On waves in an elastic plate.’’ Proc. R. Soc. London, 93, pp.114–128, 1917.
17.Ryden, N., Park, C.B., Ulriksen P., Miller R. D., “Multimodal Approach to Seismic Pavement Testing”, Journal of Geotechnical and Geoenvironmental Engineering, 130 (6), pp. 636–645, 2004.
18.Carino, N. J. and Sansalone, M., ”Impact-Echo: A New Method for Inspecting Construction Materials,” Proceeding of Nondestructive Testing and Evaluation of Materials for Construction, University of lllions, August (1988).
19.Lin, Y., Sansalone, M., and Carino, N. J., “Finite Element Studies of the Impact-Echo Response of Plate Containing Thin Layers and Voids,” Journal of Nondestructive Evaluation, Vol 9, NO.1, pp.27-47 (1990).
20.Cheng, C. C. and Sansalone, M., ”The Impact-Echo Response of concrete Plates containing delamination：numerical, experimental and field studies,” Materials and Structures, pp.274-285 (1993).
21.Sansalone, M. and Carino, N. J., ”Impact-Echo：A Method for Flaw Detection in Concrete Using Transient Stress Waves,” NBSIR 86-3452, National Bureau of Standard, Gaithersburg, Maryland, September, pp.222 (1986).
22.Carino, N. J. and Sansalone, M., “Detecting Voids in Metal Tendon Ducts Using the Impact - Echo Method,” Materials Journal of the American Concrete Institude, Vol.89, No.3, May - June, pp.296-303 (1992).
23.Sansalone, M. and Carino, N. J., “Laboratory and Field Study of the Impact - Echo Method for Flaw Detecting in Concrete,” Special Publication of the American Concrete Institute, pp.1-20 (1988).
24.Lin, Y. and Sansalone, M., “Transient Response of Thick Circular and Square Bars Subjected to Transverse Elastic Impact,” Journal of the Acoustical Society of America, Vol.91, No.2, February, pp.885-893 (1992).
25.Sansalone, M., Lin, Y. and Carino, N. J., ” Impact-Echo Response of Plates Containing Thin Layers and Voids,” Published in the Proceedings of Review of Progress in Quantitative NDE, eds. D. Thompson and D. Chiment I, Vol. 9B, pp.1935-1942 (1990).
26.Lin, Y., Sansalone, M. and Carino, N. J., “Impact-Echo Response of Concrete Shaft”, ASTM Geotechnical Testing Journal, Vol.14, No.2, pp.121-137 (1991).
27.Lin, J. and Sansalone, M., “Impact-Echo Response of Hollow Cylindrical Concrete Structure by Soil or Rock, Part1-Numerical Studies,” ASTM Geotechnical Testing Journal, Vol.17, No.2, June, pp.220-226 (1994).
28.Lin, J. and Sansalone, M., “Transient Elastic Impact of Thick Hollow Cylinders,” Journal of Nondestructive Evaluation, Vol.12, No.2, pp.139-149 (1993).
29.Lin, Y. and Su. W. C., “ The Use of Stress Waves for Determining the Depth of Surface-Opening Cracks in Concrete Structures,” Materials Journal of the American Concrete Institude, Vol.93, No.5, pp.494-505 (1996).
30.潘彥廷，「以藍姆波相位波速之頻散曲線檢測鋼板補強混凝土結構完整性」，碩士論文，私立朝陽科技大學營建工程系研究所，台中，2009。
31.Rűdiger Benz, Marc Niethammer, Stefan Hurlebaus, Laurence J. Jacobs, “Localization of notches with Lamb waves” J. Acoust. Soc. Am. 114 (2), August 2003.
32.Qu, J. and Jarzynski, J.(2000),” Time-frequency representation of Lamb waves using the reassigned spectrogram”, Journal of Acoustic Society of America, 107(5), Pt.1, L19-L24.
33.Disperse ‘‘A system for generating dispersion curves,’’ User’s manual version 2.0.11. Software version 2.0.15e. www.ndt.imperial.ac.uk. 2001.