臺灣博碩士論文加值系統

本研究評估22名男性及23名女性，騎乘機車行駛於台中市6條不同道路的全身振動暴露情形。6條道路距離皆為20公里長，每位受測者隨機接受2次不同的路徑指派。研究使用三軸加速度席盤、微型攝影機、資料記錄器、可攜式錄影機來記錄實驗過程資料。資料分析分別依據ISO 2631-1（1997）以及ISO 2631-5（2004）規範，計算頻率加權加速度之均方根值（RMS）、8小時日振動暴露劑量（VDV(8)）、以及8小時腰椎靜壓劑量（Se(8)）之估計值。結果發現超過90%機車測試的VDV(8)（22.41±3.77m/s1.75）超過ISO 2631-1的暴露限制（17m/s1.75）或Se(8) （1.11±0.38MPa）超過ISO 2631-5的暴露限制（0.8MPa）。根據VDV與Se指標之日暴露限制，超過50%的機車日振動暴露被分別限制需低於1小時及3小時。男性騎士之振動暴露又明顯高於女性（VDV(8): p<0.05、Se(8): p<0.005）。本研究顯示即使騎乘機車行駛於一般市區道路上亦會遭遇極高的全身振動暴露，根據ISO規範之評估結果，有必要對機車騎乘所造成之健康危害作進一步的探討。

Twenty-two male and 23 female motorcycle riders performed 90 test runs on six 20km paved urban routes. Each participant randomly performed test-run of motorcycle on 2 different routes. Triaxial accelerations of whole-body vibration（WBV）were obtained by using a seat pad and a portable data logger, and the driver’s view was videotaped with a portable media recorder. Root mean square（RMS）acceleration, 8-hr estimated vibration dose value（VDV(8)）and 8-hr estimated static compression dose（Se(8)）were determined from the collected data by ISO 2631-1 and ISO 2631-5 guidelines. Experimental results indicate that over 90% of the motorcycle riders had VDV(8)（22.41±3.77m/s1.75）exceeding the ISO 2631-1 daily exposure limit（17m/s1.75）, or had Se(8)（1.11±0.38MPa） exceeding the ISO 2631-5 lifetime exposure limit（0.8MPa）. Over 50% of the motorcycle riders reached these exposure limits for VDV and Se in less than 3 hours. Significant greater exposure levels were observed in male participants in vibration parameters of VDV(8)（p&lt;0.05）, and Se(8)（p&lt;0.005）. This study concludes the WBV exposure levels of common motorcycle riders are distinctly high even on a regular paved road. The impact on health of WBV exposure in motorcycle riders should be carefully addressed with reference to ISO 2631-1 and ISO 2631-5.

目錄
摘要 I
Abstract II
誌謝 III
目錄 IV
表目錄 VI
圖目錄 VII
第一章 緒論 1
1.1研究背景與動機 1
1.2研究目的 3
1.3研究架構 4
第二章 文獻回顧 5
2.1 全身振動危害 5
2.1.1 國內全身振動之研究 5
2.1.2 國外振動暴露研究 6
2.2 國際標準組織（ISO）全身振動相關規範 8
2.2.1 ISO 2631-1（1985,1997）振動規範 8
2.2.2 ISO 2631-5（2004）振動規範 13
第三章 研究方法與步驟 19
3.1 受測者與車輛 19
3.2 實驗設備 19
3.3 現場量測步驟 22
3.4 資料處理 24
3.4.1 分析軟體 25
3.4.2 批次處理程序 25
3.4.3 人為錯誤移除程序 26
3.4.4 振動暴露報表 26
3.5 資料分析 28
第四章 結果 29
第五章 討論 36
第六章 結論與建議 40
6.1結論 40
6.2建議 40
參考文獻 41


表目錄
表2- 1垂直方向全身振動暴露最大加速度值m／s2 9
表2- 2水平方向全身振動暴露最大加速度值m／s2 10
表2- 3 ISO 2631-1（1997）對不同方向與位置所測得加速度之頻率加權網選用指引（資料來源：ISO 2631-1） 11
表3- 1受測者及受測機車基本資料 19
表4- 1平均騎乘時間、RMS振動值、8小時VDV與Se暴露劑量值[範圍] 29


圖目錄
圖1- 1 研究架構 4
圖2- 1 全身性振動方向及位置定義(a)坐姿 (b)站姿 (斜躺省略，資料來源： ISO 2631-1) 9
圖2- 2 ISO 2631-1(1997)之Wd(---)與Wk(—)頻率加權函數 11
圖2- 3 ISO 2631-5 預測x, y軸脊椎加速度之線性質量-彈簧模型（資料來源：Alem, 2005） 14
圖2- 4 ISO 2631-5預測z軸脊椎加速度之循環式類神經網路模型（資料來源：Alem, 2005） 15
圖3- 1 (A)全身振動三軸加速度席盤 (B)加速度校正器 20
圖3- 2 可攜式資料記錄器 21
圖3- 3 可攜式錄影機 21
圖3- 4 機車騎乘實驗之六種路徑（台中市） 22
圖3- 5 ISO全身性振動方向及位置定義（坐姿） 24
圖3- 6 機車騎乘實驗之器材設置 24
圖4- 1 振動測量之VDV與Se分佈（●以20公里計算△預測一天8小時）（灰色帶為相對規範之健康危害警戒區） 31
圖4- 2 RMS與VDV指標分佈（灰色帶為各指標之健康危害警戒區） 32
圖4- 3 各規範（ISO 2631-1(1997), ISO 2631-5(2004)）機車騎乘容許時間之累積機率分佈（n=90） 33
圖4- 4 男性及女性受測者各規範的累積機率分佈之容許時間（Ta） 34
圖4- 5 推估受測者達到R值1.2，預估每天暴露1,2,4,8小時 35

參考文獻
1.葉文裕，劉玉文，盧士一，「堆高機駕駛人員全身振動調查與對策」，行政院勞工委員會安全衛生研究所（2002）
2.劉玉文，葉文裕，盧士一，「拖車司機振動暴露調查研究」，行政院勞工委員會安全衛生研究所季刊，第十卷第四期，第304-314頁，民國91年度報告（2002）
3.盧士一、張銘坤，「垃圾車駕駛人員之全身性振動暴露評估研究」，行政院勞工委員會勞工安全衛生研究所研究報告，台北，ISOH90-H306（2006）
4.Alem N: Application of the new ISO 2631-5 to health hazard assessment of repeated shocks in U.S. army vehicles. Industrial Health 43:403-412, 2005.
5.Bongers, P.M., Boshuizen, H.C., Hulshof, T.J., Koemeester, A.P., 1988. Back disorders in crane operators exposed to whole-body vibration. International Archives on Occupational Environmental Health 60, 129-37.
6.Boshuizen, H.C., Bongers, P.M., Hulshof, C.T., 1992. Self-reported back pain in fork-lift truck and freight-container tractor drivers exposed to whole-body vibration. Spine 17, 59-65.
7.Bovenzi B, Hulshof CTJ: An updated review of epidemiologic studies on the relationship between exposure to whole-body vibration and low back pain (1986-1997). Int Arch Occup Environ Health 72:351-365, 1999.
8.Bovenzi, M., Zadini, A., 1992. Self-reported low back symptoms in urban bus drivers exposed to whole-body vibration. Spine 17, 1048-59.
9.Cann, A.P., Salmoni, A.W., Eger, T.R., 2004. Predictors of whole-body vibration exposure experienced by highway transport truck operators. Ergonomics 47, 1432-1453.
10.Chen, H.C., Chen, C.Y., Lee, C.L., Wu, H.C., Lou, S.Z., Data logging and analysis tools for worksite measurement of physical workload, Sixteenth World Congress of the IEA, Maastricht, 10-14 July 2006.
11.Chen, H.C., Chen, W.C, Liu, Y.P., Chen, C.Y., Pan, Y.T., Whole-body vibration exposure experienced by motorcycle riders – An evaluation according to ISO 2631-1 and ISO 2631-5 standards, Proceedings of the Fifteenth Annual Meeting of the Ergonomics Society of Taiwan, Tamsui, Taipei, 15 March 2008. (in Chinese)
12.Chen, J.C., Chang, W.R., Shih, T.S., Chen, C.J., Chang, W.P., Dennerlein, J.T., Ryan, L.M., Christiani, D.C., 2003, Predictors of whole-body vibration levels among urban taxi drivers. Ergonomics 46, 1075-90..
13.Donati, P.,1998. A procedure for developing a vibration test method for specific categories of industrial trucks. Journal of Sound and Vibration 215, 947-57.
14.Eckardt, J., Siegfried, F., Eberhard, C., Benno, G., Paul, L., Whole-Body Vibration Exposure Study in U.S. Railroad Locomotives-An Ergonomic Risk Assessment., AIHA Journal, Vol.63, pp.439-449(2002) .
15.Eger, T., Stevenson, J., Boileau, P.-É., Salmoni, A., VibRG, 2008. Predictions of health risks associated with the operation of load-haul-dump mining vehicles: Part 1—Analysis of whole-body vibration exposure using ISO 2631-1 and ISO 2631-5 standards. International Journal of Industrial Ergonomics 38, 726-738.
16.Frymoyer, J.W., Newberg, A., Pope, M.H., Wilder, D.G., Clements, J., MacPherson, B., 1984. Spine radiographs in patients with low-back pain. An epidemiology study in men. Journal of Bone & Joint Surgery- American volume 66, 1048-55.
17.Geraldine, S. N., Neil, J. M., Luca, N., Inter-cycle variation in whole-body vibration exposures of operators driving track-type loader machines., Journal of Sound and Vibration , Vol.298(2006).
18.Goglia, V., Grbac, I., Whole-body vibration transmitted to the framesaw operator., Applied Ergonomics, Vol.36, pp.43-48(2005).
19.Griffin, M.J., 1998. General hazards: vibration, Encyclopedia of Occupational Health and Safety (International Labour Organization Geneva), 50.2-50.15.
20.Hulshof, CTJ., Van Der Laan, G., Braam, ITJ., Verbeek, JHAM (2002) The fate of Mrs. Robinson :Criteria for recognition of whole-body vibration injury as an occupational disease. Journal of Sound and Vibration. 253(1):185-194.
21.Hulshof, CTJ., Van Der Laan, G., Braam, ITJ., Verbeek, JHAM (2002) The fate of Mrs. Robinson :Criteria for recognition of whole-body vibration injury as an occupational disease. Journal of Sound and Vibration. 253(1):185-194.
22.International Organization for Standardization, 1997. ISO2631-1. Mechanical vibration and shock– evaluation of human exposure to whole-body vibration. Part 1: General requirements. Geneva: ISO.
23.International Organization for Standardization, 2004. ISO2631-5. Mechanical vibration and shock– evaluation of human exposure to whole-body vibration. Part 5: Method for evaluation of vibration containing multiple shocks. Geneva: ISO.
24.IRF, World road statistics 2006 – data 1999 to 2004. International Road Federation (IRF), Geneva, Switzerland.
25.Khorshida, E., Alkalby, F., Kamal, H., Measurement of Whole-body vibration exposure from speed control humps., Journal of Sound and Vibration, Vol.304, pp.640-659(2007).
26.Lajunen, T. and Parker, D., 2001, Are aggressive people aggressive drivers?: A study of the relationship between self-reported general aggressiveness. driver anger and aggressive driving. Accident Analysis & Prevention, 33, 243-255.
27.Liu, Y.P., Chen, H.C., Chen, C.Y., 2006. Multi-transducer data logger for worksite measurement of physical workload. J Medical and Biological Engineering 26, 21-8.
28.Maeda, S., M. Morioka. Measurement of whole-body vibration exposure from garbage trucks. Journal of Sound and Vibration 1998；215(4)：959-964.
29.Malchaire, J., Piette, A., Mullier, I., 1996. Vibration exposure on fork-lift trucks. Ann Occup Hyg. 40, 79-91.
30.Mansfield, N. J. and Griffin, M. J., 2002. Effects of posture and vibration magnitude on apparent mass and pelvis rotation during exposure to whole-body vertical vibration. Journal of Sound and Vibration 253, 93–107.
31.Mizell, L., 1997, Aggressive driving. Washington, D.C.: American Automobile Association Foundation for Traffic Safety.
32.Muzammil. M., Siddiqui. S. S., Hasan. F., Physiological effect of vibrations on tractor drivers under variable ploughing conditions., Journal of Occupational Health, Vol.46, pp.403-409（2004）.
33.Norris, F. H., Matthews, B. A., and Riad, J. K., 2000, Characterological, situational, and behavioural risk factors for motor vehicle accidents: A prospective examination. Accident Analysis and Prevention. 32, 505–515.
34.Olanrewaju, O. O., Steven, J. S., Marianne, M., Malcolm, P., City bus driving and low back pain: A study of the exposures to posture demand, manual materials handling and Whole-body vibration.,Applied Ergonomics, Vol.38, pp.29-38(2007).
35.Ozkaya, N., Willems, B. and Goldsheyder, D., 1994. Whole-body vibration exposure: a comprehensive field study. American Industrial Hygiene Association Journal 55, 1164-71.
36.Paddan, G. S. and Griffin M. J., 2002, Effect of seating on exposures to shole-body vibration in vehicles. Journal of Sound and Vibration 253, 215-241.
37.Parker, D., Reason, J. T., Manstead, A. S. R. and Stradling, S., 1995, Driving errors, driving violations and accident involvement. Ergonomics, 38, 1036-1048.
38.Pirtte, A. and Malchaire, J., 1992. Technical characteristics of overhead cranes influencing the vibration exposure of operators. Applied Ergonomics 22, 121-7.
39.Rehn B., Lundström R., Nilsson L., Liljelind I., Jörvholm B., 2005, Variation in exposure to whole-body vibration for operators of forwarder vehicles - aspects on measurement strategies and prevention. International Journal of Industrial Ergonomics. 35:831-42.
40.Seidel H., 1993. Selected health risks caused by long-term whole-body vibration. American Journal of Industrial Medicine 23, 589-604.
41.Stradling, S. G. and Meadows, L. M., 1999, Highway code and aggressive violations in UK drivers. Paper presented to the Aggressive Diving Issues Conference, Ontario Ministry for Transportation, Toronto.
42.Stradling, S., 2000, Drivers who Speed. Impact, 9:2, 30–41.
43.Taiwan IOSH, 2007. Development of software and field testing tools for assessing whole-body vibration with shocks. Taiwan Institute of Occupational Safety and Health (IOSH), Council of Labor Affairs, Taiwan. Contract Report No. IOSH 96-H318. (in Chinese)
44.Troup, J., 1988. Clinical effects of shock and vibration on the spine. Clinical Biomechanics 3, 227-31.
45.Wasserman, D.E., Wilder, D.G., Pope, M.H., Magnusson, M., Aleksiev, A.R., Wasserman, J.F., 1997. Whole-body vibration exposure and occupational work-hardening. Journal of Occupational and Environmental Medicine 39, 403-7.
46.Wikström, B., Kjellberg, A., Landström, U., 1994. Health effect of long-term occupational exposure to whole-body vibration: a review. International Journal of Industrial Ergonomics 14, 273-92.