過往學業成就以男性較具優勢，但是自1960年教育全面擴張後，此現象開始產生改變，從男性具有優勢逐漸變成兩性平等，近年更轉變為女性較具優勢，進而產生了一種新的性別差異(New gender gap)。國外已有許多書籍與研究探討此現象，而台灣尚未有類似研究。而台灣是否亦有女性學業成就高於男性的新性別差異出現？除此之外，國外既有研究發現當同為弱勢(如黑人、父母低收入或低教育程度)時，會加劇兩性差異，台灣是否亦有相同現象？而女性學業表現何以優於男性的相關解釋眾說紛紜，其中家長教養行為之國外既有文獻指出透過家長教養行為可以提升孩童學業成就，家長傾向給予男童較多的教養，且教養對男性的影響大於女性，有助於減少兩性學業成就的差異。而在台灣，家長教養行為是否也隨孩童性別而有所差異？而教養行為又能否夠有效減少兩性學業成就的差異呢？
　　本研究使用「台灣教育長期追蹤資料庫」於2001年蒐集之國中一年級學生的樣本，利用多元迴歸分析方法來探討學業成就之性別差異以及家長教養行為對於兩性學業成就差異的影響。

目前主要發現有：
1. 女性於國一時期，其學業成就顯著優於男性，且在各類家庭類型中皆是。
2. 同為單親家庭時，男性學業成就顯著低於女性，且兩性差距顯著較雙親家庭大。
3. 家長獎勵教養行為有助於減少兩性之性別差異。
4. 家長獎勵教養之行為，並不隨孩童之性別而有差異。
5. 家長之獎勵教養行為對於男性學業成就之影響顯著高於女性。

Boys used to be more advance in academic than girls, but since 1960 the expansion of education, there have some change. From male advance than girls to equal, then reverse in recent years. The reversion has been called “New Gender Gap”. There are a lot of research and books to discuss this phenomenon in U.S.A., but still absence in Taiwan. Except that, some researchers found the gap will be expand when the students were in some weakness. How about Taiwan? Is there the same situation? The explanation for the new gender gap is abundant, and some research had proved parenting can improve children’s academic achievement, and parents tend to give more parenting to boys. The impact is much more for boys than girls, and through parenting that we can reduce the gap between boys and girls. How about Taiwan? Dose the parenting vary with the gender of child? Dose the parenting can significantly reduce the gender gap in academic?
This study use Taiwan Education Panel Survey (TEPS) “Wave-1 student questionnaire” as the main analytic data, and we use the “OLS simple regression” as the main analytic method to explore the gender gap in academic and the impact of parenting for boys and girls. The results are:
1. Girls are significant higher in academic achievement than boys, and in all type of family have the same result.
2. Boys are significantly low in academic achievement than girls in single family, and the gap is significantly larger than two-parents family.
3. Parents’ encourage and reward parenting can usefully reduce the gender gap.
4. Parents’ encourage and reward parenting doesn’t change with the gender of children.
5. For academic achievement, the parents’ encourage and reward parenting impact for boys is significant more than girls.

目錄
第一章、 緒論............................................................................................................1
第二章、 文獻回顧...................................................................................................3
第一節、 性別差異之趨勢探討...................................................................................3
第二節、 弱勢族群之性別差異...................................................................................4
第三節、 單親家庭定義及其弱勢...............................................................................5
第四節、 兩性學業成就差異之相關解釋..................................................................8
第五節、 家長教養行為及其種類...............................................................................12
第六節、 獎勵與忽視之教養行為對孩童的影響.....................................................14
第七節、 兩性孩童其家長教養行為之差異.............................................................15
第八節、 家長教養行為對兩性孩童學業成就影響之差異....................................17
第九節、 小結與提問....................................................................................................18
第三章、 資料來源與研究方法..............................................................................20
第一節、 資料來源說明................................................................................................20
第二節、 研究變項說明與編碼...................................................................................21
第三節、 分析步驟與方法...........................................................................................27
第四章、 統計結果..................................................................................................28
第一節、 各家庭類型學童之平均學業成就.............................................................28
第二節、 各類家庭中兩性學業成就之性別差異....................................................28
第三節、 雙親家庭與其他家庭之兩性學業成就差異比較...................................30
第四節、 各類家庭之家長獎勵行為之差異............................................................32
第五節、 家長反應對於兩性學業成就差異之影響...............................................34
第六節、 兩性孩童家長獎勵行為的差異................................................................36
第七節、 家長獎勵行為對兩性學童學業成就影響之差異..................................37
第八節、 家長各類獎勵行為對男性學童之影響及其交互作用..........................41
第五章、 結論與研究限制....................................................................................42
第一節、 結論..............................................................................................................43
第二節、 討論..............................................................................................................44
第三節、 研究限制.....................................................................................................47
參考文獻.........................................................................................................................49
附錄.................................................................................................................................55

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