臺灣博碩士論文加值系統

牛樟芝(Antrodia cinnamomea) 是台灣特有的傳統藥用菌類，具有許多的生理活性，尤其是具有抗腫瘤及抗發炎的特性。本論文的研究分為兩個部分探討液態發酵牛樟芝菌絲之甲醇萃取物之藥理活性，第一部分為抗血癌，第二部分為抗發炎的活性，並進一步探討其作用之分子機制。在第一部分的研究中，我們是第一個發現牛樟芝對人類急性骨髓瘤HL60細胞具有促進分化的能力，處理牛樟芝菌絲甲醇萃取物(MEMAC)可以抑制HL60細胞之增生，使細胞週期停至於G1期，進而誘導血癌細胞分化為單核球。實驗的結果顯示MEMAC是藉由extracellular signal-regulated kinase (ERK)的磷酸化，促進其下游路徑的活化，上調轉錄因子CCAAT/enhancer binding protein β (C/EBPβ)的表現及活性。這結果証明MEMAC誘導血癌細胞分化為單核球是經由活化ERK的路徑，促使C/EBPβ活化在核內與CD14基因啟動子附近的調控區結合，進而增加CD14的表現。由於CD14的表現是單核球分化的指標分子之一，因此本實驗之結果顯示，MEMAC是具有促進人類血癌細分化潛力的誘導劑。在第二部分的研究中，我們利用離體細胞培養及活體動物模式評估MEMAC抗發炎的活性。在細胞抗發炎的試驗中，將小鼠巨噬細胞(RAW264.7 cells)，先預處理MEMAC，再分別以lipopolysaccharide (LPS)、palmitoyl-3-cysteine-serine-lysine-4 (Pam3CSK4)、poly -inosine–polycytidylic acid (PolyIC)處理，誘導發炎細胞活化，分析MEMAC對發炎相關的細胞素及介質釋放之影響。結果顯示MEMAC可抑制分別經由LPS、Pam3CSK4、PolyIC誘導之小鼠巨噬細胞的發炎反應，降低發炎細胞素如腫瘤致死因子(TNF-α) 和白介素 (IL-6)，以及一氧化氮(NO)及前列腺素E2(PGE2)的釋放，並且抑制一氧化氮合成酶(iNOS)和環氧合酵素-2 (COX2) 的基因表現。在活體動物試驗是利用λ-角叉菜膠誘導小鼠足蹠腫脹作為一種被誘發的動物發炎模式。以腹腔注射MEMAC及indomethacin觀察急性足蹠腫脹之現象。試驗結果顯示，MEMAC可明顯抑制λ-角叉菜膠誘導小鼠足蹠腫脹，MEMAC (400 mg/kg)也可以減少λ-角叉菜膠誘導白血球轉移之能力(50.92 ± 5.71%)。同時，MEMAC處理也可增加小鼠肝臟中catalase (CAT)、superoxide dismutase (SOD)、及 glutathione peroxidase (GPx)的活性，和降低血清中λ-角叉菜膠所造成之一氧化氮(NO)及腫瘤致死因子(TNF-α)之含量。

Antrodia cinnamomea (named as Niu-chang-chih), a well-known Taiwanese folk medicinal mushroom, has a broad-spectrum of pharmacological effects, especially with anti-tumor and anti-inflammatory properties. In this study, we attempted to assess the anti-leukemia and anti-inflammatory activities and mode of action of the methanol extract from liquid cultured mycelia of A. cinnamomea (MEMAC). In part 1, we examined the potential role and the underlying mechanisms of MEMAC in the cell growth and differentiation of human acute myeloid leukemia HL60 cells. We found firstly that MEMAC inhibited proliferation and induced G1 cell cycle arrest in HL60 cells. Moreover, MEMAC could induce differentiation of HL60 cells into the monocytic lineage. In addition, MEMAC activated the extracellular signal-regulated kinase (ERK) pathway and increased CCAAT/enhancer-binding protein β (C/EBPβ) expression. These findings demonstrate that MEMAC-induced HL60 cell monocytic differentiation might be via the activating ERK signaling pathway, and upregulating the downstream transcription factor C/EBPβ, consequently enhancing the differentiation marker CD14 gene expression. These observations suggest that MEMAC might be a potential differentiation-inducing agent for treatment of leukemia. In part 2, we evaluated the anti-inflammatory effect of MEMAC in both in vitro and in vivo systems. The in vitro anti-inflammatory activity of MEMAC was judged by the measurement of the levels of pro-inflammatory cytokines and mediators in lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-, palmitoyl-3-cysteine-serine-lysine-4 (Pam3CSK4)-, polyinosine–polycytidylic acid (PolyIC)-stimulated RAW264.7 cells, respectively. The results showed that MEMAC inhibited the production of LPS, Pam3CSK4, PolyIC-induced pro-inflammatory cytokines(TNF-α and IL-6), and mediators (NO and PGE2). Moreover, MEMAC decreased the levels of inducible nitric oxide synthase (iNOS) and cyclooxygenase-2 (COX2) protein expression in LPS-stimulated RAW264.7 macrophages. The in vivo anti-inflammatory activity of MEMAC was carried out using carrageenan-induced hind paw edema in mice. The data indicated that MEMAC exhibited significant (p < 0.05) anti-inflammatory activity by reducing the edema volume in carrageenan-induced paw edema in mice. MEMAC (400 mg/kg) also reduced the carrageenan-induced leukocyte migration (50.92 ± 5.71%). Furthermore, MEMAC also increased the activities of catalase (CAT), superoxide dismutase (SOD), and glutathione peroxidase (GPx) in the liver tissue and decreased the levels of serum NO and TNF-α after carrageenan administration. Taken together, our findings reveal that MEMAC has the anti-AML and anti-inflammatory properties.

Acknowledgements ...................................................................................... i
Abstract in Chinese .................................................................................... iv
Abstract in English .................................................................................... vii
CONTENTS .................................................................................................x
List of tables ............................................................................................. xiv
List of figures ............................................................................................ xv
List of abbreviations ................................................................................ xvi
Chapter 1: Introduction ............................................................................1
1. 1 Antrodia cinnamomea (A. cinnamomea) ..........................................1
1.1.1 Classification and identification ...............................................1
1.1.2 Morphological description ........................................................3
1.1.3 Chemical constituents ...............................................................4
1.1.4 Pharmacological effects ............................................................4
1.2 Acute myeloid leukemia and differentiation therapy ......................11
1.2.1 Acute myeloid leukemia .........................................................11
1.2.2 Differentiation therapy ........................................................... 14
1.2.3 Leukemia differentiation and cell cycle arrest ...................... 18
1.2.4 Monocyte differentiation marker-CD14 ................................ 21
1.2.5 CCAAT/enhancer-binding protein (C/EBP)
transcription factors and monocyte differentiation .............. 22
1.2.6 MAPK pathway and monocytic differentiation .................... 24
1.3 Inflammation ................................................................................... 27
1.3.1 Inflammation inducers-LPS, PolyIC, and Pam3CSK4 ......... 27
1.3.2 Inflammatory cytokines- TNF-α and IL-6 ............................. 32
1.3.3 iNOS and NO ......................................................................... 39
1.3.4 COX2 and PGE2.................................................................... 42
Chapter 2: Thesis rationale, hypotheses and aims .............................. 49
2.1 Rationale and hypotheses ............................................................... 49
2.2 Aims of the study ............................................................................ 51
Chapter 3: Materials and Methods ....................................................... 54
3.1 Chemicals ........................................................................................ 54
3.2 Strain and culture condition ............................................................ 54
3.3 Preparation for the methanolic extracts of mycelia from liquid
culture of A. cinnamomea (MEMAC) ............................................ 55
3.4 Cell culture ...................................................................................... 56
3.5 Isolation of the peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMC)
from patient and healthy volunteer ................................................. 57
3.6 Anti-leukemia experiments ............................................................. 57
3.6.1 Cell viability assay ................................................................. 57
3.6.2 Flow cytometry analysis ........................................................ 58
3.6.3 Morphologic changes by Wright–Giemsa stain .................... 58
3.6.4 Nitroblue tetrazolium (NBT) reduction assay ....................... 59
3.6.5 Non-specific esterase (NSE) assay ........................................ 59
3.6.6 Western blotting analysis ....................................................... 60
3.6.7 Reverse transcriptase polymerase chain reaction
(RT-PCR) .............................................................................. 61
3.6.8 DNA affinity precipitation assay (DAPA) ............................. 62
3.6.9 Chromatin immunoprecipitation (ChIP) assay ...................... 63
3.7 Anti-inflammation experiments - both in vitro and in vivo ............ 63
3.7.1 In vtro cell culture experiments ............................................. 63
3.7.2 In vivo animal experiments ................................................... 66
3.8 Statistical analysis ........................................................................... 70
Chapter 4: Results................................................................................... 72
4.1 Part 1: Methanol extract of Antrodia cinnamomea mycelia
induces phenotypic and functional differentiation of HL60 into
monocyte-like cells via an ERK/CEBPβ signaling pathway ..... 72
4.1.1 Effect of MEMAC on the growth of HL60 cells ................... 72
4.1.2 MEMAC induces monocytic differentiation in HL60
cells ....................................................................................... 73
4.1.3 Involvement of MEK/ERK pathway and C/EBPβ
transcription factor in MEMAC-induced differentiation
of HL60 cells ........................................................................ 74
4.1.4 The ERK1/2 pathway is upstream of the expression of
C/EBPβ and CD14, as well as HL60 differentiation ............ 76
4.1.5 Effects of MEMAC on the differentiation of leukemia
cells in primary culture ......................................................... 77
4.2 Part 2: Anti-inflammatory effects of methanol extract of
Antrodia cinnamomea mycelia both in vitro and in vivo............... 78
4.2.1 Effect of MEMAC on cell viability of RAW264.7
macrophage cell line and human PBMCs ............................ 78
4.2.2 MEMAC suppressed immunogens induced
pro-inflammatory cytokine and mediator production .......... 78
4.2.3 MEMAC reduced LPS-induced pro-inflammatory
cytokine and mediator production in human PBMCs .......... 79
4.2.4 Inhibition of LPS-induced iNOS and COX2 protein
expression by MEMAC ........................................................ 79
4.2.5 MEMAC alleviated carrageenan-induced mouse paw
edema. .................................................................................. 80
4.2.6 MEMAC reduced MDA, NO and TNF-α production
in vivo................................................................................... 80
4.2.7 Effects of MEMAC on activities of antioxidant
enzymes ................................................................................ 81
4.2.8 Histological examination ....................................................... 82
Chapter 5: Discussion............................................................................. 83
Chapter 6: Conclusion............................................................................ 94
References ................................................................................................. 96
Tables and Figures .................................................................................. 155
Appendix: List of publications ............................................................... 171

Aebi, H., 1984. Catalase in vitro. Methods Enzymol 105, 121-126.
Alderton W.K, Cooper C.E, Knowles R.G. 2001. Nitric oxide synthases:
structure, function and inhibition. Biochem J 357,593-615.
Alexopoulou, L., Holt, A.C., Medzhitov, R., Flavell, R.A., 2001.
Recognition of double-stranded RNA and activation of NF-κB by
Toll-like receptor 3. Nature 413, 732-738.
Aliprantis, A.O., Yang, R.B., Mark, M.R., Suggett, S., Devaux, B.,
Radolf, J.D., Klimpel, G.R., Godowski, P., Zychlinsky, A., 1999.
Cell activation and apoptosis by bacterial lipoproteins through tolllike
receptor-2. Science 285, 736-739.
Akdis, C.A., Kussebi F., Pulendran B., Akdis M, Lauener R.P., Schmidt-
Weber C.B., 2003. Inhibition of T helper 2-type responses, IgE
production and eosinophilia by synthetic lipopeptides. Eur J
Immunol 33, 2717-26.
Akira, S., and Takeda, K., 2004. Toll- like receptor signalling. Nat Rev
Immunol 4, 499-511.
Andreakos E, Sacre S.M., Smith C., Lundberg A., Kiriakidis S.,
Stonehouse T., 2004. Distinct pathways of LPS-induced NF-kappa
B activation and cytokine production in human myeloid and
nonmyeloid cells defined by selective utilization of MyD88 and
Mal/TIRAP. Blood 103, 2229-2237.
Anwarul, H.G., Muhammad, N.G., Peter, J.H., Qaiser, J., Syed, F.K.,
Maliha, J., Sheikh, A.S., 2006. Studies on the hypotensive,
cadio-suppressant, vasodilator and antiplatelet activities of betel nut
crude extract and its constituents. Int J Pharmacol 2, 33-41.
Ao, Z.H., Xu, Z.H., Lu, Z.M., Xu, H.Y., Zhang, X.M., Dou, W.F., 2009.
Niuchangchih (Antrodia camphorata) and its potential in treating
liver diseases. J Ethnopharm 121, 194-212.
Aquino V.M., 2002. Acute myelogenous leukemia. Curr Probl Pediatr
Adolesc Health Care 32, 50-58.
Arch, R.H., Thompson, C.B., 1999. Lymphocyte survival—the struggle
against death. Annu Rev Cell Dev Bi 15, 113-140.
Archer, S.L., Freude, K.A., Shultz, P.J., 1995. Effect of graded hypoxia
on the induction and function of inducible nitric oxide synthase in
rat mesangial cells. Circ Res 77, 21-28.
Armstrong S.A., Staunton J.E., Silverman L.B., 2002. MLL
translocations specify a distinct gene expression profile that
distinguishes a unique leukemia. Nature Genetics 30, 41-47.
Baudard M., Marie J.P., Cadiou M., Viguie´F., Zittoun R., 1994. Acute
myelogenous leukaemia in the elderly: retrospective study of 235
patients. Br J Haematol 86, 82-91.
Beutler, B., Greenwald, D., Hulmes, J.D., Chang, M., Pan, Y.C.,
Mathison, J., Ulevitch, R., Cerami, A., 1985. Identity of tumor
necrosis factor and the macrophage-secreted factor cachectin.
Nature 316, 552-554.
Beyaert, R., Van Loo, G., Heyninck, K., Vandenabeele, P., 2002.
Signaling to gene activation and cell death by tumor necrosis factor
receptors and Fas. Int Rev Cytol 214, 225-272.
Bhatia, M., Kirkland J., Meckling-Gill, K., 1994 M-CSF and 1,25
Dihydroxyvitamin D3 synergize with 12-O-tetradecanoylphorbol98
13-acetate to induce macrophage differentiation in acute
promyelocytic leukemia NB4 cells. Leukemia 8, 1744-1749.
Black, R.A., Rauch, C.T., Kozlosky, C.J., Peschon, J.J., Slack, J.L.,
Wolfson, M.F., Castner, B.J., Stocking, K.L., Reddy, P., Srinivasan,
S., Nelson, N., Boiani, N., Schooley, K.A., Gerhart, M., Davis, R.,
Fitzner, J.N., Johnson, R.S., Paxton, R.J., March, C.J., Cerretti, D.P.,
1997. A metalloproteinase disintegrin that releases tumournecrosis
factor-alpha from cells. Nature 385, 729-33.
Bogdan, C., 2001. Nitric oxide and the immune response. Nature
Immunol 2 (10), 907-916.
Bodmer, J.L., Schneider, P., Tschopp, J., 2002. The molecular
architecture of the TNF superfamily. Trends Biochem Sci 27, 19-
26.
Borchers, A., Keen, C., Gershwin, M., 2004. Mushrooms, Tumors, and
Immunity: An Update. Exp Biol Med 229, 393-406.
Boulos, C., Jiang, H., Balazy, M., 2000. Diffusion of peroxynitrite into
the human platelet inhibits cyclooxygenase via nitration of tyrosine
residues. J Pharmacol Exp Ther 293, 222-229.
Brach, M.A., Hass, R., Sherman, M.L., Gunji, H., Weichselbaum, R.,
Kufe, D., 1991. Ionizing radiation induces expression and binding
activity of the nuclear factor kB. J Clin Invest 88, 691-695.
Breitkreutz, I., Raab, M.S., Vallet, S., Hideshima, T., Raje, N., Chauhan,
D., Munshi, N.C., Richardson, P.G., Anderson, K.C., 2007.
Targeting MEK1/2 blocks osteoclast differentiation, function and
cytokine secretion in multiple myeloma. Br J Haematol 139, 55-63.
Breitman, T.R., Selonick, S.E., Collins, S.J. 1980. Induction of
differentiation of the human promyelocytic leukemia cell line
(HL60) by retinoic acid. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 77, 2936-2940.
Brentano F., Schorr O, Gay R.E., Gay S., Kyburz D., 2005. RNA released
from necrotic synovial fluid cells activates rheumatoid arthritis
synovial fibroblasts via Toll-like receptor 3. Arthr Rheum 52,
2656-2665.
Brett, J., Gerlach, H., Nawroth, P., Steinberg, S., Godman, G., Stern, D.,
1989. Tumor necrosis factor/cachectin increases permeability of
endothelial cell monolayers by a mechanism involving regulatory G
proteins. J Exp Med 169, 1977-1991
Burrell, R., 1994. Human responses to bacterial endotoxin. Circ Shock 43,
137-153.
Campos, L., Guyotat, D., Archimbaud, E., Devaux, Y., Treille, D., Larese,
A., 1989. Surface marker expression in adult acute myeloid
leukaemia: correlations with initial characteristics, morphology and
response to therapy. Br J Haematol 72, 161-166.
Candore, G., Vasto, S., Colonna-Romano, G., Lio, D., Caruso, M., Rea,
I.M., Caruso, C., 2006. Atherosclerosis. In: Cytokine Gene
Polymorphisms in Multifactorial Conditions, Vandenbroeck, Boca
Raton, pp. 363-378.
Cao, Z., Umek, R.M., McKnight, S.L., 1991. Regulated expression of
three C/EBP isoforms during adipose conversion of 3T3–L1 cells.
Genes Dev 5, 1538-1552.
Carlson, M.L., Wilson, E.T., Prescott, S.M., 2003. Regulation of COX2
transcription in a colon cancer cell line by Pontin52/TIP49a. Mol
Cancer 2, 42.
Caron, G., Delneste, Y., Aubry, J.P., Magistrelli, G., Herbault, N.,
Blaecke, A., Meager, A., Bonnefoy, J.Y., Jeannin, P., 1999. Human
NK cells constitutively express membrane TNF-alpha (mTNFalpha)
and present mTNFalpha-dependent cytotoxic activity. Eur J
Immunol 29, 3588-3595.
Chambaud, I., Wroblewski, H., and Blanchard, A., 1999. Interactions
between mycoplasma lipoproteins and the host immune system.
Trends Microbiol 7, 493-499.
Chambon, P., 1994. The retinoid signaling pathway: molecular and
genetic analyses. Semin Cell Biol 5, 115-125.
Chan, E.D., Chan, J., Schluger, N.W., 2001. What is the role of nitric
oxide in murine and human host defense against tuberculosis?
Current knowledge. Am J Respir Cell Mol Biol 25(5), 606-612.
Chandrasekharan, N.V., Dai, H., Roos, K.L., 2002. COX3, a
cyclooxygenase- 1 variant inhibited by acetaminophen and other
analgesic/ antipyretic drugs cloning, structure and expression. Proc
Natl Acad Sci USA 99, 13926-13931.
Chang, C.Y., Huang, Z.N., Yu, H.H., Chang, L.H., Li, S.L., Chen, Y.P.,
Lee, K.Y., Chuu, J.J., 2008. The adjuvant effects of Antrodia
Camphorata extracts combined with anti-tumor agents on multidrug
resistant human hepatoma cells. J Ethnopharm 118, 387-395.
Chang, H.Y., Sheu, M.J., Yang, C.H., Leu, Z.C., Chang, Y.S., Peng, W.H.,
Huang, S.S., Huang, G.J., 2009. Analgesic effects and the
mechanisms of anti-inflammation of hispolon in mice. eCAM
doi:10.1093/ecam/nep 027.
Chang, T.T., Chou, W.N., 1995. Antrodia cinnamomea sp. nov. on
Cinnamomum kanehirai in Taiwan. Mycol Res 99, 756-758.
Chang, T.T., and Chou, W.N., 2004. Antrodia cinnamomea reconsidered
and A. salmonea sp. nov. on Cunninghamia konishii in Taiwan. Bot
Bull Acad Sinica 45, 347-352.
Chellappan, S.P., Giordano, A., Fisher, P.B., 1998. Role of
cyclin-dependent kinases and their inhibitors in cellular
differentiation and development. Curr Top Microbiol Immunol 227,
57-103.
Chen, S.C., Lu, M.K., Cheng, J.J., and Wang, D.L., 2005. Antiangiogenic
activities of polysaccharides isolated from medicinal fungi, FEMS
Microbiol Lett 249(2), 247-254.
Chen, C.C., Shiao, Y.J., Lin, R.D., Shao, Y.Y., Lai, M.N., Lin, C.C., Ng,
L.T., and Kuo, Y.H., 2006. Neuroprotective Diterpenes from the
Fruiting Body of Antrodia camphorate. J Nat Prod 69, 689-691.
Chen, C.C., Liu, Y.W., Ker Y.B., 2007. Chemical characterization and
anti-inflammatory effect of polysaccharides fractionated from
submerge-cultured Antrodia camphorate mycelia. J Agric Food
Chem 55(13), 5007-5012.
Chen, C.C., Sun, Y.T., Chen, J.J., 2001. Tumor necrosis
factor-alphainduced cyclooxygenase-2 expression via sequential
activation of ceramide-dependent mitogen-activated protein kinases,
and IkappaB kinase 1/2 in human alveolar epithelial cells. Mol
Pharmacol 59, 493-500.
Chen, C.J., Hsu, M.H., Kuo, S.C., Lai, Y.Y., Chung, J.G., and Huang,
L.J., 2007. (2E)-N,N-dibutyl-3-(4-hydroxy-3-methoxyphenyl)
acrylamide Induces Apoptosis and Cell Cycle Arrest in HL60 Cells.
Anticancer Res 27, 343-350.
Chen, G.Q., Shim, X.G., Tang, W., Xiong, S.M., Zhu, J., Cai, X., 1997.
Use of arsenic trioxide (As2O3) in the treatment of acute
promyelocytic leukemia (APL). I. As2O3 exerts dose-dependent
dual effects on APL cells. Blood 89, 3345-3353.
Chen, G.Q., Zhu, J., Shi, X.G., 1996. In vitro studies on cellular and
molecular mechanisms of arsenic trioxide (As2O3) in the treatment
of acute promyelocytic leukemia: As2O3 induces NB4 cell apoptosis
with downregulation of Bcl-2 expression and modulation of
PML-RAR alpha/PML proteins. Blood 88, 1052-1061.
Chen, Y.C., Liu, Y.L., Li, F.Y., Chang, C.I., Wang, S.Y., Lee, K.Y., 2011.
Antcin A, a steroid-like compound from Antrodia camphorata,
exerts anti-inflammatory effect via mimicking glucocorticoids. Acta
Pharmacol Sin 32, 904-911.
Chen, Z., Chen, G.Q., Shen, Z.X., Chen, S.J, Wang, Z.Y., 2001.
Treatment of acute promyelocytic leukemia with arsenic
compounds: in in vitro and in vivo studies. Semin Hematol 38,
26-36.
Chen, Z.X., Xue, Y.Q., Zhang, R., Tao, R.F., Xia, X.M., Li, C., 1991. A
clinical and experimental study on all-trans retinoic acid-treated
acute promyelocytic leukemia. Blood 78, 1413-1419.
Cherng, I.H., Chiang, H.C., Cheng, M.C., Wang, Y.U., 1995. Three new
triterpenoids from Antrodia cinnamomea, J Nat Prod 58(3),
365-371.
Cherng, I.H., Wu, D.P., Chiang, H.C., 1996. Triterpenoids from Antrodia
cinnamomea. Phytochemistry 41, 263-267.
Chiang, C.H., Wu, D.P., Cherng, I.W., Ueng, U.C., 1995. A
sesquiterpene lactone, phenyl and biphenyl compounds from
Antrodia cinnamomea. Phytochemistry 39(3), 613-616.
Chin, A.I., Miyahira, A.K., Covarrubias, A., Teague, J., Guo, B.,
Dempsey, P.W., Cheng, G., 2010. Toll-like receptor 3-mediated
suppression of TRAMP prostate cancer shows the critical role of
type I interferons in tumor immune surveillance. Cancer Res 70,
2595-2603.
Chiu, H.H., 2007. Phylogenetic analysis of Antrodia species and Antrodia
camphorata inferred from internal transcribed spacer region.
Antonie van Leeuwenhoek 91:267-276.
Christina, S.C., Konyer, J.E., Meckling, K.A., 2004. 1α,
25-dihydroxyvitamin D3 and bryostatin-1 synergize to induce
monocytic differentiation of NB4 acute promyelocytic leukemia
cells by modulating cell cycle progression. Exp Cell Res 294,
301-311.
Clark, C.S., Konyer, J.E., Meckling, K.A., 2004.1α,25-dihydroxyvitamin
D3 and bryostatin-1 synergize to induce monocytic differentiation
of NB4 acute promyelocytic leukemia cells by modulating cell
cycle progression. Exp Cell Res 294, 301-311.
Coddington, J.W., Hurst, J.K., Lymar, S.V., 1999. Hydroxyl radical
formation during peroxynitrous acid decomposition. J Am Chem
Soc 121, 2438-2443.
Coffman, F.D., Studzinski, G.P., 1999. Differentiation-related
mechanisms which suppress DNA replication. Exp Cell Res 248,
58-73.
Cohen, J., 2002. The immunopathogenesis of sepsis. Nature 420,
885-891.
Cok, S.J., Morrison, A.R., 1997. The 3-untranslated region of murine
cyclooxygenase-2 contains multiple regulatory elements that alter
message stability and translational efficiency. J Biol Chem 272,
21455-21460.
Coley, W.B., 1893. The treatment of malignant tumours by repeated
inoculations of erysipelas; with a report of ten original cases. Am J
Med Sci 105, 487-5.
Collins, S.J., Robertson, K.A., Mueller, L., 1990. Retinoic acid-induced
granulocytic differentiation of HL60 myeloid leukemia cells is
mediated directly through the retinoic acid receptor (RAR-alpha).
Mol Cell Biol 10, 2154-2163.
Comienne, C., Balitrand, N., Degos, L., Abita, J.P., 1986.
1-B-darabinofuranosyl cytosine and all-trans retinoic acid in
combination accelerates and increases monocyte differentiation of
myeloid leukemic cells. Leuk Res 10, 631-636.
Cucuianu, A., 2005. Dominant and opportunistic leukemic clones:
Proposal for a pathogenesis-oriented classification in acute myeloid
leukemia Med Hypoth 65, 107-113.
Cui, X.Y., Kim, J.H., Zhao, X., Chen, B.Q., Lee, B.C., Pyo, H.B., Yun,
Y.P., Zhang, Y.H., 2006. Antioxidative and acute anti-inflammatory
effects of Campsis grandiflora flower. J Ethnopharm 103, 223-228.
Cuzzocrea, S., 2004. Effect of inhibitors of nitric oxide in animal models
and future directions for therapy in inflammatory disorders. Curr
Med Chem Anti-Inflamm, Anti-Allergy Agents. 3, 261-270.
Cuzzocrea, S., Salvemini, D., 2007. Molecular mechanisms involved in
the reciprocal regulation of cyclooxygenase and nitric oxide
synthase enzymes. Kidney Int 71, 290-297.
Dai, Y.C., Niemela, T., 2002. Changbai wood-rotting fungi 13. Antrodia
sensu lato. Ann Bot Fennici 39, 257-265.
Dai, Y.Y., Chuang, C.H., Tsai, C.C., Sio, H.M., Huang, S.C., Chen, J.C.,
Hu, M.L., 2003. The protection of Antrodia camphorata against
acute hepatotoxicity of alcohol in rats. J Food Drug Anal 11,
177-185.
Darzynkiewicz, Z., Juanm, G., Traganos, F., 2003. Cytometry of cell
cycle regulatory proteins. Prog Cell Cycle Res 5, 533-542.
Dawson, J., Sedgwick, A.D., Edwards, J.C., Lees, P., 1991. A
comparative study of the cellular, exudative and histological
responses to carrageenan, dextran and zymosan in the mouse. Int J
Tissue React 13, 171-185.
Decker, T., Lohmann-Matthes, M.L., Gifford, G.E., 1987. Cell-associated
tumor necrosis factor (TNF) as a killing mechanism of activated
cytotoxic macrophages. J Immunol 138, 957-962.
Degos, L., 1993. Differentiation therapy and leukemia. Leukemia 7,
766-772.
Degos, L., Wang, Z. Y., 2001. All trans retinoic acid in acute
promyelocytic leukemia. Oncogene 20, 7140-7145.
De Groot, M. Schuurs, T.A., Keizer, P.P., Fekken, S., Leuvenink, H.G.,
van Schilfgaarde, R., 2003. Response of encapsulated rat pancreatic
islets to hypoxia. Cell Transplant 12, 867-875.
Dempke, W., Rie, C., Grothey, A., 2001. Cyclooxygenase-2: a novel
target for cancer chemotherapy? J Clin Invest 127, 411-417.
Dendorfer, U., Oettgen, P., Libermann, T.A., 1994. Multiple regulatory
elements in the interleukin-6 gene mediate induction by
prostaglandins, cyclic AMP, and lipopolysaccharide. Mol Cell Biol
14, 4443-4454.
Deschler, B., Lubbert, M., 2006. Acute myeloid leukemia: Epidemiology
and etiology. Cancer. 107, 2099-2107.
DeWitt, D.L., Smith, W.L., 1988. Primary structure of prostaglandin G/H
synthase from sheep vesicular gland determined from the
complementary DNA sequence. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 85,
1412-1416.
Dhillon, A.S., Hagan, S., Rath, O., Kolch, W., 2007. MAP kinase
signalling pathways in cancer, Oncogene 26, 3279-3290.
Dillon, S., Agrawal, A., Van Dyke, T., Landreth, G., McCauley, L., Koh,
A., Maliszewski, C., Akira, S., Pulendran, B., 2004. A Toll-like
receptor 2 ligand stimulates Th2 responses in vivo via induction of
extracellular signal-regulated kinase mitogen-activated protein
kinase and c-Fos in dendritic cells, J Immunol 172, 4733-4743.
Ding, W., Lim Y.P., Nobile, L.M., 1998. Leukemic cellular retinoic acid
resistance and missense mutations in the PML-RARa fusion gene
after relapse of acute promyelocytic leukemia from treatment with
all-trans-retinoic acid and intensive chemotherapy. Blood 92,
1172-1183.
Dirsch, V.M., Stuppner, H., Vollmar, A.M., 1998. The Griess assay:
suitable for a bio-guided fractionation of anti-inflammatory plant
extracts? Planta Med. 64, 423-426.
Domen, J., 2001. The role of apoptosis in regulating hematopoietic stem
cell numbers. Apoptosis 6, 239-252.
Dubois, R.N., Abramson, S.B., Crofford, L., Gupta, R.A., Simon, L.S.,
Van-De-Putte, L.B., 1998. Cyclooxygenase in biology and disease.
FASEB J 12, 1063-1073.
Duprez, E., Benoit, G., Flexor, M., Lillehaug, J.R., Lanotte, M., 2000. A
mutated PML/RARA found in the retinoid maturation resistant NB4
subclone, NB4-R2, blocks RARA and wild-type PML/RARA
transcriptional activities. Leukemia 14, 255-261.
Duprez, E., Wagner, K., Koch, H., Tenen, D.G., 2003. C/EBPbeta: a major
PML-RARA-responsive gene in retinoic acid-induced
differentiation of APL cells. EMBO J 22, 5806-5816.
Dyck, J.A., Maul, G.G., Miller Jr, W.H., 1994. A novel macromolecular
structure is a target of the promyelocyte-retinoic acid receptor
oncoprotein. Cell 76, 333-343.
Ershler, W.B., 1993. Interleukin-6: a cytokine for gerontologists. J Am
Geriatr Soc 41, 176-181.
Estey, E, Dohner, H., 2006. Acute myeloid leukaemia. Lancet. 368,
1894-1907.
Estey, E., Garcia-Manero, G., Ferrajoli, A., Faderl, S., Verstovsek, S.,
Jones, D., 2006. Use of all-trans retinoic acid plus arsenic trioxide
as an alternative to chemotherapy in untreated acute promyelocytic
leukemia. Blood 107, 3469-3473.
Estrada, C., Gómez, C., Martín, C., Moncada, S., González, C., 1992.
Nitric oxide mediates tumor necrosis factor-alpha cytotoxicity in
endothelial cells. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 186, 475-482
Eustace, D., Han, X., Gooding, R., 1993. Interleukin-6 (IL-6) functions as
an autocrine growth factor in cervical carcinomas in vitro. Gynecol
Oncol 50, 15-19.
Evans, R.M., 1988. The steroid and thyroid hormone receptor
superfamily. Science 240, 889-895.
Fan, J., Bertino, J.R., 1997. K-ras modulates the cell cycle via both
positive and negative regulatory pathways. Oncogene 14, 2595-
2607.
Feihl, F., Oddo, M., Waeber, B., Liaudet, L., 2004 Inhibitors of nitrogen
oxide species production in animal models of inflammation and
future directions for therapy in inflammatory disorders. Curr Med
Chem Anti-Inflamm Anti Allergy Agents 3, 239-259.
Feng, X., 2005. Regulatory roles and molecular signaling of TNF family
members in osteoclasts. Gene 350, 1-13
Ferrando, A.A., Neuberg, D.S., Staunton, J., 2002. Gene expression
signatures define novel oncogenic pathways in T cell acute
lymphoblastic leukemia. Cancer Cell 1, 75-87.
Ferrara F., S. Palmieri, F. Leoni., 2008. Clinically useful prognostic
factors in acute myeloid leukemia. Crit Rev Onc/Hem 66, 181-193.
Ferreiro, C.R., Chagas, A.C., Carvalho, M.H., Dantas, A.P., Jatene, M.B.,
Bento De Souza, L.C., 2001. Influence of hypoxia on nitric oxide
synthase activity and gene expression in children with congenital
heart disease: a novel pathophysiological adaptive mechanism.
Circulation 103(18), 2272-2276.
Flohe, L., Otting, F., 1984. Superoxide dismutase assays. Meth Enzymol
105, 93-104.
Flynn, J.L., Goldstein, M.M., Chan, J., Triebold, K.J., Pfeffer, K.,
Lowenstein, C.J., Schreiber, R., Mak, T. W., Bloom, B. R., 1995.
Tumor necrosis factor-alpha is required in the protective immune
response against mycobacterium tuberculosis in mice. Immunity 2,
561-572.
Franzotti, E.M., Santos, C.V., Rodrigues, H.M., Mourao, R.H., Andrade,
M.R., Antoniolli, A.R., 2000. Anti-inflammatory, analgesic activity
and acute toxicity of Sida cordifolia L. (Malva-branca). J
Ethnopharm 72, 273-727.
Fretland, D.J., Connor, J.R., Pitzele, B.S., Currie, M.G., Manning, P.T.,
1997. Inhibition of Nitric Oxide Synthase and Prospects for Therapy
in Inflammatory Diseases. Curr Pharm Des 3, 447-462.
Freytag, S.O. 1988. Enforced expression of the c-myc oncogene inhibits
cell differentiation by precluding entry into a distinct
predifferentiation state in G0/G1. Mol Cell Biol 8, 1614-1624.
Friend, C., Scher, W., Holland, J.G., Sato, T., 1971. Hemoglobin
synthesis in murine virus-induced leukemic cells in vitro:
stimulation of erythroid differentiation by dimethylsulfoxide. Proc
Natl Acad Sci USA 68, 378-382.
Fujihara, M., Muroi, M., Tanamoto, K., Suzuki, T., Azuma, H., Ikeda, H.,
2003. Molecular mechanisms of macrophage activation and
deactivation by lipopolysaccharide: roles of the receptor complex.
Pharmacol Ther 100, 171-194.
Fujihara, M., Muroi, M., Muroi, Y., Ito, N., Suzuki, T., 1993. Mechanism
of lipopolysaccharide-triggered junB activation in a mouse
macrophage- like cell line J774. J Biol Chem 268, 14898-14905.
Fujihara, M., Connolly, N., Ito, N., Suzuki, T., 1994a. Properties of
protein kinase C isoforms (hII, ε, andδ) in a macrophage cell line
(J774) and their roles in LPS-induced nitric oxide production. J
Immunol 152, 1898-906.
Funk, C.D., Funk, L.B., Kennedy, M.E., Pong, A.S., Fitzgerald, G.A.,
1991. Human platelet/erythroleukemia cell prostaglandin G/H
synthase: cDNA cloning, expression, and gene chromosomal
assignment. Fed. Am Soc Exp Biol J 5, 2304-2312.
Furukawa, Y., Uenoyama, S., Ohta, M., Tsunoda, A., Griffin, J.D., Saito,
M., 1992. Transforming growth factor-β inhibits phosphorylation of
the retinoblastoma susceptibility gene product in human monocytic
leukemia cell line JOSK-I. J Biol Chem 267, 17121-17127.
Gallagher, R., Collins, S., Trujillo, J., McCredie, K., Ahearn, M., Tsai, S.,
Metzgar, R., Aulakh, G., Ting, R., Ruscetti, F., Gallo, R., 1979.
Characterization of the continuous, differentiating myeloid cell line
(HL60) from a patient with acute promyelocytic leukemia. Blood 54,
713-733.
Geethangili, M., Tzeng, Y.M., 2011. Review of Pharmacological Effects
of Antrodia camphorata and Its Bioactive Compounds. Evid Based
Complement Altern Med 212641, 1-17.
Gegner, J.A., Ulevitch, R.J. and Tobias, P.S., 1995. Lipopolysaccharide
(LPSJ signal transduction and clearance: dual roles for LPS binding
protein and membrane CD14. J Biol Chem 270, 5320-5325.
Gery, S., Gombart, A.F., Yi, W.S., Koeffler, C., Hofmann, W.K., Koeffler,
H.P., 2005. Transcription profiling of C/EBP targets identifies Per2
as a gene implicated in myeloid leukemia. Blood 106, 2827-2836.
Gibbert, K., Dietze, K.K., Zelinskyy, G., Lang, K.S., Barchet, W.,
Kirschning, C.J., Dittmer, U., 2010. Polyinosinic–polycytidylic acid
treatment of Friend retrovirus-infected mice improves functional
properties of virus-specific T cells and prevents virusinduced
disease. J Immunol 185, 6179-6189.
Gilliland, D.G., 2001. Hematologic malignancies. Curr Opin Hematol 8,
189-191.
Glasow, A., Prodromou, N., Xu, K., Von Lindern, M., Zelent, A., 2005.
Retinoids and myelomonocytic growth factors cooperatively
activate RARA and induce human myeloid leukemia cell
differentiation via MAP kinase pathways. Blood 105, 341-349.
Goldblum, S.E., Sun, W.L., 1990. Tumor necrosis factor-alpha augments
pulmonary arterial transendothelial albumin flux in vitro.Am J
Physiol 258, 57-67
Goyert, S.M., Haziot,A., Jiao, D., Katz, I.R., Kruger, C., Ross, J., Shtitt,
C., 1993. CD14 cluster Workshop report. In Leukocyte Typing V,
eds. Schlossman et al., Oxford University Press, Oxford, pp. 778.
Grell, M., Douni, E., Wajant, H., Lohden, M., Clauss, M., Maxeiner, B.,
Georgopoulos, S., Lesslauer, W., Kollias, G., Pfizenmaie,r K.,
Scheurich, P., 1995. The transmembrane form of tumor necrosis
factor is the prime activating ligand of the 80 kDa tumor necrosis
factor receptor. Cell 83, 793-802.
Grosser, T., Fries, S., FitzGerald, G.A., 2006. Biological basis for the
cardiovascular consequences of COX2 inhibition: therapeutic
challenges and opportunities. J Clin Invest 116, 4-15.
Gruen, J.R., Weissman, S.M., 1997. Evolving views of the major
histocompatibility complex. Blood 90, 4252-4265.
Guha, M., Mackman, N., 2001. LPS induction of gene expression in
human monocytes. Cell Signal 13, 85-94.
Gusman, J., Malonne, H., Atassi, G..A., 2001. A. reappraisal of the
potential chemopreventive and chemotherapeutic properties of
resveratrol. Carcinogenesis 22, 1111-1117.
Hambleton, J., Weinstein, S.L., Lem, L., DeFranco, A.L., 1996.
Activation of c-Jun N-terminal kinase in bacterial
lipopolysaccharidestimulated macrophages. Proc Natl Acad Sci
USA 93, 2774-2778.
Han, J., Lee, J.D., Bibbs, L., Ulevitch, R.J., 1994. A MAP kinase targeted
by endotoxin and hyperosmolarity in mammalian cells. Science 265,
808-811.
Haritunians, T., Gueller, S., Zhang, L., Badr, R., Yin, D., Xing, H., Fung,
M.C., Koeffler, H.P., 2008. Cucurbitacin B induces differentiation,
cell cycle arrest, and actin cytoskeletal alterations in myeloid
leukemia cells. Leuk Res 32, 1366-1373.
Hashimoto, K., Sonoda, Y., Yamakado, M., Funakoshi-Tago, M., Yoshida,
N., Rokudai, A., Aizu-Yokota, E, Kasahara, T., 2006. C/EBPalpha
inactivation in FAK-overexpressed HL60 cells impairs cell
differentiation. Cell Signal 18, 955-963.
Hattori, M., Sheu, C.C., 2006. Compounds from Antrodia camphorata
having anti-inflammatory and anti-tumor activity. US
7109232-2006-9-19.
Hawksworth, D.L., Kirk, P.M., Sutton, B.C., Pegler, D.N., 1995.
Ainsworth and Bisby‘s Dictionary of the Fungi. International
Mycological Institute, Egham, UK, 8th edition.
Hayden, M.S., Ghosh, S., 2004. Signaling to NF-kappaB. Genes Dev 18,
2195-2224.
Haziot, A., Tsuberi, B.Z., Goyert, S.M., 1993. Neutrophil CD14:
Biochemical properties and role in the secretion of tumor necrosis
factor-alpha in response to lipopolysaccharide. J Immunol 150,
5556-5565.
Heinrich, P.C., 1990. Interleukin-6 and the acute phase response.
Biochem J 265, 621-636.
Heinrich, P.C., Behrmann, I., Muller-Newen, G., 1998. Interleukin-6-
type cytokine signalling through the gp130/Jak/STAT pathway.
Biochem J 334, 297-314.
Hemler, M., Lands, W.E., 1976. Purification of the cyclooxygenase that
forms prostaglandins. Demonstration of two forms of iron in the
holoenzyme. J Biol Chem 251, 5575-5579.
Henderson, S.H., 1990. Acute leukemia: general considerations. In:
Williams WJ, Beutler E, Erslav HA, Lichtman MA, editors.
Hematology, 4th edn. New York: McGraw Hill, 236-251.
Herbst-Kralovetz, M.M., Pyles, R.B., 2006. Quantification of
poly(I:C)-mediated protection against genital herpes simplex virus
type 2 infection. J Virol 80, 9988-9997.
Herrera, R., Hubbell, S., Decker, S., Petruzzelli, L., 1998. A role for the
MEK/MAPK pathway in PMA-induced cell cycle arrest:
modulation of megakaryocytic differentiation of K562 cells. Exp
Cell Res 238, 407-414.
Herrera-Velit, P., Reiner, N. E., 1996. Bacterial lipopolysaccharide
induces the association and coordinate activation of p53/56lyn and
phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase in human monocytes. J Immunol 156,
1157-1165.
Hla, T., Neilson, K., 1992. Human cyclooxygenase-2 cDNA. Proc Natl
Acad Sci USA 89, 7384-7388.
Hmama, Z., Nandan, D., Sly, L., Knutson, K.L., Herrera-Velit, P., Reiner,
N.E., 1999. 1alpha,25-dihydroxyvitamin D(3)-induced myeloid cell
differentiation is regulated by a vitamin D
receptor-phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase signaling complex. J Exp
Med 190, 1583-1594.
Holm, C.K., Petersen, C.C., Hvid, M., Petersen, L., Paludan, S.R.,
Deleuran, B., 2009. TLR3 ligand polyinosinic:polycytidylic acid
induces IL-17A and IL-21 synthesis in human Th cells. J Immunol
183, 4422-31.
Holst, O., 1999. Chemical structures of the core region of
lipopolysaccharides: Recent advances in structural analysis of
biological active molecules, in: H. Brade, S.M. Opal, S.N.Vogel,
D.C. Morrison (Eds.), Endotoxin in Health and Disease, Marcel
Dekker, New York, USA, pp. 115-154.
Hong, Y., Suzuki, S., Yatoh, S., Mizutani, M., Nakajima, T., Bannai, S.,
Sato, H., Soma, M., Okuda, Y., Yamada, N., 2000. Effect of
hypoxia on nitric oxide production and its synthase gene expression
in rat smooth muscle cells. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 268,
329-332.
Hou, X., Zhou, R., Wei, H., Sun, R., Tian, Z., 2009. NKG2D-retinoic
acid early inducible- 1 recognition between natural killer cells and
Kupffer cells in a novel murine natural killer cell-dependent
fulminant hepatitis. Hepatology 49, 940-949.
Hseu, Y.C., Chang, W.C., Hseu, Y.T., Lee, C.Y., Yech, Y.J., Chen, P.C.,
Chen, J.Y., Yang, H.L., 2002. Protection of oxidative damage by
aqueous extract from Antrodia camphorate mycelia in normal
human erythrocytes. Life Sci 71, 469-482
Hseu, Y.C., Wu, F.Y., Wu, J.J., Chen, J.Y., Chang, W.H., Lu, F.J., Lai,
Y.C., Yang, H.L., 2005. Anti-inflammatory potential of Antrodia
Camphorata through inhibition of iNOS, COX2 and cytokines via
the NF-kappaB pathway. Int Immunopharmacol 5, 1914-1925.
Hseu, Y.C., Yang, H.L., Lai, Y.C., Lin, J.G., Chen, G.W., Chang, Y.H.,
2004. Induction of apoptosis by Antrodia camphorata in human
premyelocytic leukemia HL60 cells. Nutr Cancer 48(2), 189-197.
Hsiao, G., Shen, M.Y., Lin, K.H., Lan, M.H.,Wu, L.Y., Chou, D.S., Lin,
C.H., Su, C.H., Sheu, J.R., 2003. Antioxidant and hepatoprotective
effective of Antrodia camphorate extract. J Agric .Food Chem 51,
3302-3308.
Hsieh, Y.H., Chu, F.H., Wang, Y.S., Chien, S.C., Chang, S.T,, Shaw, J.F.,
Chen, C.Y., Hsiao, W.W., Kuo, Y.H., Wang, S.Y., 2010.
Antrocamphin A, an anti-inflammatory principal from the fruiting
body of Taiwanofungus camphoratus, and its mechanisms. J Agric
Food Chem. 58, 3153-3158.
Hsu, Y.L., Kuo, P.L., Cho, C.Y., Ni, W.C., Tzeng, T.F., Ng, L.T., Kuo,
Y.H., Lin, C.C., 2007. Antrodia cinnamomea fruiting bodies extract
suppresses the invasive potential of human liver cancer cell line
PLC/PRF/5 through inhibition of nuclear factorκB pathway. Food
Chem Toxicol 45, 1249-1257.
Hsu, Y.L., Kuo, Y.C., Kuo, P.L., Ng, L.T., Kuo, Y.H., Lin, C.C., 2005.
Apoptotic effects of extract from Antrodia camphorata fruiting
bodies in human hepatocellular carcinoma cell lines. Cancer Lett
221, 77-89.
Hua, F., Ma, J., Ha, T., Kelley, J., William, D.L., Kao, R.L., Kalbfleisch,
J.H., Browder, I.W., Li, C., 2008. Preconditioning with a
TLR2-specific ligand increases resistance to cerebral
ischemia/reperfusion injury. J Neuroimmunol 199, 75-82.
Huang, K.F., Huang, W.M., Chiang, H.C., 2001. Phenyl compounds from
Antrodia cinnamomea. Chin Pharm J 53, 327-331.
Huang, M.E., Ye, Y.C., Chen, S.R., Chai, J.R., Lu, J.X. Zhoa, L.J., 1988.
Use of all-trans retinoic acid in the treatment of acute promyelocytic
leukemia. Blood 72, 567-572.
Huang, R.L., Huang, Q., Chen, C.F., Chang, T.T., Chou, C.J., 2003.
Anti-viral effects of active compounds from Antrodia camphorata
on wild-type and lamivudineresistant mutant HBV. Chin Pharm J
55, 371-379.
Hughes, P.J., Marcinkowska, E., Gocek, E., Studzinski, G..P., Brown, G.,
2010. Vitamin D3-driven signals for myeloid cell
differentiation--implications for differentiation therapy. Leuk Res 34,
553-565.
Imaizumi M, Suzuki H, Yoshinari M. 1998. Mutations in the E-domain of
RAR portion of the PML/RAR chimeric gene may confer clinical
resistance to all-trans-retinoic acid in acute promyelocytic leukemia.
Blood 92, 374-382.
Ishii, K.J., Koyama, S., Nakagawa, A., Coban, C., Akira, S., 2008. Host
innate immune receptors and beyond: making sense of microbial
infections. Cell Host Microbe 3, 352-363.
Jakway, J.P., DeFranco, A.L., 1986. Pertussis toxin inhibition of B cell
and macrophage responses to bacterial lipopolysaccharide. Science
234, 743-746.
Jansson, P.E., 1999. The Chemistry of O-polysaccharide chains in
bacterial lipopolysaccharides: Recent advances in structural analysis
of biological active molecules, in: H. Brade, S.M. Opal, S.N. Vogel,
D.C. Morrison (Eds.), Endotoxin in Health and Disease, Marcel
Dekker, NewYork USA, pp. 155-178.
Jensen, S.S., Madsen, M.W., Lukas, J., Binderup, L., Bartek, J., 2001.
Inhibitory effects of 1,25-dihydroxvitamin D3 on the G1–S
phase-controlling machinery. Mol Endocrinol 15, 1370-1380.
Ji, Y., Studzinski, G.P., 2004. Retinoblastoma protein and
CCAAT/enhancer-binding protein beta are required for
1,25-dihydroxyvitamin D3-induced monocytic differentiation of
HL60 cells. Cancer Res 64, 370-377.
Jiang, H., Lin, J., Su, Z., Collart, F.R., Huberman, E., Fisher, P.B., 1994.
Induction of differentiation in human promyelocytic HL60 leukemia
cells activates p21WAF1/CIP1 expression in the absence of p53.
Oncogene 9, 3397-3405.
Jiang, Q., Wei, H., Tian, Z., 2008. IFN-producing killer dendritic cells
contribute to the inhibitory effect of poly I:C on the progression of
murine melanoma. J Immunother 31, 555-562.
Jing, Y., Nakajo, S., Xia, L., Nakaya, K., Fang, Q., Waxman, S., Han, R.,
1999. Boswellic acid acetate induces differentiation and apoptosis
in leukemia cell lines. Leuk Res 23, 43-50.
Johnson, P.F., McKnight, S.L., 1989. Eukaryotic transcriptional
regulatory proteins. Annu Rev Biochem 58, 799-839.
Jones, D.A., Carlton D.P., McIntyre, T.M., Zimmerman, G.A., Prescott,
S.M., 1993. Molecular cloning of human prostaglandin
endoperoxide synthase type II and demonstration of expression in
response to cytokines, J Biol Chem 268, 9049-9054.
Jung, F., Palmer, L.A., Zhou, N., Johns, R.A., 2000. Hypoxic regulation
of inducible nitric oxide synthase via hypoxia inducible factor-1 in
cardiac myocytes. Circ Res 86, 319-325.
Kaisho, T., Takeuchi, O., Kawai, T., Hoshino, K., Akira, S., 2001.
Endotoxin-induced maturation of MyD88-deficient dendritic cells. J
Immunol 166, 5688-5694.
Kamimura D, Ishihara K, Hirano T., 2003. IL-6 signal transduction and
its physiological roles: the signal orchestration model. Rev Physiol
Biochem Pharmacol 149, 1-38.
Kang, H.S., Lee, J.Y., Kim, C.J., 2008. Anti-inflammatory activity of
arctigenin from Forsythiae Fructus. J Ethnopharm 116, 305-312.
Kawaii, S., Tomono, Y., Katase, E., Ogawa, K., Yano, M., Takemura, Y.,
Ju-ichi, M., Ito, C., Furukawa, H., 1999. Acridones as inducers of
HL60 cell differentiation. Leuk Res 23, 263-269.
Kawakami, M., Ceram,i A., 1981. Studies of endotoxin-induced decrease
in lipoprotein lipase activity. J Expl Med 154, 631-637.
Kaymakcalan, Z., Sakorafas, P., Bose, S., Scesney, S., Xiong, L.,
Hanzatian, D.K., 2009. Comparisons of affinities, avidities, and
complement activation of adalimumab, infliximab, and etanercept in
binding to soluble and membrane tumor necrosis factor. Clin
Immunol 131, 308-316.
Kharbanda, S., Nakamura, T., Stone, R., Hass, R., Bernstein, S., Datta, R.,
Sukhatme, V.P., Kufe, D., 1991. Expression of the early growth
response 1 and 2 zinc finger genes during induction of monocytic
differentiation. J Clin Invest 88, 571-577.
Kielian, T.L., Blecha, F., 1995. CD14 and other recognition molecules for
lipopolysaccharide: a review. Immunopharm. 29, 187-205.
Kim, E.K., Choi, E.J., 2010. Pathological roles of MAPK signaling
pathways in human diseases. Biochim Biophy Acta. 1802, 396-405.
Kim, H.M., Park, B.S., Kim, J.I., Kim, S.E., Lee, J., Oh, S.C., Enkhbayar,
P., Matsushima, N., Lee, H., Yoo, O.J., Lee, J.O., 2007. Crystal
structure of the TLR4–MD-2 complex with bound endotoxin
antagonist Eritoran. Cell, 130(5), 906−917.
Kim, J.I., Lee, C.J., Jin, M.S., Lee, C.H., Paik, S.G., Lee, H., Lee, J.O.,
2005. Crystal structure of CD14 and its implications for
lipopolysaccharide signaling. J Bio Chem 280(12), 11347−11351.
Kim, S.H., Kang, S.N., Kim, H.J., Kim, T.S., 2002. Potentiation of
1,25-dihydroxyvitamin D3- induced differentiation of human
promyelocytic leukemia cells into monocytes by costunolide, a
germacranolide sesquiterpene lactone. Biochem Pharmacol 64,
1233-1242.
Kim, S.H., Yoo, J.C., Kim, T.S., 2009. Nargenicin enhances
1,25-dihydroxyvitamin D(3)- and all-trans retinoic acid-induced
leukemia cell differentiation via PKCbetaI/MAPK pathways.
Biochem Pharmacol 77, 1694-1701.
Kishimoto, T., Akira, S., Narazaki, M., Taga, T., 1995. Interleukin-6
family of cytokines and gp 130. Blood 86, 1243-54.
Kitamura, K., Kiyoi, H., Yoshida, H., Saito, H., Ohno, R., Naoe, T., 1997.
Mutant AF-2 domain of PML-RARa in retinoic acid-resistant NB4
cells: differentiation induced by RA is triggered directly through
PML-RARa and its down-regulation in acute promyelocytic
leukemia. Leukemia 11, 1950-1956.
Knowles, R.G., Moncada, S., 1994. Nitric oxide synthases in mammals.
Biochem J 298(Pt 2), 249-258.
Koschmieder, S., Halmos, B., Levantini, E., Tenen, D.G., 2009.
Dysregulation of the C/EBPalpha differentiation pathway in human
cancer. J Clin Oncol 27, 619-628.
Kuo, P.L., Hsu, Y.L., Cho, C.Y., Ng, L.T., Kuo, Y.H., Lin, C.C., 2006.
Apoptotic effects of Antrodia cinnamomea fruiting bodies extract
are mediated through calcium and calpain-dependent pathways in
Hep 3B cells. Food Chem Toxicol 44, 1316-1326.
Kurzrok, R., Lieb, C., 1930. Biochemical studies of human semen. II
Proc Soc Exp Biol Med 28, 268-272.
Lahti, A., Kankaanranta, H., Moilanen, E., 2002. P38 mitogen-activated
protein kinase inhibitor SB203580 has a bi-directional effect on
iNOS expression and NO production. Eur J Pharmacol 454 (2/3),
115-123.
Lane, C., Knight, D., Burgess, S., Franklin, P., Horak, F., Legg, J.,
Moeller, A., Stick, S., 2004. Epithelial inducible nitric oxide
synthase activity is the major determinant of nitric oxide
concentration in exhaled breath. Thorax 59, 757-760.
Laskin, D.L., Pendino, K.J., 1995. Macrophages and inflammatory
mediators in tissue injury. Annu Rev Pharmacol Toxicol 35,
655-677.
Laszczyk, M.N., 2009. Pentacyclic triterpenes of the lupane, oleanane and
ursane group as tools in cancer therapy. Planta Med 75, 1549-1560.
Leal, I.S., Smedegard, B., Andersen, P., Appelberg, R., 1999.
Interleukin-6 and interleukin-12 participate in induction of a type 1
protective T-cell response during vaccination with a tuberculosis
subunit vaccine. Infect Immun 67, 5747-5754.
Lee, D., Cuendet, M., Vigo, J.S., Graham, J.G., Cabieses, F., Fong, H.H.,
Pezzuto, J.M., and Kinghorn, A.D. 2001. A novel
cyclooxygenase-inhibitory stilbenolignan from the seeds of
Aiphanes aculeata. Org Lett 3, 2169-2171.
Lee, I.H., Huang, R.L., Chen, C.T., Chen, H.C., Hsu, W.C., Lu, M.K.,
2002. Antrodia camphorata polysaccharides exhibit anti-hepatitis B
virus effects. FEMS Microbiol Lett 209(1), 63-67.
Lekstrom-Himes, J., Xanthopoulos, K.G., 1998. Biological role of the
CCAAT/enhancer-binding protein family of transcription factors. J
Biol Chem 273, 28545-28548.
Lengfelder, E., Saussele, S., Weisser, A., Buchner, T., Hehlmann, R., 2005.
Treatment concepts of acute promyelocytic leukemia. Crit Rev
Oncol Hematol 56, 261-274.
Lenny, N., Westendorf, J.J., Hiebert, S.W., 1997. Transcriptional
regulation during myelopoiesis. Mol Biol Rep 24, 157-168.
Leszczyniecka, M., Roberts, T., Dent, P., Grant, S., Fisher, P.B., 2001.
Differentiation therapy of human cancer: basic science and clinical
applications. Pharmacol Ther 90, 105-156.
Leu, C.M., Wong, F.H., Chang, C., 2003. Interleukin-6 acts as an
antiapoptotic factor in human esophageal carcinoma cells through
the activation of both STAT3 and mitogen-activated protein kinase
pathways. Oncogene 22, 7809-7818.
Lin, E.,S., Yang, C.T., Chou, H.J., Chang, T.T., 2010. Screening of
antioxidant activities by the edible Basidiomycete Antrodia
cinnamomea strains in submerged culture. J Food Biochem 34,
1141-1156.
Lin, W.C., Kuo, S.C., Lin, W.L., Fang, H.L., Wang, B.C., 2006. Filtrate
of fermented mycelia from Antrodia camphorata reduces liver
fibrosis induced carbon tetrachloride in rats. World J Gastroenterol
12, 2369-2374.
Lin, Y., Liang, Z., Chen, Y., Zeng, Y., 2006a. TLR3 involved modulation
of pregnancy tolerance in double-stranded RNA stimulated
NOD/SCID mice. J Immunol 176, 4147-4154.
Lin, Y., Zeng, Y., Di, J., Zeng, S., 2005. Murine CD200+CK7+
trophoblasts in a poly (I:C)-induced embryo resorption model.
Reproduction 130, 529-537.
List A, Beran M, DiPersio J., Slack, J., Vey, N., Rosenfeld, C. S.,
Greenberg, P, 2003. Opportunities for Trisenox ® (arsenic trioxide)
in the treatment of myelodysplastic syndromes. Leukemia 17,
1499-1507.
Liu, D.Z., Liang, H.J., Chen, C.H., Su, C.H., Lee, T.H., Huang, C.T., Hou,
W.C., Lin, S.Y., Zhong, W.B., Lin, P.J., Hung, L.F., Liang, Y.C.,
2007. Comparative anti-inflammatory characterization of wild
fruiting body, liquid-state fermentation, and solid-state culture of
Taiwanofungus camphoratus in microglia and the mechanism of its
action. J Ethnopharm 113, 45-53.
Liu, D.Z., Liang, Y.C., Lin., S.Y., 2007. Antihypertensive activities of a
solid-state culture of Taiwanofungus camphorates (Chang-Chih) in
spontaneously hypertensive rats. Biosci Biotech Biochem 71(1),
23-30.
Liu, M., Lee, M.H., Cohen, M., Bommakanti, M., Freedman, L.P., 1996.
Transcriptional activation of the Cdk inhibitor p21 byvitaminD3
leads totheinduceddifferentiationof the myelomonocytic cell line
U937. Genes Dev. 10, 142-153.
Liu, S.Y., Kuo, M.T., Wen, W.C., 2008. Inhibition of hepatitis B virus by
cyclohexenone compounds from Antrodia camphorata. US
7411003.
Liu, Y., Borchert, G.L., Phang, J.M., 2004. Polyoma enhancer activator 3,
an ets transcription factor, mediates the induction of
cyclooxygenase-2 by nitric oxide in colorectal cancer cells. J Biol
Chem 279, 18694-18700.
Locksley, R.M., Killeen, N., Lenardo, M.J., 2001. The TNF and TNF
receptor superfamilies: integrating mammalian biology. Cell 104,
487-501.
Longhi, M.P., Trumpfheller, C., Idoyaga, J., Caskey, M., Matos, I.,
Kluger, C., Salazar, A.M., Colonna, M., Steinman, R.M., 2009.
Dendritic cells require a systemic type I interferon response to
mature and induce CD4+ Th1 immunity with poly IC as adjuvant. J
Exp Med 206, 1589-1602.
Look, A.T., 1997. Oncogenic transcription factors in the human acute
leukemias. Science 278, 1059-1064.
Lotan, R., Francis, G.E., Freeman, C.S., Waxman, S., 1990.
Differentiation therapy. Cancer Res 50, 3453-3464.
Lowenberg, B., Downing, J.R., Burnett, A., 1999. Acute myeloid
leukemia. N Engl J Med 341, 1051-1062.
Lu, M.C., Du, Y.C., Chuu, J.J., 2009. Active extracts of wild fruiting
bodies of Antrodia camphorata (EEAC) induce leukemia HL 60
cells apoptosis partially through histone hypoacetylation and
synergistically promote anticancer effect of trichostatin A. Arch
Toxicol 83(2), 121-129.
Lu, M.K., Cheng, J.J., Lai, W.L., Lin, Y.R., Huang, N.K., 2006.
Adenosine as an active component of Antrodia cinnamomea that
prevents rat PC12 cells from serum deprivation-induced apoptosis
through the activation of adenosine A2A receptors. Life Sci 79(3),
252-258.
Lu, M.K., Cheng, J.J., Lai, W.L., Lin, Y.J., Huang, N.K., 2008.
Fermented Antrodia cinnamomea extract protects rat PC12 cells
from serum deprivation-induced apoptosis: the role of the MAPK
family. J Agric Food Chem 56(3), 865-874.
Lu, Z.M., Tao, W.Y., Zou, X.L., Fu, H.Z., Ao, Z.H., 2007. Protective
effects of mycelia of Antrodia camphorata and Armillariella
tabescens in submerged culture against ethanol-induced hepatic
toxicity in rats. J Ethnopharm 110, 160-164.
Lucas, D.M., Still, P.C., Pérez, L.B., Grever, M.R., Kinghorn, A.D., 2010.
Potential of plant-derived natural products in the treatment of
leukemia and lymphoma. Curr Drug Targets 11, 812-822.
Lukas, J.C., Bartek, J., 2004. Mammalian cell cycle checkpoints:
signaling pathways and their organization in space and time. DNA
Rep 3, 997-1007.
MacMicking, J., Xie, Q.W., Nathan, C., 1997. Nitric oxide and
macrophage function. Annu Rev Immunol 15, 323-350.
Mahmoud, F.A., Rivera, N.I., 2002. The role of C-reactive protein as a
prognostic indicator in advanced cancer. Curr Oncol Rep 4,
250-255.
Makhatadze, N.J., 1998. TNF locus: genetic organisation, and biological
implications. Hum Immunol 59, 571-579.
Marcinkowska, E., 2001. Evidence that activation of MEK1,2/ERK1,2
signal transduction pathway is necessary for calcitriol-induced
differentiation of HL60 cells. Anticancer Res 21, 499-504.
Marcinkowska, E., Garay, E., Gocek, E., Chrobak, A., Wang, X.,
Studzinski, G.P., 2006. Regulation of C/EBPbeta isoforms by
MAPK pathways in HL60 cells induced to differentiate by
1,25-dihydroxyvitamin D3. Exp Cell Res 312, 2054-2065.
Marcinkowska, E., Kutner, A., 2002. Side-chain modified vitamin D
analogs require activation of both PI 3-K and erk1,2 signal
transduction pathways to induce differentiation of human
promyelocytic leukemia cells. Acta Biochim Pol 49, 393-406.
Marcinkowska, E., Wiedlocha, A., Radzikowski, C., 1997.
1,25-Dihydroxyvitamin D3 induced activation and subse- quent
nuclear translocation of MAPK is upstream regu- lated by PKC in
HL60 cells. Biochem. Biophys. Res Commun 241, 419-426.
Marks-Konczalik, J., Chu, S.C., Moss, J., 1998. Cytokine-mediated
transcriptional induction of the human inducible nitric oxide
synthase gene requires both activator protein 1 and nuclear factor
kappaB-binding sites. J Biol Chem 273 (35), 22201-22208.
Marnett, L.J., DuBois, R.N., 2002. COX2: a target for colon cancer
prevention. Annu Rev Pharmacol Toxicol 42, 55-80.
Mathy-Hartert, M., Burton, S., Deby-Dupont, G., Devel, P., Reginster, J.
Y., Henrotin, Y., 2005. Influence of oxygen tension on nitric oxide
and prostaglandin E2 synthesis by bovine chondrocytes. Osteoarthr
Cartil 13, 74-79.
Matsumoto, M., Kikkawa, S., Kohase, M., Miyake, K., Seya, T., 2002.
Establishment of a monoclonal antibody against human Toll-like
receptor 3 that blocks double-stranded RNA-mediated signaling.
Biochem Biophys Res Commun 293, 1364-1369.
Martich, G.D., Boujoukos, A.J., Suffredini, A.F., 1993. Response of man
to endotoxin. Immunobiol 187, 403-416.
Mau, J.L., Huang, P.N., Huang, S.J. and Chen,C.C., 2004, Antioxidant
properties of methanolic extracts from two kinds of Antrodia
camphorata mycelia. Food Chem 86(1), 25-31.
McGowan, C.H., 2003. Regulation of the eukaryotic cell cycle. Prog Cell
Cycle Res 5, 1-4.
Merlie, J.P., Fagan,D., Mudd, J., Needleman, P., 1988. Needleman,
Isolation and characterization of the complementary DNA for sheep
seminal vesicle prostaglandin endoperoxide synthase
(cyclooxygenase). J Biol Chem 263, 3550-3553.
Meshkini, A., Yazdanparast, R., 2008. Involvement of ERK/MAPK
pathway in megakaryocytic differentiation of K562 cells induced by
3-hydrogenkwadaphnin. Toxicol In Vitro 22, 1503-1510.
Michal, G., 1999. Biochemical pathways. New York: John Wiley & Sons.
Micheau, O., Tschopp, J., 2003. Induction of TNF receptor Imediated
apoptosis via two sequential signaling complexes. Cell 114,
181-190.
Miller, S.B., 2006. Prostaglandins in health and disease: an overview,
Semin. Arth Rheum 36, 37-49.
Miki, S., Iwano, M., Miki, Y., 1989. Interleukin-6 (IL-6) functions as an
in vitro autocrine growth factor in renal cell carcinomas. FEBS Lett
250, 607-610.
Miranda, M., McGuire, T., Johnson, D., 2002. Importance of MEK-1/-2
signaling in monocytic and granulocytic differentiation of myeloid
cell lines. Leukemia: official journal of the leukemia society of
America, Leukemia Research Fund, UK 16, 683.
Mitoma, H., Horiuchi, T., Hatta, N., Tsukamoto, H., Harashima, S.,
Kikuchi, Y., 2005. Infliximab induces potent anti-inflammatory
responses by outside-to-inside signals through transmembrane
TNF-alpha. Gastroenterology 128, 376-392.
Mitoma, H., Horiuchi, T., Tsukamoto, H., Tamimoto, Y., Kimoto, Y.,
Uchino, A., 2008. Mechanisms for cytotoxic effects of anti-tumor
necrosis factor agents on transmembrane tumor necrosis factor
alpha-expressing cells: comparison among infliximab, etanercept,
and adalimumab. Arthritis Rheum 58, 1248-1257.
Miyamoto, T., Ogino, N., Yamamoto, S., Hayaishi, O., 1976. Purification
of prostaglandin endoperoxide synthetase from bovine vesicular
gland microsomes. J Biol Chem 251, 2629-2636.
Momose, I., Terashima, M., Nakashima, Y., Sakamoto, M., Ishino, H.,
Nabika, T., Hosokawa, Y., Tanigawa, Y., 2000. Phorbol ester
synergistically increases interferon regulatory factor-1 and inducible
nitric oxide synthase induction in interferongamma- treated RAW
264.7 cells. Biochim Biophy Acta 1498(1), 19-31.
Moradali, M.F., Mostafavi, H., Ghods, S., Hedjaroude, G.A., 2007.
Immunomodulating and anticancer agents in the realm of
macromycetes fungi (macrofungi). Int Immunopharmacol 7,
701-724.
Morgan, D. O., 1995. Principles of cdk regualtion. Nature 374, 131-134.
Morgan, D.O., 1997. Cyclin-dependent kinases: engines, clocks, and
microprocessors. Annu Rev Cell Dev Biol 13, 261-291.
Morosetti, R., Park, D.J., Chumakov, A.M., Grillier, I., Shiohara, M.,
Gombart, A.F., Nakamaki, T., Weinberg, K., Koeffler, H.P., 1997. A
novel, myeloid transcription factor, C/EBP epsilon, is upregulated
during granulocytic, but not monocytic, differentiation. Blood 90,
2591-2600.
Muller, M.R., Pfannes, S.D., Ayoub, M., Hoffmann, P., Bessler, W.G.,
Mittenbuhler, K., 2001. Immunostimulation by the synthetic
lipopeptide P3CSK4: LR4-independent activation of the ERK1/2
signal transduction pathway in macrophages. Immunology 103 (1),
49-60.
Murakami, M., Naraba, H., Tanioka, T., Semmyo, N., Nakatani, Y.,
Kojima, F., 2000. Regulation of prostaglandin E2 biosynthesis by
inducible membrane-associated prostaglandin E2 synthase that acts
in concert with cyclooxygenase-2. J Biol Chem 275, 32783-32792.
Muroi, M., Suzuki, T., 1993. Role of protein kinase A in LPS-induced
activation of NF-nB proteins of a mouse macrophage-like cell line
J774. Cell Signal 5, 289-298.
Nakamura, N., Hirakawa, A., Gao, J.J., Kakuda, H., Shiro, M., Komatsu,
Y., Sheu, C.C., Hattori, M., 2004. Five new maleic and succinic acid
derivatives from the mycelium of Antrodia camphorata and their
cytotoxic effects on LLC tumor cell line. J Nat Prod 67, 46-48.
Narumiya, S., FitzGerald, G.A., 2001. Genetic and pharmacological
analysis of prostanoid receptor function. J Clin Invest 108, 25-30.
Nathan, C., 1992. Nitric oxide as a secretory product of mammalian cells.
FASEB J 6(12), 3051-3064.
Nathan, C., Xie, Q.W., 1994. Nitric oxide synthases: roles, tolls and
controls. Cell 78, 915-918.
Natsuka, S., Akira, S., Nishio, Y., Hashimoto, S., Sugita, T., Isshiki, H.,
Kishimoto, T., 1992. Macrophage differentiation-specific expression
of NF-IL-6, a transcription factor for interleukin-6. Blood 79,
460-466.
Nawroth, P., Handley, D., Matsueda, G., De Waal, R., Gerlach, H.,
Blohm, D., Stern, D., 1988. Tumor necrosis
factor/cachectin-induced intravascular fibrin formation in meth A
fibrosarcomas. J Exp Med 168, 637-647
Nawroth, P.P., Stern, D.M., 1986. Modulation of endothelial cell
hemostatic properties by tumor necrosis factor. J Exp Med 163,
740-745
Nesbitt, A., Fossati, G., Bergin, M., Stephens, P., Stephens, S., Foulkes,
R., 2007. Mechanism of action of certolizumab pegol (CDP870): in
vitro comparison with other anti-tumor necrosis factor alpha agents.
Inflamm Bowel Dis 13, 1323-1332.
Newburger, P.E., Speier, C., Borregaard, N., Walsh, C.E., Whitin, J.C.,
Simons, E.R., 1984. Development of the superoxide-generating
system during differentiation of the HL60 human promyelocytic
leukemia cell line. J Biol Chem 259, 3771-3776.
Nguyen, D.T., De Witte, L., Ludlow, M., Yuksel, S., Wiesmuller, K.H.,
Geijtenbeek, T.B., Osterhaus, A.D., De Swart, R.L., 2010. The
synthetic bacterial lipopeptide Pam3CSK4 modulates respiratory
syncytial virus infection independent of TLR activation. PLoS
Pathogens 6(8): e1001049.
Niiro, H., Otsuka, T., Izuhara, K., 1997. Regulation by interleukin-10 and
interleukin-4 of cyclooxygenase-2 expression in human neutrophils.
Blood 89, 1621-1628.
Nowak, D., Stewart, D., Koeffler, H.P., 2009. Differentiation therapy of
leukaemia – three decades of development. Blood 113, 3655-3665.
O‘Banion, M.K., Sadowski, H.B., Winn, V., Young, D.A., 1991. A
serum- and glucocorticoid-regulated 4-kilobase mRNA encodes a
cyclooxygenase-related protein. J Biol Chem 266, 23261-23267.
O‘Banion, M.K., Winn, V.D., Young, D.A., 1992. cDNA cloning and
functional activity of a glucocorticoid-regulated inflammatory
cyclooxygenase. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 89, 4888-4892.
Ohto, U., Fukase, K., Miyake, K., Satow, Y., 2007. Crystal structures of
human MD-2 and its complex with antiendotoxic lipid IVa. Science
316(5831), 1632−1634.
Okamoto, M., Lee, C., Oyasu, R., 1997. Interleukin-6 as a paracrine and
autocrine growth factor in human prostatic carcinoma cells in vitro.
Cancer Res 57, 141-146.
Old, L.J., 1985. Tumor necrosis factor (TNF). Science 230, 630-632.
Oshiumi, H., Matsumoto, M., Funami, K., Akazawa, T., Seya, T., 2003.
TICAM-1, an adaptor molecule that participates in Toll-like
receptor 3-mediated interferon-beta induction. Nat Immunol 4,
161-167.
Otto, J.C., DeWitt, D.L., Smith, W.L., 1993. N-glycosylation of
prostaglandin endoperoxide synthases-1 and -2 and their
orientations in the endoplasmic reticulum. J Biol Chem 268,
18234-18242.
Otto, J.C., Smith, W.L., 1995. Prostaglandin endoperoxide synthases-1
and -2, J. Lipid Mediat. Cell Signal 12, 139-156.
Pabst, T., Mueller, B.U., Zhang, P., Radomska, H.S., Narravula, S.,
Schnittger, S., Behre, G., Hiddemann, W., Tenen, D.G., 2001.
Dominant-negative mutations of CEBPA, encoding
CCAAT/enhancer binding protein-alpha (C/EBPalpha), in acute
myeloid leukemia. Nat Genet 27, 263-270.
Paglia, E.D., Valentine, W.N., 1967. Studies on the quantitative and
qualitative characterization of erythrocytes glutathione peroxidase. J
Lab Clin Med 70, 158-169.
Pan, Z., Hetherington, C.J., Zhang, D.E., 1999. CCAAT/enhancer-binding
protein activates the CD14 promoter and mediates transforming
growth factor beta signaling in monocyte development. J Biol Chem
274, 23242-23248.
Park, B. S., Song, D. H., Kim, H. M., Choi, B. S., Lee, H., Lee, J. O.,
2009. The structural basis of lipopolysaccharide recognition by the
TLR4–MD-2 complex. Nature 458(7242), 1191−1195.
Park, C.S., Krishna, G., Ahn, M.S., Kang, J.H., Chung, W.G., Kim, D.J.,
2000. Differential and constitutive expression of neuronal, inducible,
and endothelial nitric oxide synthase mRNAs and proteins in
pathologically normal human tissues. Nitric Oxide 4(5), 459-471.
Park, M.H., Park, S.Y., Kim, Y., 2008. Induction of proline-rich tyrosine
kinase2 (Pyk2) through C/EBPbeta is involved in PMA-induced
monocyte differentiation. FEBS Lett 582, 415-422.
Park, S.W., Sung, M.W., Heo, D.S., Inoue, H., Shim, S.H., Kim, K.H.,
2005. Nitric oxide upregulates the cyclooxygenase-2 expression
through the cAMP-response element in its promoter in several
cancer cell lines, Oncogene 24, 6689-6698.
Parry, S.L., Sebbag, M., Feldmann, M, Brennan, F.M., 1997. Contact
with T cells modulates monocyte IL-10 production: role of T cell
membrane TNF-alpha. J Immunol 158, 3673-3681.
Patel, M., Xu, D., Kewin, P., Choo-Kang, B., McSharry, C., Thomson,
N.C., 2005. TLR2 agonist ameliorates established allergic airway
inflammation by promoting Th1 response and not via regulatory T
cells. J Immunol 174, 7558-7563.
Patrussi, L., Baldari, C.T., 2004. Positive and negative regulators of Ras
in T cells. Signal Transd 4, 9-16.
Pautz, A., Art, J., Hahn, S., Nowag, S., Voss, C., Kleinert, H., 2010.
Regulation of the expression of inducible nitric oxide synthase.
Nitric Oxide 23, 75-93.
Peng, C.C., Chen, K.C., Peng, R.Y., Chyau, C.C., Su, C.H., Hsieh-Li,
H.M., 2007. Antrodia camphorata extract induces replicative
senescence in superficial TCC, and inhibits the absolute migration
capability in invasive bladder carcinoma cells. J Ethnopharm 109,
93-103.
Peppelenbosch, M.P., Tertoolen, L.G., Hage, W.J., 1993. Epidermal
growth factor-induced actin remodeling is regulated by
5-lipoxygenase and cyclooxygenase products. Cell 74, 565-75.
Plotnikov, A., Zehorai, E., Procaccia, S., Seger, R., 2011. The MAPK
cascades: Signaling components, nuclear roles and mechanisms of
nuclear translocation. Biochim Biophy Acta 1813, 1619-1633
Pober, J.S., Lapierre, L.A., Stolpen, A.H., Brock, T.A., Springer, T.A.,
Fiers, W., Bevilacqua, M.P., Mendrick, D.L., Gimbrone, M.A. Jr.,
1987. Activation of cultured human endothelial cells by
recombinant lymphotoxin: comparison with tumor necrosis factor
and interleukin 1 species. J Immunol 138, 3319-3324.
Poli, V., 1998. The role of C/EBP isoforms in the control of inflammatory
and native immunity functions. J Biol Chem 273, 29279-29282.
Poltorak, A., He, X., Smirnova, I., Liu, M.Y., Van Huffel, C., Du, X.,
1998. Defective LPS signaling in C3H/HeJ and C57BL/10ScCr
mice: mutations in Tlr4 gene. Science 282, 2085-2088.
Porse, B.T., Bryder, D., Theilgaard-Monch, K., Hasemann, M.S.,
Anderson, K., Damgaard, I., Jacobsen, S.E., Nerlov, C., 2005. Loss
of C/EBP alpha cell cycle control increases myeloid progenitor
proliferation and transforms the neutrophil granulocyte lineage. J
Exp Med 202, 85-96.
Quintás-Cardama, A., Cortes, J., Kantarjian, H., 2008. Biology of
Chronic and Acute Myeloid Leukemia. In: Mendelsohn, J., P. M.
Howley, M. A. Israel, J. W. Gray, and C. B. Thompson editors. The
Molecular Basis of Cancer(Third edition): 371-383.
Raetz, C.R., 1990. Biochemistry of endotoxins. Annu Rev Biochem 59,
129-170.
Raetz, C.R.H., Ulevitch, R.J., Wright, S.D., Sibley, C.H., Ding, A.,
Nathan, C.F., 1991. Gram-negative endotoxin: an extraordinary
lipid with profound effects on eukaryotic signal transduction.
FASEB J 5, 2652-2660.
Ramji, D.P., Foka, P., 2002. CCAAT/enhancer-binding proteins: structure,
function and regulation. Biochem J 365, 561-575.
Ramos, J.W., 2008. The regulation of extracellular signal-regulated
kinase (ERK) in mammalian cells. Int J Biochem Cell Biol 40,
2707-2719.
Rao, K.M., 2000. Molecular mechanisms regulating iNOS expression in
various cell types. Journal of Toxicology and Environmental Health
Part B: Crit Rev 3(1), 27-58.
Rao, Y.K., Fang, S.H., Tzeng, Y.M., 2007. Evaluation of the
anti-inflammatory and anti-proliferation tumoral cells activities of
Antrodia camphorata, Cordyceps sinensis, and Cinnamomum
osmophloeum bark extracts. J Ethnopharm 114, 78-85.
Rea, I.M., Candore, G., Cavallone, L., Olivieri, F., Cardelli, M.,
Franceschi, C., Colonna- Romano, G., Lio, D., Ross, O.A., Caruso,
C., 2006. Longevity. In: Cytokine Gene Polymorphisms in
Multifactorial Conditions, Vandenbroeck, Boca Raton, pp. 379-394.
Rea, I.M., Candore, G., Cavallone, L., Olivieri, F., Cardelli, M.,
Franceschi, C., Colonna-Roelofs, M.F., Wenink, M.H., Brentano, F.,
Abdollahi-Roodsaz, S., Oppers-Walgreen, B., Barrera, P., 2009.
Type I interferons might form the link between Toll-like receptor
(TLR) 3/7 and TLR4-mediated synovial inflammation in
rheumatoid arthritis (RA). Ann Rheum Dis 68, 1486-1493.
Reddy, L.H., Couvreur. P., 2009. Squalene: A natural triterpene for use in
disease management and therapy. Adv Drug Deliv Rev 61,
1412-1426.
Reitsma, P.H., Rothberg, P.G., Astrin, S.M., Trial, J., Bar-Shavit, Z., Hall,
A., Teitelbaum, S.L., Kahn, A.J., 1983. Regulation of myc gene
expression in HL60 leukaemia cells by a vitamin D metabolite.
Nature 306, 492-494.
Rimoldi, J.M., Chimote, S.S., 1998. Inhibition on inducible nitric oxide
synthase. Curr Opin Drug Discov Devel 1(2), 183-191.
Renzi, D., Valtolina, M., Foster, R., 1993. The evaluation of a
multi-endpoint cytotoxicity assay system. ATLA 21, 89-96.
Roach, D.R., Bean, A.G., Demangel, C., France, M.P., Briscoe, H.,
Britton, W.J., 2002. TNF regulates chemokine induction essential
for cell recruitment, granuloma formation, and clearance of
mycobacterial infection. J Immunol 168, 4620-4627.
Robak, T. Wierzbowska, A., 2009. Current and emerging therapies for
acute myeloid leukemia. Clin Ther 31, 2349-2370.
Roelofs, M.F., Wenink, M.H., Brentano, F., Abdollahi-Roodsaz, S.,
Oppers-Walgreen, B., Barrera, P., 2009. Type I interferons might
form the link between Toll-like receptor (TLR) 3/7 and
TLR4-mediated synovial inflammation in rheumatoid arthritis (RA).
Ann Rheum Dis 68, 1486-1493.
Rouzer, C.A., Marnett, L.J., 2009. Cyclooxygenases: structural and
functional insights, J Lipid Res 50, S29-S34.
Ruchaud, S., Duprez, E., Gendron, M.C., 1994. Two distinctly regulated
events, priming and triggering, during retinoid-induced maturation
and resistance of NB4 promyelocytic leukemia cell line. Proc Natl
Acad Sci USA. 91, 8428-8432.
Ryvarden, L., 1991. Genera of polypores: nomenclature and taxonomy.
Synopsis Fungorum 5, 1-363
Salerno, L., Sorrenti, V., Di Giacomo, C., Romeo, G., Siracusa, M.A.,
2002. Progress in the development of selective nitric oxide synthase
(NOS) inhibitors. Curr Pharm Des 8, 177-200.
Salvemini, D., Misko, T.P., Masferrer, J.L., Seibert, K., Currie, M.G.,
Needleman, P., 1993. Nitric oxide activates cyclooxygenase
enzymes. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 90, 7240-7244.
Salvemini, D., Wang, Z.Q., Bourdon, D.M., Stern, M.K., Currie, M.G.,
Manning, P.T., 1996. Evidence of peroxynitrite involvement in the
carrageenaninduced rat paw edema. Eur J Pharmacol 303, 217-220.
Scallon, B., Cai, A., Solowski, N., Rosenberg, A., Song, X.Y., Shealy, D.,
Wagner, C., 2002. Binding and functional comparisons of two types
of tumor necrosis factor antagonists. J Pharmacol Exp Ther 301,
418-426.
Schaar, D.G., Liu, H., Sharma, S., Ting, Y., Martin, J., Krier, C., Ciardella,
M., Osman, M., Goodell, L., Notterman, D.A., Strair, R.K., 2005.
12-O-tetradecanoylphorbol-13-acetate (TPA)-induced
dual-specificity phosphatase expression and AML cell survival.
Leuk Res 29, 1171-1179.
Schaeffer, H.J., Weber, M.J., 1999. Mitogen-activated protein kinases:
specific messages from ubiquitous messengers. Mol Cell Biol 19,
2435-2444.
Scheller, J, Chalaris, A., Schmidt-Arras, D., Rose-John, S., 2011. The
pro- and anti-inflammatory properties of the cytokine interleukin-6.
Biochim Biophys Acta 1813, 878-888.
Schiffer, C.A., 2003. Hematopoietic growth factors and the future of
therapeutic research on acute myeloid leukemia. N Engl J Med 349,
727-729.
Schletter, J., Heine, H., Ulmer, A. J., & Rietschel, E. T., 1995. Molecular
mechanisms of endotoxin activity. Arch Microbiol 164(6),
383−389.
Schumann, R.R., Leong, S.R., Flaggs, G.W., Gray, P.W., Wright, S.D.,
Mathison, J.C., Tobias, P.S. Ulevitch, R.J., 1990. Structure and
function of lipopolysaccharide binding protein. Science 249, 1429-
1431.
Schwaller, J., Koeffler, H.P., Niklaus, G., Loetscher, P., Nagel, S., Fey,
M.F., Tobler, A., 1995. Posttranscriptional stabilization underlies
p53-independent induction of p21WAF1/CIP1/SDI1 in
differentiating human leukemic cells. J Clin Invest 95, 973-979.
Scott, L.M., Civin, C.I., Rorth, P., Friedman, A.D., 1992. A novel
temporal expression pattern of three C/EBP family members in
differentiating myelomonocytic cells. Blood 80, 1725-1735.
Sehgal, P.B., Greininger, G., Tosato, G., 1989. Regulation of the acute
phase and immune responses: Interleukin-6. Ann NY Acad Sci 557,
353-361.
Sheeba, M.S., Asha, V.V., 2009. Cardiospermum halicacabum ethanol
extract inhibits LPS induced COX2, TNF-alpha and iNOS
expression, which is mediated by NF-kappa B regulation, in
RAW264.7 cells. J Ethnopharm 124, 39-44.
Shen, C., Van Assche, G., Colpaert, S., Maerten, P., Geboes, K.,
Rutgeerts, P., Ceuppens, J.L., 2005. Adalimumab induces apoptosis
of human monocytes: a comparative study with infliximab and
etanercept. Aliment Pharmacol Ther 21, 251-258.
Shen, C.C., Kuo, Y.C., Huang, R.L., 2003. New ergostane and lanostane
from Antrodia camphorata. J Chin Med 14, 247-258.
Shen, C.C., Yang, HC., Huang, R.L., Chen, J.C., Chen, C.C., 2005.
Anti-HBV principle from the culture broth of Antrodia camphorata
(strain # CCRC-35396), J Chin Med 16, 57-61.
Shen, Y., Chen, Z.X., Yan, H., Chen, J., Zeng, X.Y., Li, J.M., 2001.
Studies on the clinical efficacy and pharmacokinetics of low-dose
arsenic trioxide in the treatment of relapsed acute promyelocytic
leukemia: a comparison with conventional dosage. Leukemia 15,
735-741
Shen, Y.C., Chou, C.J., Wang, Y.H., Chen, C.F., Chou, Y.C., Lu, M.K..
2004. Anti-inflammatory activity of the extracts from mycelia of
Antrodia camphorata cultured with water soluble fractions from
five different Cinnamomum species. FEMS Microbio Letters 231(1),
137-143.
Shen, Y.C., Wang, Y.H., Chou, Y.C., Chen, C.F., Lin, L.C., Chang, T.T.,
Tien, J.H., Chou, C.J., 2004. Evaluation of the anti-inflammatory
activity of zhankuic acids isolated from the fruiting bodies of
Antrodia camphorata. Planta Med 70, 310-314.
Shen, Z.X., Chen, G.Q., Ni, J.H., Li, X.S., Xiong, S.M., Qiu, Q.Y., 1997.
Use of arsenic trioxide (As2O3) in the treatment of acute
promyelocytic leukemia (APL). II. Clinical efficacy and
pharmacokinetics in relapsed patients. Blood 89, 3354-3360.
Shen, Z.X., Shi, Z.Z., Fang, J., Gu, B.W., Li, J.M., Zhu, Y.M., 2004.
All-trans retinoic acid/As2O3 combination yields a high quality
remission and survival in newly diagnosed acute promyelocytic
leukemia. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 101, 5328-5335.
Sheng, H., Shao, J., Dixon, D.A., 2000. Transforming growth factorbeta1
enhances Ha-ras-induced expression of cyclooxygenase-2 in
intestinal epithelial cells via stabilization of mRNA. J Biol Chem
275, 6628-6635.
Sheng, H., Shao, J., Duboi,s R.N., 2001. K-Ras-mediated increase in
cyclooxygenase 2 mRNA stability involves activation of the protein
kinase B1. Cancer Res 61, 2670-2675.
Sheng, H., Williams, C.S., Shao, J., 1998. Induction of cyclooxygenase- 2
by activated Ha-ras oncogene in Rat-1 fibroblasts and the role of
mitogen-activated protein kinase pathway. J Biol Chem 273,
22120-22127.
Sherr, C. J, Roberts J. M., 1995. Inhibitors of mammalian G1
cyclindependent kinases. Genes Dev 9, 1149-1163.
Sherr, C. J., 1996. Cancer cell cycles. Science 274, 1672-1677.
Sherr, C.J, Roberts, J.M., 1999. Cdk inhibitors: positive and negative
regulators of G1-phase progression. Genes Dev 13, 1501-1512.
Shimada, S., Nishida, R., Takeda, M., Iwabuchi, K., Kishi, R., Onoé, K.,
Minakami, H., Yamada, H., 2006. Natural killer, natural killer T,
helper and cytotoxic T cells in the decidua from sporadic
miscarriage. Am J Reprod Immunol 56, 193-200.
Shimazu, R., Akashi, S., Ogata, H., Nagai, Y., Fukudome, K., Miyake, K.,
1999. MD-2, a molecule that confers lipopolysaccharide
responsiveness on Toll-like receptor 4. J Exp Med 189(11),
1777-1782.
Shimizu, T., Taira, N., Senou, M., Takeda, K., 2002. Involvement of
diverse protein kinase C isoforms in the differentiation of ML-1
human myeloblastic leukemia cells induced by the vitamin D3
analogue KH1060 and the phorbol ester TPA. Cancer Lett 186,
67-74.
Shimizu, T., Kuromi, A., Takeda, K., 2009. Synergistic induction of gene
expression during the differentiation into mature macrophage in
human myeloblastic leukemia cells treated with TPA and KH1060.
Leuk Res 33, 803-809.
Shin, K.M., Kim, Y.H., Park, W.S., Kang, I., Ha, J., Choi, J.W., Park,
H.J., Lee, K.T., 2004. Inhibition of methanol extract from the fruits
of Kochia scoparia on lipopolysaccharide-induced nitric oxide,
prostaglandin E2, and tumor necrosis factor-alpha production from
murine macrophage RAW 264.7 cells. Biol Pharm Bull 27,
538-543.
Shu, C.H., Lung, M.Y., 2008. Effect of culture pH on the antioxidant
properties of Antrodia camphorata in submerged culture. J Chin
Inst Chem Eng 39(1), 1-8.
Singh, J., Murata, K., Itahana, Y., Desprez, P.Y., 2002. Constitutive
expression of the Id-1 promoter in human metastatic breast cancer
cells is linked with the loss of NF-1/Rb/HDAC-1 transcription
repressor complex. Oncogene 21, 1812-1822.
Slowik, M.R., De Luca, L.G., Fiers, W., Pober, J.S., 1993. Tumor necrosis factor
activates human endothelial cells through the p55 tumor necrosis factor
receptor but the p75 receptor contributes to activation at low tumor necrosis
factor concentration. Am J Pathol 143(6), 1724-1730.
Smith, W., DeWitt, D., Garavito, R., 2000. Cyclooxygenases: structural,
cellular, and molecular biology. Annu Rev Biochem 69, 145-182.
Smith, W.L., Langenbach, R., 2001. Why there are two cyclooxygenase
isozymes. J Clin Invest 107, 1491-1495.
Smith, W.L., Marnett, L.J., DeWitt, D.L., 1991. Prostaglandin and
thromboxane biosynthesis. Pharmacol Ther 49, 153-179.
Smith M, Barnett M, Bassan R, Gatta G, Tondini C, Kern W., 2004.
Adult acute myeloid leukaemia. Crit Rev Oncol Hematol 50,
197-222.
Soignet, S.L., Maslak, P., Wang, Z.G., Jhanwar, S., Calleja, E., Dardashti,
L.J., 1998. Complete remission after treatment of acute
promyelocytic leukemia with arsenic trioxide. N Engl J Med 339,
1341-1348.
Song, T.Y., Yen, G.C., 2002. Antioxidant properties of Antrodia
camphorata in submerged culture. J Agric Food Chem 50,
3322-3327
Song, T.Y., Yen, G.C., 2003. Protective effects of fermented filtrate from
Antrodia camphorata in submerged culture against CCl4-induced
hepatic toxicity in rats. J Agric Food Chem 51, 1571-1577
Song, T.Y., Hsu, S.L., Yeh, C.T., Yen, G.C., 2005a. Mycelia from
Antrodia camphorata in submerged culture induced apoptosis of
human heptoma HepG2 cells possibility through regulation of Fas
pathway. J Agric Food Chem 53, 5559-5564.
Song, T.Y., Hsu, S.L., Yen, G.C., 2005b. Induction of apoptosis in human
hepatoma cells by mycelia of Antrodia camphorata in submerged
culture. J Ethnopharm 100, 158-167.
Song, X., Bishop, J.E., Okamura, W.H., Norman, A.W., 1998. Stimulation
of phosphorylation of mitogen-activated protein kinase by 1
alpha,25-dihydroxyvitamin D3 in promyelocytic NB4 leukemia
cells: a structure–function study. Endocrinology 139, 457-465.
Steelman L.S., Pohnert S.C., Shelton J.G., 2004. JAK/STAT, Raf/
MEK/ERK, PI3K/Akt and BCR-ABL in cell cycle progression and
leukemogenesis. Leukemia 18, 189-218.
Steinman, L., 2007. A brief history of TH17, the first major revision in the
TH1/TH2 hypothesis of T cell-mediated tissue damage. Nat Med
13(2), 139-145.
Stelter, F., 2000. Structure/function relationships of CD14. In: Jack, R.S.
(Ed.), CD14 in the inflammatory response. Karger, Basel
(Switzerland), p25.
Stone, G.W., Barzee, S., Snarsky, V., Santucci, C., Tran, B., Langer, R.,
Zugates, G.T., Anderson, D.G., Kornbluth, R.S., 2009.
Nanoparticle-delivered multimeric soluble CD40L DNA combined
with Toll-Like Receptor agonists as a treatment for melanoma.
PLoS One 4, e7334.
Stone, R.M., 2007. Novel therapeutic agents in acute myeloid leukemia.
Exp Hematol 35, 163-166.
Studzinski, G.P., Garay, E., Patel, R., Zhang, J., Wang, X., 2006. Vitamin
D receptor signaling of monocytic differentiation in human
leukemia cells: role of MAPK pathways in transcription factor
activation. Curr Top Med Chem 6, 1267-1271.
Studzinski, G.P., Harrison L.E., 1999. Differentiation-related changes in
the cell cycle traverse. Int Rev Cytol 189, 1 -58.
Studzinski, G.P., Wang, X., Ji, Y., Wang, Q., Zhang, Y., Kutner, A.,
Harrison, J.S., 2005. The rationale for deltanoids in therapy for
myeloid leukemia: role of KSR-MAPK-C/EBP pathway. J Steroid
Biochem Mol Biol 97, 47-55.
Stuehr, D., Cho, H., Kwon, N., Weise, M., Nathan, C., 1991. Purification
and characterization of the cytokine-induced macrophage nitric
oxide synthase: an FAD- and FMN-containing flavoprotein. Proc
Natl Acad Sci USA 88, 7773-7777.
Su, B.N., Cuendet, M., Hawthorne, M.E., Kardono, L.B., Riswan, S.,
Fong, H.H., Mehta, R.G., Pezzuto, J.M., Kinghorn, A.D., 2002.
Constituents of the bark and twigs of Artocarpus dadah with
Cyclooxygenase inhibitory activity. J Nat Prod 65, 163-169.
Su, C.H., 2002. Health Guardian Angel: Antrodia camphorata, EKS
Book Publishing, Taipei, Taiwan, 1st edition.
Suganuma, M., Okabe, S., Kurusu, M., 2002. Discrete roles of cytokines,
TNF-alpha, IL-1, IL-6 in tumour promotion and cell transformation.
Int J Oncol 20, 131-136.
Swerdlow, S.; Campo, E.; Harris, N.; Jaffe, E.; Pileri, S.; Stein, H.; Theile,
J.; Vardiman, J., 2008. WHO classification of tumours of
haematopoietic and lymphoid tissues, 4th ed.; IARC Press: Lyon,
France, pp. 109-138.
Szabo, C., Ischiropoulos H., Radi, R., 2007. Peroxynitrite: biochemistry,
pathophysiology and development of therapeutics. Nat Rev Drug
Discov 6, 662-680.
Szczepanski, T., Van der Velden, V.H.J., Van Dongen, J.J.M., 2003.,
Classification systems for acute and chronic leukaemias. Best Pract
Res Clin Rheumatol 16(4), 561-582.
Takeda, K., Akira, S., 2005. Toll-like receptors in innate immunity, Int.
Immunol. 17, 1-14.
Tallman, M.S., Andersen, J.W., Schiffer, C.A., Appelbaum, F.R., Feusner,
J.H., Ogden, A., 1997. All-trans retinoic acid in acute
promyelocytic leukemia. N Engl J Med 337, 1021-1028.
Tanaka, H., Abe, E., Miyaura, C., Shiina, Y., Suda, T., 1983. 1 alpha,25-
dihydroxyvitamin D3 induces differentiation of human
promyelocytic leukemia cells (HL-60) into monocyte-macrophages,
but not into granulocytes. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 117,
86-92.
Tavor, S.D., Park, J., Gery, S., Vuong, P.T., Gombart, A.F., Koeffler,
H.P., 2003. Restoration of C/EBP alpha expression in a BCR-ABL+
cell line induces terminal granulocytic differentiation. J Biol Chem
278(52), 52651-52659.
Tay, A., Squire, J.A., Goldberg, Skorecki, H., K., 1994. Assignment of
the human prostaglandin-endoperoxide synthase 2 (PTGS2) gene to
1q25 by fluorescence in situ hybridization. Genomics 23, 718-719.
Taylor, B.S., Geller, D.A., 2000. Molecular regulation of the human
inducible nitric oxide synthase (iNOS) gene. Shock 13(6), 413-424.
Taylor, P.R., Reid, M.M., Stark, A.N., Bown, N., Hamilton, P.J., Proctor,
B.J., 1995. De novo acute myeloid leukaemia in patients over
55-years-old: a population based study of incidence, treatment and
outcome. Northern Region Haematology Group. Leukemia 9(2),
231-237.
Tenen, D.G., Hromas, R., Licht, J.D., Zhang, D.E., 1997. Transcription
factors, normal myeloid development, and leukemia. Blood 90,
489-519.
Tobias, P.S. Ulevitch. R.J., 1983. Control of hpopolysaccharide-hrgh
density lipoprotein binding by acute phase protein(s). J Immunol
131, 1913-1916.
Tobias, P.S. Ulevitch, R.J., 1993. Lipopolysaccharide binding protein and
CD14 in LPS dependent macrophage activation. Immunobiol
187(3-5), 227-232.
Traore, K., Trush, M., George, M., 2005. Signal transduction of phorbol
12-myristate 13-acetate (PMA)-induced growth inhibition of human
monocytic leukemia THP-1 cells is reactive oxygen dependent.
Leuk Res 29, 863-879.
Trautwein, C., Caelles, C., van der Geer, P., Hunter, T., Karin, M.,
Chojkier, M., 1993. Transactivation by NF-IL-6/LAP is enhanced
by phosphorylation of its activation domain. Nature 36, 544-547.
Triantafilou, M., Triantafilou, K., 2002. Lipopolysaccharide recognition:
CD14, TLRs and the LPS-activation cluster. Trends Immunol 23,
301-304.
Tross, D., Petrenko, L., Klaschik, S., Zhu, Q., Klinman, D.M., 2009.
Global changes in gene expression and synergistic interactions
induced by TLR9 and TLR3. Mol Immunol 46, 2557-2564.
Trumpfheller, C., Caskey, M., Nchinda, G., Longhi, M. P., Mizenina, O.,
Huang, Y., Schlesinger, S. J., Colonna, M., Steinman, R. M., 2008.
The microbial mimic poly IC induces durable and protective CD4+
T cell immunity together with a dendritic cell targeted vaccine. Proc
Natl Acad Sci USA. 105, 2574-2579.
Tsiftsoglou, A.S., Robinson, S.H., 1985. Differentiation of leukemic cell
lines: a review focusing on murine erythroleukemia and human
HL60 cells. Int J Cell Cloning 3, 349-366.
Tsuchiya, S., Yamabe, M., Yamaguchi, Y., Kobayashi, Y., Konno, T.,
Tada, K., 1980. Establishment and characterization of a human
acute monocytic leukemia cell line (THP-1). Int J Cancer 26,
171-176.
Tsukada, J., Yoshida, Y., Kominato, Y., Auron, P.E., 2011. The
CCAAT/enhancer (C/EBP) family of basic-leucine zipper (bZIP)
transcription factors is a multifaceted highly-regulated system for
gene regulation. Cytokine 54(1), 6-19.
Tu, Z., Bozorgzadeh, A., Pierce, R.H., Kurtis, J., Crispe, I.N., Orloff,
M.S., 2008. TLRdependent cross talk between human Kupffer cells
and NK cells. J Exp Med 205, 233-244.
Tucker, J., Dorey, E., Gregory, W.M., Simpson, A.P., Amess, J.A., Lister,
T.A., 1990. Immunophenotype of blast cells in acute myeloid
leukemia may be a useful predictive factor for outcome. Hematol
Oncol 8, 47-58.
Tunctan, B., Altug, S., 2004. The use of nitric oxide synthase inhibitors in
inflammatory diseases: a novel class of anti-inflammatory agents.
Curr Med Chem Anti-Inflamm Anti Allergy Agents 3, 271-301.
Ulevitch, R.J., Tobias, P.S., 1995. Receptor-dependent mechanisms of
cell stimulation by bacterial endotoxin. Ann Rev Immunol 13,
437−457.
Van den Berge, D.L., De Ridder, M., Verovski, V.N., Janssens, M.Y.,
Monsaert, C., Storme, G.A., 2001. Chronic hypoxia modulates
tumour cell radioresponse through cytokine- inducible nitric oxide
synthase. Br J Cancer 84, 1122-1125.
Van Wagoner, N.J., Oh, J.W., Repovic, P., 1999. Interleukin-6 (IL-6)
production by astrocytes: autocrine regulation by IL-6 and the
soluble IL-6 receptor. J Neurosci 19, 5236-5244.
Vandenabeele, P., Declercq, W., Beyaert, R., Fiers, W., 1995. Two
tumour necrosis factor receptors: structure and function. Trends Cell
Biol 5, 392-399.
Vassalli, P., 1992. The pathophysiology of TNFs. Ann Rev Immunol 10,
411-452.
Verbeek, W., Lekstrom-Himes, J., Park, D.J., 1999. Myeloid transcription
factor C/EBP-_ is involved in the positive regulation of lactoferrin
gene expression in neutrophils. Blood 94, 3141-3150.
Wang, B.S., Lin, J.K., Lin-Shiau, S.Y., 1999. Role of tyrosine kinase
activity in 2,2V,2-tripyridine-induced nitricoxide generation in
macrophages. Biochem Pharmacol 57 (12), 1367-1373.
Wang, D., Dubois, R.N., 2007. Measurement of eicosanoids in cancer
tissues. Methods Enzymol 433, 27-50.
Wang, G.J., Tseng, H.W., Chou, C.J., Tsai, T.H., Chen, C.T., Lu, M.K.
2003. The vasorelaxation of Antrodia camphorata mycelia:
involvement of endothelial Ca(2+)-NO-cGMP pathway. Life Sci 73,
2769-2783.
Wang, J., Yen, A., 2008. A MAPK positive feedback mechanism for
BLR1 signaling propels retinoic acid triggered differentiation and
cell cycle arrest. J Biol Chem 283, 4375-4386.
Wang, J., Zhao, Y., Kauss, M.A., Spindel, S., Lian, H., 2009. Akt
regulates vitamin D3-induced leukemia cell functional
differentiationvia Raf/MEK/ERK MAPK signaling. Eur J Cell Biol
88(2), 103-15.
Wang, Q., Wang, X., Studzinski, G.P., 2003. Jun N-terminal kinase
pathway enhances signaling of monocytic differentiation of human
leukemia cells induced by 1,25-dihydroxyvitamin D3. J Cell
Biochem 89, 1087-1101.
Wang, Q.M., Jones, J.B., Studzinski, G.P., 1996. Cyclin- dependent kinase
inhibitor p27 as a mediator of the G1–S phase block induced by
1,25-dihydroxvitamin D3 in HL60 cells. Cancer Res 56, 264-267.
Wang, X., Rao, J., Studzinski, G.P., 2000. Inhibition of p38 MAP kinase
activity up-regulates multiple MAP kinase pathways and potentiates
1,25-dihydroxyvitamin D(3)-induced differentiation of human
leukemia HL60 cells. Exp Cell Res 258, 425-437.
Wang, X., Studzinski, G.P., 2001. Activation of extracellular
signal-regulated kinases (ERKs) defines the first phase of
1,25-dihydroxyvitamin D3-induced differentiation of HL60 cells. J
Cell Biochem 80, 471-482.
Wang, X., Studzinski, G.P., 2001. Inhibition of p38MAP kinase
potentiates the JNK/SAPK pathway and AP-1 activity in monocytic
but not in macrophage or granulocytic differentiation of HL60 cells,
J Cell Biochem 82, 68-77.
Wang, Z.Y., Chen, Z., 2008. Acute promyelocytic leukemia: from highly
fatal to highly curable. Blood 111, 2505-2515.
Weinberg, R.A. 1995. The retinoblastoma protein and cell cycle control.
Cell 81, 323-330.
Weinstein, S.L., Sanghera, J.S., Lemke,K., DeFranco, A.L., Pelech, S.L.
1992. Bacterial lipopolysaccharide induces tyrosine
phosphorylation and activation of mitogen-activated protein kinases
in macrophages. J Biol Chem 267, 14955-14962.
Woessmann, W., Mivechi, N.F., 2001. Role of ERK activation in growth
and erythroid differentiation of K562 cells. Exp Cell Res 264,
193-200.
Wolvekamp, M.C., Marquet, R.L., 1990. Interleukin-6: historical
background, genetics and biological significance. Immunol Lett 24,
1-9.
Woo, C.H., Lim, J.H., Kim, J.H., 2004. Lipopolysaccharide induces
matrix metalloproteinase-9 expression via a mitochondrial reactive
oxygen speciesp38 kinase-activator protein-1 pathway in Raw 264.7
cells. J Immunol 173, 6973-6980.
Wright, S.D.. Ramos, R.A.. Patel, M. and Miller, D.S., 1992. Septin: A
factor in plasma that opsonizes lipopolysaccharide-bearing particles
for recognition by CD14 on phagocytes. J Exp Med 176, 719-727.
Wright, S.D.. Ramos, R.A., Tobias, P.S., Ulevitch, R.J. Mathison, J.C.,
1990. CDl4, a receptor for complexes of lipopolysaccharide (LPS)
and LPS binding protein. Science 249(4975), 1431-1433.
Wu, H., Pan, C.L., Yao, Y.C., Chang, S.S., Li, S.L., Wu, T.F., 2006.
Proteomic analysis of the effect of Antrodia camphorate extract on
human lung cancer A549 cell. Proteomics 6(3), 826-835.
Wu, S.H., Ryvarden, L., Chang, T. T., 1997. Antrodia camphorata
(―niu-chang-chih‖), new combination of a medicinal fungus in
Taiwan. Bot Bull Acad Sinica 38, 273-275.
Wu, S.H., Yu, Z. H., Dai, Y.C., Chen, C.T., Su, C.H., Chen, L.C., Hsu,
W.C., Hwang G.Y., 2004. Taiwanofungus, a polypore new genus.
Fung Sci 19, 109-116.
Xu, W., Charles, I.G., Moncada, S., Gorman, P., Sheer, D., Liu, L., 1994.
Mapping of the genes encoding human inducible and endothelial
nitric oxide synthase (NOS2 and NOS3) to the pericentric region of
chromosome 17 and to chromosome 7, respectively. Genomics
21(2), 419-22.
Yam, L.T., Li, C.Y., Crosby, W.H., 1971. Cytochemical identification of
monocytes and granulocytes. Am J Clin Pathol 55, 283-290.
Yamada, T., Tsuchiya, T., Osada, S., Nishihara, T., Imagawa, M., 1998.
CCAAT/ enhancer-binding protein delta gene expression is
mediated by autoregulation through downstream binding sites.
Biochem Biophys Res Commun 242, 89-92.
Yamanaka, R., Lekstrom-Himes, J., Barlow, C., Wynshaw-Boris, A.,
Xanthopoulos, K.G., 1998. CCAAT/enhancer binding proteins are
critical components of the transcriptional regulation of
hematopoiesis (Review). Int J Mol Med 1, 213-221.
Yang, H.L., Chen, C.S., Chang, W.H., 2006. Growth inhibition and
induction of apoptosis in MCF-7 breast cancer cells by Antrodia
camphorate. Cancer Lett 231(2), 215-227.
Yang, L., Wang, L., Lin, H.K., 2003. Interleukin-6 differentially regulates
androgen receptor transactivation via PI3K-Akt, STAT3, and
MAPK, three distinct signal pathways in prostate cancer cells.
Biochem Biophys Res Commun 305, 462-469.
Yen, A., Roberson, M.S., Varvayanis, S., Lee, A.T., 1998. Retinoic acid
induced mitogen-activated protein (MAP)/extracellular
signal-regulated kinase (ERK) kinase-dependent MAP kinase
activation needed to elicit HL60 cell differentiation and growth
arrest. Cancer Res 58, 3163-3172.
Yen, A., Varvayanis, S., 1994. Late dephosphorylation of the RB protein
in G2 during the process of induced cell differentiation. Exp Cell
Res 214, 250-257.
Yen, A., Williams, M., Platko, I.D., Der, C., Hisaka, M., 1994. Expression
of activated RAF accelerates cell differentiation and RB protein
down-regulation but not hypophosphor ylation. Eur J Cell Biol 65,
103-113.
Yokoyama, C., Takai, T., Tanabe, T., 1988. Primary structure of sheep
prostaglandin endoperoxide synthase deduced from cDNA sequence.
Fed Eur Biochem Soc Lett 231, 347-351.
Yoon H.J., Jun C.D., Kim J.M., Rim G.N., Kim H.M., Chung H.T., 1994.
Phorbol ester synergistically increases interferon-gamma-induced
nitric oxide synthesis in murine microglial cells.
Neuroimmunomodulation 1(6), 377-382.
Yoshizumi, M., Perrella, M.A., Burnett, J.C. Jr., Lee, M.E., 1993. Tumor
necrosis factor downregulates an endothelial nitric oxide synthase
mRNA by shortening its half-life. Circ Res 73, 205-209.
Yu. Z,H., Wu, S.H., Wang, D.M., Chen, C.T., 2010 Phylogenetic
relationships of An t r o d i a species and related taxa based on
analyses of nuclear large subunit ribosomal DNA sequences. Bot
Stud 51, 53-60.
Yun, K.J., Koh, D.J., Kim, S.H., Park, S.J., Ryu, J.H., Kim, D.G., Lee,
J.Y., Lee, K.T., 2008. Anti-Inflammatory effects of sinapic acid
through the suppression of inducible nitric oxide synthase,
cyclooxygase-2, and proinflammatory cytokines expressions via
nuclear factor-κB inactivation. J Agric Food Chem 56,
10265-10272.
Zang, M., Su, Q.,1990. Ganoderma comphoratum, a new taxon in genus
Ganoderma from Taiwan, Chin Acta Bot Yunnan 12, 395-396.
Zhang, D.E., Hetherington, C.J., Meyers, S., Rhoades, K.L., Larson, C.J.,
Chen, H.M., 1996. CCAAT enhancer-binding protein (C/EBP) and
AML1 (CBF alpha 2) synergistically activate the macrophage
colonystimulating factor receptor promoter. Mol Cell Biol 16,
1231-1240.
Zhang, D.E., Zhang, P., Wang, N.D., Hetherington, C.J., Darlington, G.J.,
Tenen, D.G., 1997. Absence of granulocyte colony-stimulating
factor signaling and neutrophil development in CCAAT enhancer
binding protein alpha-deficient mice. Proc Natl Acad Sci 94(2),
569-574.
Zhang, D.H., Hetherington, C.J., Gonzalez, D.A., Chen, H.M., Tenen,
D.G., 1994a. Regulation of CD14 expression during monocytic
differentiation induced with 1,25-dihydroxy VitD3. J Immunol 153,
3276-3284.
Zhang, D.H., Hetherington, C.J., Tan, S., Dziennis, S.E., Gonzalez, D.A.,
Chen, H.M., Tenen, D.G., 1994b. Sp1 is a critical factor for the
monocytic specific expression of human CD14. J Biol Chem 269,
11425-11434.
Zhang, F., Subbaramaiah, K., Altorki, N., 1998. Dihydroxy bile acids
activate the transcription of cyclooxygenase-2. J Biol Chem 273,
2424-2428.
Zhang, F.X., Kirschning, C.J., Mancinelli, R., Xu, X.P., Jin, Y., Faure, E.,
1999. Bacterial lipopolysaccharide activates nuclear factor-kappaB
through interleukin-1 signaling mediators in cultured human dermal
endothelial cells and mononuclear phagocytes. J Biol Chem 274(12),
7611-7614.
Zhang, J., Posner, G.H., Danilenko, M., Studzinski, G.P., 2007.
Differentiation-inducing potency of the seco-steroid JK-1624F2-2
can be increased by combination with an antioxidant and a
p38MAPK inhibitor which upregulates the JNK pathway. J Steroid
Biochem Mol Biol 105, 140-149.
Zhang, J., Wei, H., Wu, D., Tian, Z., 2007. Toll-like receptor 3 agonist
induces impairment of uterine vascular remodeling and fetal losses
in CBA×DBA/2 mice. J Reprod Immunol 74, 61-67.
Zhang, T.D., Chen, G.Q., Wang, Z.G., Wang, Z.Y., Chen, S.J., Chen, Z.,
2001. Arsenic trioxide, a therapeutic agent for APL. Oncogene 20,
7146-7153.
Zhang, Y., Zhang, J., Studzinski, G.P., 2006. AKT pathway is activated by
1, 25-dihydroxyvitamin D3 and participates in its anti-apoptotic
effect and cell cycle control in differentiating HL60 cells. Cell
Cycle 5, 447-451.
Zimmermann, M., 1983. Ethical guidelines for investigations of
experimental pain in conscious animals. Pain 16, 109-110.
Zjawiony, J.K., 2004. Biologically active compounds from
Aphyllophorales (polypore) fungi. J Nat Prod 67, 300-310.
Zulueta, J.J., Sawhney, R., Kayyali, U., Fogel, M., Donaldson, C., Huang,
H., Lanzillo, J.J., Hassoun, P.M., 2002. Modulation of inducible
nitric oxide synthase by hypoxia in pulmonary artery endothelial
cells. Am J Respir Cell Mol Biol 26, 22-30.