本研究為次級資料分析，運用「台灣長期教育追蹤資料庫」中接受四波次追蹤調查的樣本資料。本研究以家庭中父母是否曾發生離婚或分居事件，及其發生之時間點，作為區分不同組別的方式。將家庭結構組別區分為雙親家庭、高中時期成為單親家庭、國中階段成為單親家庭，以及國中之前成為單親家庭。在本研究中運用家庭系統、家庭內教育資源及家庭歷程等理論觀點，並在研究設計上，使用長期追蹤資料，並以固定效果模型及潛在成長模型進行研究分析。探究家庭結構的改變，對不同階段青少年子女之學習成就的影響。而所獲得相關分析結果亦驗證本研究之研究假設。
茲將本研究之重要發現摘要如下：
一、家庭結構的改變對子女學習具有負面影響。
二、當家庭結構發生改變之時點，如果是在子女幼年時期，會對子女學業能力後續發展會產生長期持續累積的負面影響，並與雙親家庭子女學習成就差距持續擴大。
三、子女在國中階段成為單親家庭對學習成就影響最大。
四、高中階段單親家庭組則存在當下近期效果之影響。
五、家庭結構亦會透過家庭資源、父母教育期望與家庭教育歷程，發揮間接影響青少年子女學習成就效果。
六、運用固定效果模型與傳統迴歸模型進行比較，固定效果模型所獲得之估計值較小，縮減了傳統迴歸模型之估計誤差。
綜合言之，本研究將時間概念納入家庭結構之動態分析，克服了過往研究所存在的內生性偏誤，並強化因果之說明，並補充過往理論觀點不足之處。

The method to carry out this study was using secondary data, which included four waves with the same participants. The purpose of this study is to explain the effect of family structure the change were related to adolescent learning achievement. The secondary data is adapted from Taiwan Education Panel Survey (TEPS).
This study by family in parents whether once to have the divorce event and the event timing takes the discrimination different groups. Family structure groups divide into “the intact family”, “the senior high school stage becomes the single-parent family”, “the junior high school stage becomes the single-parent family” and “early life becomes the single-parent family”.
The research viewpoint is from family system theory, family educational resources theory and family process theory proposed. Inquires into the family structure the change, how to influence children learning achievement in different life cycle? The research was longitudinal study design. The study used the fixed effect model and latent growth model to carry on the research analysis. Accordingly, the results support our proposed model and its connection with academic achievement of students. Author summarizes the findings as follows:
1. Family structure's change for the children has the negative influence in learning achievement.
2. When the family structure change time point was in children childhood time. IT has the negative accumulates influence. And the learning achievement disparity with the intact family children to expand continually.
3. The children become the single-parent family in junior high school stage to learning achievement influence to be biggest.
4. The high school stage single-parent family group will have immediately in the near event influence of the effect.

5. The family structure will also penetrate the family resources, the parental educational expectation and the family process , make indirect influence on adolescent’s the learning achievement.
6. The fixed effects model and the tradition regression model carries on the comparison. The fixed effect model obtains the estimated value to be small. The fixed effect model reduced of error of estimation the tradition regression model.

To sum up, this research integrates the time concept with the family structure in the dynamic analysis. Explanation of the strengthened causes and effects, the outcome supplements the passing theory viewpoint deficiency.

第一章 緒論--------------------------------------------------------------1
第一節 問題背景-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------1
第二節 研究觀點-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------4
第三節 研究目的與重要性---------------------------------------------------------------------15
第二章 家庭結構與子女學業影響相關理論與研究----------17
第一節 家庭結構定義與台灣現況-----------------------------------------------------------17
第二節 相關理論觀點與研究-----------------------------------------------------------------29
第三節 家庭結構的變遷對子女學業之影響----------------------------------------------42
第四節 台灣之家庭結構與子女學業相關之研究----------------------------------------46
第三章 研究方法------------------------------------------------------49
第一節 研究對象與資料來源-----------------------------------------------------------------49
第二節 研究架構---------------------------------------------------------------------------------53
第三節 研究假設---------------------------------------------------------------------------------56
第四節 變項測量與定義------------------------------------------------------------------------58
第五節 資料分析方式---------------------------------------------------------------------------64
第四章 研究結果與發現--------------------------------------------72
第一節 家庭結構各組別學習成就平均數分析-------------------------------------------72
第二節 迴歸模型與固定效果模型比較-----------------------------------------------------80
第三節 家庭結構、家庭內教育資源與家庭教育歷程對子女學習成就之影響--105
第四節 潛在成長模型分析結果-------------------------------------------------------------117


第五章 結論與討論-------------------------------------------------128
第一節 家庭結構改變對學習成就之負面影響因素-----------------------------------128
第二節 子女於不同階段，家庭結構改變之影響效果差異---------------------------133
第三節 本研究之貢獻與限制----------------------------------------------------------------138
第四節 相關建議--------------------------------------------------------------------------------143

參考書目-----------------------------------------------------------------149

附錄-----------------------------------------------------------------------159
附錄一、有效樣本數與家庭結構類型區分說明------------------------------------------159
附錄二、相關變項描述性統計-----------------------------------------------------------------161













表 次
表2-1：十五歲以上人口婚姻狀況比例分配概況-------------------------------------------20
表2-2：我國人口離婚率歷年變遷---------------------------------------------------------------21
表2-3：台灣地區狹義單親戶比例按性別分，1991-1998及2001年----------------------23
表2-4：臺灣地區單親家庭及其子女推估比例-----------------------------------------------24
表2-5：再婚率歷年變遷狀況---------------------------------------------------------------------25
表2-6：我國家庭居住型態變遷-----------------------------------------------------------------26
表2-7：臺閩地區受訪兒童父母親婚姻狀況與共同居住狀況----------------------------27
表3-1：樣本資料收集時程表---------------------------------------------------------------------50
表3-2：公共使用版釋出資料說明---------------------------------------------------------------52
表4-1:樣本基本資料表----------------------------------------------------------------------------73
表4-2：各組別次數（％）---------------------------------------------------------------------------74
表4-3:家庭結構各組別各波段綜合能力分數-----------------------------------------------76
表4-4：家庭結構對各波段綜合能力分數之迴歸模型（一）-------------------------------81
表4-5：家庭結構對各波段綜合能力分數之迴歸模型（二）-------------------------------83
表4-6：Wave4綜合能力分數之迴歸模型（三）-----------------------------------------------84
表4-7：固定效果模型（一）------------------------------------------------------------------------91
表4-8：固定效果迴歸模型------------------------------------------------------------------------96
表4-9:傳統迴歸模型與固定效果模型比較---------------------------------------------------99
表4-10:傳統迴歸模型與固定效果模型比較（二）-----------------------------------------102
表4-11固定效果模型（二）----------------------------------------------------------------------107
表4-12：固定效果模型（三）---------------------------------------------------------------------112
表4-13：與時間共變之變項平均數、標準差------------------------------------------------114
表4-14：與爸爸發生衝突之原因項目排序前三名----------------------------------------115
表4-15：與媽媽發生衝突之原因項目排序前三名----------------------------------------115
表4-16：潛在成長模型—模型Ⅰ---------------------------------------------------------------119
表4-17：「潛在成長模型」與「潛在成長伴隨時間不變與時間變遷共變數模型」之結果-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------123
表4-17：模型Ⅰ、模型二與模型Ⅲ適配度指標---------------------------------------------126
























圖 次
圖1-1：將家庭結構視為外生變項----------------------------------------------------------------9
圖1-2：家庭結構為內生變項-----------------------------------------------------------------------9
圖2-1：家庭系統圖---------------------------------------------------------------------------------30
圖3-1：固定效果模型架構圖---------------------------------------------------------------------53
圖3-2：潛在成長模型------------------------------------------------------------------------------54
圖3-3：潛在成長伴隨時間不變與時間變遷共變數模型---------------------------------55
圖3-4：實驗法圖示-----------------------------------------------------------------------------67
圖3-5：Difference-in-Difference estimates--------------------------------------------------------69
圖4-1：各家庭結構分組各波段綜合能力分數(加權後)1----------------------------------77
圖4-2：各家庭結構分組各波段綜合能力分數(加權後)2----------------------------------78
圖4-3：各家庭結構分組各波段綜合能力分數(加權後)3----------------------------------79
圖4-4：潛在成長伴隨時間不變與時間變遷共變數模型--------------------------------121

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